Nigeria

As part of global decarbonization efforts hydrogen has emerged as a key energy carrier that can achieve deep emission reductions in various sectors. This review critically assesses the role of hydrogen in the low-carbon energy transition and highlights the interlinked challenges within the Techno-Enviro-Socio-Political (TESP) framework. It examines key aspects of deployment including production storage safety environmental impacts and socio-political factors to present an integrated view of the opportunities and barriers to large-scale adoption. Despite growing global interest over 90 % of the current global hydrogen production originated from fossilbased processes resulting in around 920 Mt of CO2 emissions two-thirds of which were attributable to fossil fuels. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) shows that coal-based electrolysis resulted in the highest GHG emission (144 - 1033 g CO2-eq/MJ) and an energy consumption (1.55–10.33 MJ/MJ H2). Without a switch to low-carbon electricity electrolysis cannot deliver significant climate benefits. Conversely methanol steam reforming based on renewable feedstock offered the lowest GHG intensity (23.17 g CO2-eq/MJ) and energy demand (0.23 MJ/ MJ) while biogas reforming proved to be a practical short-term option with moderate emissions (51.5 g CO2-eq/ MJ) and favourable energy figures. Catalytic ammonia cracking which is suitable for long-distance transport represents a compromise between low energy consumption (2.93 MJ/MJ) and high water intensity (8.34 L/km). The thermophysical properties of hydrogen including its low molecular weight high diffusivity and easy flammability lead to significant safety risks during storage and distribution which are exacerbated by its sensitivity to ignition and jet pulse effects. The findings show that a viable hydrogen economy requires integrated strategies that combine decarbonised production scalable storage harmonised safety protocols and cross-sector stakeholder engagement for better public acceptance. This review sets out a multi-dimensional approach to guide technological innovation policy adaptation and infrastructure readiness to support a scalable and environmentally sustainable hydrogen economy.

Creating a hydrogen market in Africa is a great opportunity to assist in the promotion of sustainable energy solutions and economic growth. This article addresses the legislation and regulations that need to be developed to facilitate growth in the hydrogen market and allow local green hydrogen offtake across the continent. By reviewing current policy and strategy within particular African countries and best practices globally from key hydrogen economies the review establishes compelling issues challenges and opportunities unique to Africa. The study identifies the immense potential in Africa for renewable energy and in particular for solar and wind as the foundation for the production of green hydrogen. It examines how effective policy frameworks can establish a vibrant hydrogen economy by bridging infrastructural gaps cost hurdles and regulatory barriers. The paper also addresses how local offtake contracts for green hydrogen can be used to stimulate economic diversification energy security and sustainable development. Policy advice is provided to assist African authorities and stakeholders in the deployment of enabling regulatory frameworks and the mobilization of funds. The paper contributes to global hydrogen energy discussions by introducing Africa as an eligible stakeholder in the emerging hydrogen economy and outlining prospects for its inclusion into regional and global energy supply chains.