Assessment of Regional Hydrogen Refueling Station Layout Planning and Carbon Reduction Benefits Based on Multi-Dimensional Factors of Population, Land, and Demand

The urgent global transition toward low-carbon energy systems has highlighted the need for systematic planning of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) to facilitate clean energy adoption. This study develops an integrated framework for regional HRS layout optimization and carbon emission assessment, considering population distribution, land area, and hydrogen demand. Using Hainan Province as a case study, the model estimates regional hydrogen demand, determines optimal HRS deployment, evaluates spatial coverage and refueling distances, and quantifies potential carbon emission reductions under various renewable energy scenarios. Model validation with Haikou demonstrates its reliability and applicability at the regional scale. Results indicate pronounced spatial disparities in hydrogen demand and infrastructure requirements, emphasizing that prioritizing station deployment in densely populated urban areas can enhance accessibility and maximize emission reduction. The framework offers a practical, data-efficient tool for policymakers and planners to guide early-stage hydrogen infrastructure development and supports strategies for regional decarbonization and sustainable energy transitions.