Pakistan

Environmental pollution and energy shortage are substantial fears to the modern world's long-term sustainability. Water splitting is an essential technique for eco - friendly and sustainable energy storage as well as a pollution-free method to produce hydrogen. In this regards Metal–organic frameworks have emerged as the most competent multifunctional materials in recent times due to its large surface areas adjustable permeability easy compositional alteration and capability for usage as precursors with a wide range of morphological forms. Further MOF-derived carbon-based nanomaterials also offer significant benefits in terms of tunable morphological features and hierarchical permeability as well as ease of functionalization making them extremely effective as catalysts or catalysts supports for a wide variety of important reactions. Recent developments in carbon-based MOFs as catalysts for overall water splitting are discussed in this review. We explore how MOFs and carbon-based MOFs might well be beneficial as well as which methods should be explored for future development. We divided our review into two sections: photocatalytic and electrocatalytic water splitting and we gathered published literature on carbon-based MOFs materials for their outstanding activity offers helpful methods for catalysts design and analysis as well as difficulties This study highlights the developments in MOF derived materials as photo and electro catalysts by explaining respective approaches for their use in overall water splitting.

Ammonia borane (AB) can be catalytically hydrolyzed to provide hydrogen at room temperature due to its high potentaial for hydrogen storage. Non-precious metal heterogeneous catalysts have broad application in the field of energy catalysis. In this article catalysts precursor is obtained from Co-Ti-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin by sol–gel method. Co/TiO2@N-C (CTC) catalyst is prepared by calcining the precursor under high temperature conditions in nitrogen atmosphere. Co-CoOx/TiO2@N-C (COTC) is generated by the controllable oxidation reaction of CTC. The catalyst can effectively promote the release of hydrogen during the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB. High hydrogen generation at a specific rate of 5905 mL min−1 gCo−1 is achieved at room temperature. The catalyst retains its 85% initial catalytic activity even for its fifth time use in AB hydrolysis. The synergistic effect among Co Co3O4 and TiO2 promotes the rate limiting step with dissociation and activation of water molecules by reducing its activation energy. The applied method in this study promotes the development of non-precious metals in catalysis for utilization in clean energy sources.

Recent development shows that carbon-based composites are proving to be the most promising materials in hydrogen energy production storage and conversion applications. In this study composites of the copper-based metal-organic framework with different ratios of graphite oxide have been prepared for hydrogen storage application. The developed materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) gravimetric thermal analysis (TGA) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET. The newly developed composites have an improved crystalline structure and an increased surface area. The results of the experiment showed that the composite material MOF/GO 20% can store 6.12% of hydrogen at −40 ◦C.

The rapid adoption of hydrogen as an eco-friendly energy source has necessitated the development of intelligent power management systems capable of efficiently utilizing hydrogen resources. However guaranteeing the security and integrity of hydrogen-related data has become a significant challenge. This paper proposes a pioneering approach to ensure secure hydrogen data analysis by integrating blockchain technology enhancing trust transparency and privacy in handling hydrogen-related information. Combining blockchain with intelligent power management systems makes the efficient utilization of hydrogen resources feasible. Using smart contracts and distributed ledger technology facilitates secure data analysis (SDA) real-time monitoring prediction and optimization of hydrogen-based power systems. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed approach are demonstrated through comprehensive case studies and simulations. Notably our prediction models including ABiLSTM ALSTM and ARNN consistently delivered high accuracy with MAE values of approximately 0.154 0.151 and 0.151 respectively enhancing the security and efficiency of hydrogen consumption forecasts. The blockchain-based solution offers enhanced security integrity and privacy for hydrogen data analysis thus advancing clean and sustainable energy systems. Additionally the research identifies existing challenges and outlines future directions for further enhancing the proposed system. This study adds to the growing body of research on blockchain applications in the energy sector specifically on secure hydrogen data analysis and intelligent power management systems.

