Netherlands
Learning in Green Hydrogen Production: Insights from a Novel European Dataset
Jun 2025
Publication
The cost reduction of electrolysers is critical for scaling up green hydrogen production and achieving decarbonization targets. This study presents a novel and comprehensive dataset of electrolyser projects in Europe. It includes full cost and capacity details for each project and capturing project-specific characteristics such as technology type location and project type for the period 2005–2030. We apply the learning curve methodology to assess cost reductions across different electrolyser technologies and project sizes. Our findings indicate a significant learning effect for PEM and AEL electrolysers in the last 20 years with learning rates of 32.1% and 22.9% respectively. While AEL cost reductions are primarily driven by scaling effects PEM electrolysers benefit from both technological advancements and economies of scale. Small-scale electrolysers exhibit a stronger learning effect (25%) whereas large-scale projects show no clear cost reductions due to their early stage of deployment. Projections based on our learning rates suggest that reaching Europe’s 2030 target of 40 GW electrolyser capacity would require an estimated total investment of 14 billion EUR. These results align closely with previous studies and such predictions are closed to estimates from other organization. The dataset is publicly available allowing for further analysis and periodic updates to track cost trends.
Early Transition to Near-zero Emissions Electricity and Carbon Dioxide Removal is Essential to Achieve Net-zero Emissions at a Low Cost in Australia
Aug 2025
Publication
Achieving net-zero emissions requires major changes across a nation’s economy energy and land systems particularly due to sectors where emissions are difficult to eliminate. Here we adapt two global scenarios from the International Energy Agency—the net-zero emissions by 2050 and the Stated Policies Scenario—using an integrated numerical economic-energy model tailored to Australia. We explore how emissions may evolve by sector and identify key technologies for decarbonisation. Our results show that a rapid shift to near-zero emissions electricity is central to reducing costs and enabling wider emissions reductions. From 2030 onwards carbon removal through land management and engineered solutions such as direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage becomes critical. Australia is also well-positioned to become a global supplier of clean energy such as hydrogen made using renewable electricity helping reduce emissions beyond its borders.
Fuel Cell and Electric Vehicles: Resource Use and Associated Environmental Impacts
Oct 2025
Publication
Achieving transport decarbonization depends on electric vehicle (EV) and fuel cell vehicle (FCV) deployment yet their material demands and impacts vary by vehicle type. This study explores how powertrain preferences in light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) shape future resource use and material-related environmental outcomes. Using dynamic material flow analysis and prospective life cycle assessment we assess three scenarios. In the S3 EV-dominant scenario 2050 lithium and cobalt demand rises by up to 11.9-fold and 1.8-fold relative to 2020 with higher global warming and human toxicity impacts. The S2 FCV-dominant scenario leads to a 21.7-fold increase in platinum-group metal demand driving up freshwater ecotoxicity and particulate emissions. A balanced S1 scenario EVs in LDVs and FCVs in HDVs yields moderate material demand and environmental burdens. These findings demonstrate that no single pathway can fully resolve material-related impacts while combining EVs and FCVs across LDVs and HDVs enables a more balanced and sustainable transition.
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