A Framework for the Configuration and Operation of EV/FCEV Fast-Charging Stations Integrated with DERs Under Uncertainty

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) requires accessible and profitable facilities for fast charging. To promote fast-charging stations (FCSs), a systematic analysis that encompasses both planning and operation is required, including the incorporation of multi-energy resources and uncertainty. This paper presents an optimization framework that addresses a joint strategy for the configuration and operation of an EV/FCEV fast-charging station (FCS) integrated with distributed energy resources (DERs) and hydrogen systems. The framework incorporates uncertainties related to solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and demand for EVs/FCEVs. The proposed joint strategy comprises a four-phase decision-making framework. Phase 1 involves modeling EV/FECE demand, while Phase 2 focuses on determining an optimal long-term infrastructure configuration. Subsequently, in Phase 3, the operator optimizes daily power scheduling to maximize profit. A real-time uncertainty update is then executed in Phase 4 upon the realization of uncertainty. The proposed optimization framework, formulated as mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP), considers configuration investment, operational, maintenance, and penalty costs for excessive grid power usage. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. It yields good results with significantly less computational complexity. A case study shows that under the most adverse conditions, the proposed joint strategy increases the FCS owner’s profit by 3.32% compared with the deterministic benchmark.