Nigeria

This study investigates the effects of varying hydrogen percentages in fuel blends on combustion dynamics engine performance and emissions. Experimental data and analytical equations were used to evaluate combustion parameters such as equivalent lambda in-cylinder pressure heat release rate and ignition timing. The findings demonstrate that hydrogen blending enhances combustion stability shortens ignition delay and shifts peak heat release to be closer to the top dead center (TDC). These changes improve thermal efficiency and reduce cycle-to-cycle variation. Hydrogen blending also significantly lowers carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions particularly at higher blend levels (H0–H5) while lower blends increase nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and risk pre-ignition due to advanced start of combustion (SOC). Engine performance improved with an average hydrogen energy contribution of 12% under a constant load. However the optimal hydrogen blending range is crucial to balancing efficiency gains and emission reductions. These results underline the potential of hydrogen as a cleaner additive fuel and the importance of optimizing blend ratios to harness its benefits effectively.

This study presents a techno-economic optimization of hydrogen production using hybrid wind-solar systems across six Australian cities highlighting Australia’s green hydrogen potential. A hybrid PVwind-electrolyzer-hydrogen tank (PV-WT-EL-HT) system demonstrated superior performance with Perth achieving the lowest Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) at $0.582/kg Net Present Cost (NPC) of $27.5k and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of $0.0166/kWh. Perth also showed the highest return on investment present worth and annual worth making it the preferred project site. All locations maintained a 100% renewable fraction proving the viability of fully decarbonized hydrogen production. Metaheuristic validation using nine algorithms showed the Mayfly Algorithm improved techno-economic metrics by 3–8% over HOMER Pro models. The Gray Wolf and Whale Optimization Algorithms enhanced system stability under wind-dominant conditions. Sensitivity analysis revealed that blockchain-based dynamic pricing and reinforcement learning-driven demand response yielded 8–10% cost savings under ±15% demand variability. Nevertheless regional disparities persist; southern cities such as Hobart and Melbourne exhibited 20–30% higher LCOH due to reduced renewable resource availability while densely urbanized cities like Sydney presented optimization ceilings with minimal LCOH improvements despite algorithmic refinements. Investment in advanced materials (e.g. perovskite-VAWTs) and offshore platforms targeting hydrogen export markets is essential. Perth emerged as the optimal hub with hybrid PV/WT/B systems producing 200–250 MWh/ month of electricity and 200–250 kg/month of hydrogen supported by policy incentives. This work offers a blueprint for region-specific AI-augmented hydrogen systems to drive Australia’s hydrogen economy toward $2.10/kg by 2030.

As the global push for carbon neutrality accelerates energy efficiency has become essential for sustainable development especially for nations like Nigeria that face rising energy demands and significant environmental challenges. This study explores how integrating energy efficiency with carbon neutrality can support Nigeria’s strategic energy goals while offering global lessons for other countries facing similar challenges focusing on key sectors including industry transport and power generation. The study systematically examines the impacts of renewable energy (RE) technologies like solar wind and hydropower—alongside policy reforms technological innovations and demand-side management strategies to advance energy efficiency in Nigeria. Key findings include the identification of strategic policy frameworks technological solutions and the transformative role of green hydrogen in decarbonizing hard-to-electrify sectors. The study also emphasizes the importance of international climate finance decentralized RE systems like solar mini-grids for improving energy access and economic opportunities for job creation in the RE sector. Furthermore it highlights the need for behavioral changes community engagement and consistent policy implementation to address infrastructure gaps and drive energy efficiency goals. The novelty of this research lies in its scenario-based analysis of Nigeria’s low-carbon transition detailing both the opportunities and challenges such as policy inconsistencies infrastructure deficits and financial constraints. The findings stress the importance of international collaboration technological advancements and targeted investments to overcome these challenges. By offering actionable insights and strategic recommendations this study provides a roadmap for policymakers industry stakeholders and researchers to drive Nigeria towards a sustainable carbon-neutral future by 2050.