Australia

As the global push for carbon neutrality accelerates energy efficiency has become essential for sustainable development especially for nations like Nigeria that face rising energy demands and significant environmental challenges. This study explores how integrating energy efficiency with carbon neutrality can support Nigeria’s strategic energy goals while offering global lessons for other countries facing similar challenges focusing on key sectors including industry transport and power generation. The study systematically examines the impacts of renewable energy (RE) technologies like solar wind and hydropower—alongside policy reforms technological innovations and demand-side management strategies to advance energy efficiency in Nigeria. Key findings include the identification of strategic policy frameworks technological solutions and the transformative role of green hydrogen in decarbonizing hard-to-electrify sectors. The study also emphasizes the importance of international climate finance decentralized RE systems like solar mini-grids for improving energy access and economic opportunities for job creation in the RE sector. Furthermore it highlights the need for behavioral changes community engagement and consistent policy implementation to address infrastructure gaps and drive energy efficiency goals. The novelty of this research lies in its scenario-based analysis of Nigeria’s low-carbon transition detailing both the opportunities and challenges such as policy inconsistencies infrastructure deficits and financial constraints. The findings stress the importance of international collaboration technological advancements and targeted investments to overcome these challenges. By offering actionable insights and strategic recommendations this study provides a roadmap for policymakers industry stakeholders and researchers to drive Nigeria towards a sustainable carbon-neutral future by 2050.

Hydrogen (H2) is a promising energy carrier for decarbonization; however efficient storage remains a key challenge. Porous materials offer potential for enhanced H2 densification and may enable the development of next-generation lightweight storage systems. A major limitation of such materials is their fine powder form which hampers retention and processability. In this study composite membranes comprising a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) matrix and a polytriphenylamine (PTPA)-based conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) filler were developed. The composites are mechanically robust forming self-standing membranes that retain stability under high temperatures and humidity. H2 storage capacities of the membranes showed excess gravimetric uptakes of 1.03 wt% at 1 bar and 1.84 wt% at 50 bar (77 K) with total capacities reaching 3.22 wt% at 100 bar. These values are significantly higher than those of pristine PIM-1 which achieved 0.87 wt% 1.64 wt % and 2.89 wt% under the same conditions. Net adsorption isotherms demonstrate the potential of the composites to outperform conventional compression storage up to 10 bar at 77 K. Additionally the composites exhibit high mass transfer coefficients (3.42 min− 1 ) indicating strong H2 affinity and faster charging rates compared with the pristine PIM-1 membrane (2.79 min− 1 ).

The rock wettability is one of the most critical parameters that influences rock storage potential trapping and H2 withdrawal rate during Underground hydrogen storage (UHS). However the existing review articles on wettability of H2-brine-rock systems do not provide detailed information on complexities introduced by reservoir wettability influencing parameters such as high pressure temperature salinity conditions micro-biotic effects cushion gases and organic acids relevant to subsurface environments. Therefore a comprehensive review of existing research on various parameters influencing rock wettability during UHS and residual trapping of H2 was conducted in this study. Literature that provides insight into molecular-level interaction through machine learning and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and role of surface-active chemicals such as nanoparticles surfactants and wastewater chemicals were also reviewed. The review suggested that UHS could be feasible in clean geo-storage formations but the presence of rock surface contaminants at higher storage depth and microbial effects should be accounted for to prevent over-estimation of the rock storage potentials. The H2 wettability of storage/caprocks and associated risks of UHS projects could be higher in rocks with high proportion of carbonate minerals organic-rich shale and basalt with high plagioclase minerals content. However treatment of rock surfaces with nanofluids surfactants methylene blue and methyl orange has proven to alter the rock wettability from H2-wet towards water-wet. Research results on effect of rock wettability on residually trapped hydrogen and snap-off effects during UHS are contradictory thus further studies would be required in this area. The review generally concludes that rock wettability plays prominent role on H2 storage due to the frequency and cyclic loading of UHS hence it is vital to evaluate the effects of all possible wettability influencing parameters for successful designs and implementation of UHS projects.

