Advances in Type IV Tanks for Safe Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Technologies and Challenges

This paper provides a comprehensive review of Type IV hydrogen tanks, with a focus on materials, manufacturing technologies and structural issues related to high-pressure hydrogen storage. Recent advances in the use of advanced composite materials, such as carbon fibers and polyamide liners, useful for improving mechanical strength and permeability, have been reviewed. The present review also discusses solutions to reduce hydrogen blistering and embrittlement, as well as exploring geometric optimization methodologies and manufacturing techniques, such as helical winding. Additionally, emerging technologies, such as integrated smart sensors for real-time monitoring of tank performance, are explored. The review concludes with an assessment of future trends and potential solutions to overcome current technical limitations, with the aim of fostering a wider adoption of Type IV tanks in mobility and stationary applications.