Libya

The electric power industry sector has become increasingly aware of how counterproductive voltage sag affects distribution network systems (DNS). The voltage sag backfires disastrously at the demand load side and affects equipment in DNS. To settle the voltage sag issue this paper achieved its primary purpose to mitigate the voltage sag based on integrating a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) with the DNS using a distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) system. Besides this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of D-STATCOM in DNS. In this paper using HFC is well-designed modeled and simulated to mitigate the voltage sag in DNS with a positive impact on the environment and an immediate response to the issue of the injection of voltage. Furthermore this modeling and controller are particularly suitable in terms of cost-effectiveness as well as reliability based on the adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) fuzzy logic system (FLC) and proportional–integral (P-I). The effectiveness of the MATLAB simulation is confirmed by implementing the system and carrying out a DNS connection obtaining efficiencies over 94.5% at three-phase fault for values of injection voltage in HFC D-STATCOM using a P-I controller. Moreover the HFC D-STATCOM using FLC proved capable of supporting the network by 97.00%. The HFC D-STATCOM based ANFIS proved capable of supporting the network by 98.00% in the DNS.

Achieving the 1.5 ◦C global temperature target and reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 require a fundamental transformation of energy systems driven by the rapid deployment of renewable energy technologies and underpinned by systemic policy financial and infrastructural reform. The manuscript adopts a literature-driven approach synthesizing findings from existing scholarly sources that shape the transition to sustainable energy systems. It begins by outlining global progress toward climate targets emphasizing the critical role of renewable energy in decarbonizing electricity industry and transport sectors. The manuscript explores recent technological advancements and trends in solar wind hydrogen and emerging clean technologies highlighting their impact on global energy supply chains and production models. Particular attention is given to the complexities of integrating renewable energy into existing infrastructure including grid modernization digitaliation and storage technologies. On the demand side the article examines changing consumption patterns electrification and the role of distributed generation in shaping future energy landscapes. Investment and finance emerge as central challenges with the paper analyzing the disparities in capital costs between developed and developing economies and the need for innovative green finance instruments to de-risk investment. The manuscript further identifies structural barriers including policy uncertainty supply chain constraints and permitting delays as key impediments to progress. Nonetheless the article outlines significant opportunities for scaling up renewable deployment through international cooperation targeted subsidies and public-private partnerships. The manuscript concludes by emphasizing the necessity of coherent and enforceable policy frameworks to align national commitments with global climate goals. It calls for an integrated multi-stakeholder approach to ensure that finance infrastructure demand and governance evolve in tandem thereby enabling a just inclusive and resilient global energy transition.