Research Progress of Fuel Cell Technology in Marine Applications: A Review

With the increasing severity of global environmental issues and the pressure from the strict pollutant emission regulations proposed by the International Maritime Or‑ ganization (IMO), the shipping industry is seeking new types of marine power systems that can replace traditional propulsion systems. Marine fuel cells, as an emerging energy technology, only emit water vapor or a small amount of carbon dioxide during operation, and have received widespread attention in recent years. However, research on their appli‑ cation in the shipping industry is relatively limited. Therefore, this paper collects relevant reports and literature on the use of fuel cells on ships over the past few decades, and con‑ ducts a thorough study of typical fuel cell‑powered vessels. It summarizes and proposes current design schemes and optimization measures for marine fuel cell power systems, pro‑ viding directions for further improving battery performance, reducing carbon emissions, and minimizing environmental pollution. Additionally, this paper compares and analyzes marine fuel cells with those used in automotive, aviation, and locomotive applications, of‑ fering insights and guidance for the development of marine fuel cells. Although hydrogen fuel cell technology has made significant progress in recent years, issues still exist regard‑ ing hydrogen production, storage, and related safety and standardization concerns. In terms of comprehensive performance and economics, it still cannot effectively compete with traditional internal combustion engines. However, with the continued rapid devel‑ opment of fuel cell technology, marine fuel cells are expected to become a key driver for promoting green shipping and achieving carbon neutrality goals.