A Comprehensive Review of Green Hydrogen Technology: Electrolysis Methods, Topologies and Control Strategies, Applications

As a pivotal clean energy carrier for achieving carbon neutrality, green hydrogen technology has attracted growing global attention. This review systematically examines four mainstream water electrolysis technologies—alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, solid oxide electrolysis, and anion exchange membrane electrolysis—analyzing their fundamental principles, material challenges, and development trends. It further classifies and compares power electronic converter topologies, including non-isolated and isolated DC–DC converters as well as AC–DC converter architectures, and summarizes advanced control strategies such as dynamic power regulation and fault-tolerant operation aimed at enhancing system efficiency and stability. A holistic “electrolyzer–power converter–control strategy” integration framework is proposed to provide tailored technological solutions for diverse application scenarios. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of green hydrogen across the energy, transportation, and industrial sectors are discussed, underscoring its potential to accelerate the global transition toward a sustainable, low-carbon energy system.