Hydrogen-based Local Energy Communities (LECs) play a pivotal role in modern energy systems and form the fundamental building blocks of hydrogen cities. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of how hydrogen-based LECs advance the hydrogen city concept by examining the technological economic environmental regulatory and social dimensions that shape the integration of green hydrogen into local energy networks. The paper explores the structure of hydrogen cities focusing on the role of multiple LECs in alignment with the European Union’s Clean Energy Package (CEP). Furthermore a case study and mathematical model are presented where the hydrogen city is modelled and the impact of Electric Parking Lot (EPL) and Hydrogen Parking Lot (HPL) management on the hydrogen city’s operation cost is evaluated. The results show that optimised EPL and HPL management can reduce overall operational costs by 5.53 % demonstrating the economic advantages of intelligent scheduling strategies in hydrogen cities.

High‐entropy amorphous catalysts (HEACs) integrate multielement synergy with structural disorder making them promising candidates for water splitting. Their distinctive features—including flexible coordination environments tunable electronic structures abundant unsaturated active sites and dynamic structural reassembly—collectively enhance electrochemical activity and durability under operating conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in HEACs for hydrogen evolution oxygen evolution and overall water splitting highlighting their disorder-driven advantages over crystalline counterparts. Catalytic performance benchmarks are presented and mechanistic insights are discussed focusing on how multimetallic synergy amorphization effect and in‐situ reconstruction cooperatively regulate reaction pathways. These insights provide guidance for the rational design of next‐generation amorphous high‐entropy electrocatalysts with improved efficiency and durability.

Transformation of the energy sector is necessary to meet climate targets and ensure universal access to reliable and affordable energy. Despite progress more than 675 million people still lack electricity and 770 million face an unreliable power supply. Renewable energy now provides nearly 30 % of global electricity generation and represents approximately 17.9 % of total final energy consumption. This amount is insufficient for the 1.5 ◦C pathway and requires a tripling of renewable capacity by 2030. Energy efficiency also lags with average annual gains of 1.6 % compared with the 4 % required for climate-aligned energy scenarios. Therefore this paper reviews pathways toward decentralized low-carbon solutions that can accelerate global energy transformation. The review paper examines how technologies such as microgrids virtual power plants energy storage systems and vehicleto-grid (V2G) solutions are reshaping modern energy systems. It highlights that digitalization smart grids and sector integration are key to building flexible and consumer-focused networks. However achieving sustainable energy access requires more than new technologies. Strong governance fair financing and social inclusion are equally important to ensure a just and balanced energy transition. Case studies from Asia Africa and Latin America show how policy innovative financing and regional cooperation can drive progress despite challenges such as underinvestment fossil fuel dependency and energy poverty. The review demonstrates that an integrated approach combining technological innovation financial mechanisms and inclusive policies can collectively build low-carbon resilient and equitable energy systems.

This study presents the development of the long-term Household Hydrogen Supply Chain (HHSC) model aimed at supporting the decarbonisation of household energy consumption. Structured across three strategic phases: foundation expansion and maturation the model facilitates the systematic phase-out of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) by 2045 and natural gas (NG) by 2080. Employing demand estimation methodologies grounded in historical data and exponential decay functions the study forecasts long-term hydrogen adoption trajectories and allocates regional demand to optimise infrastructure placement. A network optimisation model identifies the optimal locations and capacities of national regional and local distribution centres (NDCs RDCs and LDCs). This staged development ensures operational scalability geographic equity and financial viability. A key finding is the substantial increase in profitability from $479 million in 2026 to $88.26 billion by 2090 driven by infrastructure growth and increasing hydrogen demand. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the adoption during the mid years (2040–2060) is particularly vulnerable to cost fluctuations. The model supports net-zero 2050 goals and aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including SDGs 7 9 and 13. While the HHSC provides a structured pathway for long-term hydrogen transition future research should focus on enhancing the resilience of the HHSC by incorporating real-time data integration assessing vulnerability to supply chain disruptions and developing risk mitigation strategies to ensure continuity and scalability in hydrogen delivery under uncertain operating conditions.