Bangladesh

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have received significant attention in recent times due to various advantageous features such as high energy efficiency zero emissions and extended driving range. However FCEVs have some drawbacks including high production costs; limited hydrogen refueling infrastructure; and the complexity of converters controllers and method execution. To address these challenges smart energy management involving appropriate converters controllers intelligent algorithms and optimizations is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of FCEVs towards sustainable transportation. Therefore this paper presents emerging energy management strategies for FCEVs to improve energy efficiency system reliability and overall performance. In this context a comprehensive analytical assessment is conducted to examine several factors including research trends types of publications citation analysis keyword occurrences collaborations influential authors and the countries conducting research in this area. Moreover emerging energy management schemes are investigated with a focus on intelligent algorithms optimization techniques and control strategies highlighting contributions key findings issues and research gaps. Furthermore the state-of-the-art research domains of FCEVs are thoroughly discussed in order to explore various research domains relevant outcomes and existing challenges. Additionally this paper addresses open issues and challenges and offers valuable future research opportunities for advancing FCEVs emphasizing the importance of suitable algorithms controllers and optimization techniques to enhance their performance. The outcomes and key findings of this review will be helpful for researchers and automotive engineers in developing advanced methods control schemes and optimization strategies for FCEVs towards greener transportation.

The availability of conventional fuels such as gasoline and methane which are used in spark-ignition (SI) engines is increasingly limited by the finite nature of fossil fuel reserves. The inefficiencies in combustion are associated with reduced engine effectiveness as incomplete combustion heightens the emissions of harmful pollutants including CO2 and CO while also negatively impacting fuel economy. The objective of this research is to undertake a comparative study of engine performance and emissions for a selection of conventional fuels and hydrogen while considering varying equivalence ratios and operational speeds. To accomplish this an extensive 3-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out using CONVERGE 3.0 simulation software to model a portfueled SI engine with the SI8 Engine Premix SAGE model facilitating the simulations. The performance metrics assessed in this research include cylinder pressure specific heat ratio heat rate thermal efficiency and mean temperature. The emission characteristics are analyzed in cases of NOx CO CO2 and HC emissions. The simulation results are obtained by varying the equivalence ratios of hydrogen (0.4 0.6 and 0.9) at different engine speeds (2000 2500 and 3000 rpm). The engine setup mesh creation boundary conditions turbulence combustion and species transport models were meticulously outlined to ensure accurate simulation results. Hydrogen fuel when operated at an equivalence ratio of 0.4 and an engine speed of 3000 rpm showcases the best overall performance among all tested conditions. It achieves the highest thermal efficiency of 40.94% optimal cylinder pressure and specific heat ratio a favorable mean temperature and the lowest fuel consumption. Additionally this configuration results in zero emissions of CO and HC along with a significant reduction in CO2 emissions due to the absence of carbon in the fuel structure. However due to the high combustion temperatures associated with hydrogen NOx emissions remained present and require further mitigation strategies.

Transitioning to renewable energy is vital to achieving decarbonization at the global level but energy storage is still a major challenge. This review discusses the role of energy storage in the energy transition and the blue economy focusing on technological development challenges and directions. Effective storage is vital for balancing intermittent renewable energy sources like wind solar and marine energy with the power grid. The development of battery technologies hydrogen storage pumped hydro storage and emerging technologies like sodium-ion and metal-air batteries is discussed for their potential for large-scale deployment. Shortages in critical raw materials environmental impact energy loss and costs are some of the challenges to large-scale deployment. The blue economy promises opportunities for offshore energy storage notably through ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and compressed air energy storage (CAES). Moreover the capacity of datadriven optimization and artificial intelligence to enhance storage efficiency is discussed. Policy interventions and economic incentives are necessary to spur the development and deployment of sustainable energy storage technology. Education and workforce training are also important in cultivating future researchers engineers and policymakers with the ability to drive energy innovation. Merging sustainability training with an interdisciplinary approach can potentially establish an efficient workforce that is capable of addressing energy issues. Future work needs to focus on higher energy density efficiency recyclability and cost-effectiveness of the storage technologies without sacrificing their environmental sustainability. The study underlines the need for converging technological economic and educational approaches to enable a sustainable and resilient energy future.

This paper provides a comprehensive analytical review and life cycle assessment (LCA) of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) for hydrogen production. As the global energy landscape shifts toward cleaner and more sustainable solutions SOECs offer a promising pathway for hydrogen generation by utilizing water as a feedstock. Despite their potential challenges in efficiency economic viability and technological barriers remain. This review explores the evolution of SOECs highlighting key advancements and innovations over time and examines their operational principles efficiency factors and classification by operational temperature range. It further addresses critical technological challenges and potential breakthroughs alongside an indepth assessment of economic feasibility covering production cost comparisons hydrogen storage capacity and plant viability and an LCA evaluating environmental impacts and sustainability. The findings underscore SOECs’ progress and their crucial role in advancing hydrogen production while pointing to the need for further research to overcome existing limitations and enhance commercial viability.