At present the energy shortage and environmental pollution are the burning global issues. For centuries fossil fuels have been used to meet worldwide energy demand. However thousands of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned contributing to global warming. Therefore green energy must replace fossil fuels and hydrogen is a prime choice. Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) under solar irradiation could address energy and environmental problems. In the past decade solar photocatalysts have been used to manufacture sustainable fuels. Scientists are working to synthesize a reliable affordable and light-efficient photocatalyst. Developing efficient photocatalysts for water redox reactions in suspension is a key to solar energy conversion. Semiconductor nanoparticles can be used as photocatalysts to accelerate redox reactions to generate chemical fuel or electricity. Carbon materials are substantial photocatalysts for total WS under solar irradiation due to their high activity high stability low cost easy production and structural diversity. Carbon-based materials such as graphene graphene oxide graphitic carbon nitride fullerenes carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots can be used as semiconductors photosensitizers cocatalysts and support materials. This review comprehensively explains how carbon-based composite materials function as photocatalytic semiconductors for hydrogen production the water-splitting mechanism and the chemistry of redox reactions. Also how heteroatom doping defects and surface functionalities etc. can influence the efficiency of carbon photocatalysts in H2 production. The challenges faced in the PWS process and future prospects are briefly discussed.

Carbon neutrality (or climate neutrality) has been a global consensus and international experience exchange is essential. Given the differences in the degree of social development resource endowment and technological level each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions. Compared with other major developed countries (e.g. Germany the United States and Japan) China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon near-zero carbon and negative carbon emissions. Technological innovations associated with coal oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed. Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies and China's energy and ecological resources potential five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed: (1) transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern; (2) renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage; (3) integration of green hydrogen production storage transport and utilization; (4) construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling (ENSYSCO); (5) improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China. This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.

Rapid industrial development vehicles domestic activities and mishandling of garbage are the main sources of pollutants which are destroying the atmosphere. There is a need to continuously monitor these pollutants for the safety of the environment and human beings. Conventional instruments for monitoring of toxic gases are expensive bigger in size and time-consuming. Hybrid materials containing organic and inorganic components are considered potential candidates for diverse applications including gas sensing. Gas sensors convert the information regarding the analyte into signals. Various polymeric/inorganic nanohybrids have been used for the sensing of toxic gases. Composites of different polymeric materials like polyaniline (PANI) poly (4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) poly (34-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) etc. with various metal/metal oxide nanoparticles have been reported as sensing materials for gas sensors because of their unique redox features conductivity and facile operation at room temperature. Polymeric nanohybrids showed better performance because of the larger surface area of nanohybrids and the synergistic effect between polymeric and inorganic materials. This review article focuses on the recent developments of emerging polymeric/inorganic nanohybrids for sensing various toxic gases including ammonia hydrogen nitrogen dioxide carbon oxides and liquefied petroleum gas. Advantages disadvantages operating conditions and prospects of hybrid composites have also been discussed.

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) store hydrogen by reversible hydrogenation of a carrier material. Water can enter the system via wet hydrogen coming from electrolysis as well as via moisture on the catalyst. Removing this water is important for reliable operation of the LOHC system. Different approaches for doing this have been evaluated on three stages of the process. Drying of the hydrogen before entering the LOHC system itself is preferable. A membrane drying process turns out to be the most efficient way. If the water content in the LOHC system is still so high that liquid–liquid demixing occurs it is crucial for water removal to enhance the slow settling. Introduction of an appropriate packing can help to separate the two phases as long as the volume flow is not too high. Further drying below the rather low solubility limit is challenging. Introduction of zeolites into the system is a possible option. Water adsorbs on the surface of the zeolite and moisture content is therefore decreased.

In today’s world the need for sustainable energy solutions is paramount to address the ongoing crisis of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels must explore alternative energy sources. Hydrogen with its high heating value and zero direct emissions has emerged as a promising fuel for the future. Electrolytic hydrogen production has gained significance as it enables demand-side response grid stabilization using excess energy and the mitigation of curtailment from intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar and wind. Advanced combined heat and power (CHP) systems comprise of Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) module and a coupled reforming reactor to capture energy contained in the SOFC exhaust gases from SOFC. In present work 3D CFD model of an experimental coupled reactor used for onsite hydrogen production is developed and implemented into ANSYS Fluent® software. The study is aimed at opti mizing the reactor performance by identifying appropriate kinetic models for reforming and combustion re actions. SOFC anode off-gas (AOG) comprising mainly of unconverted hydrogen is combined with methane combustion to enhance thermal efficiency of the reactor and hence the CHP system. Kinetic models for catalytic reforming and combustion are implemented into ANSYS Fluent® through custom-built user defined functions (UDFs) written in C programming language. Simulation results are validated with experimental data and found in good agreement. AOG assisted combustion of methane shows a substantial improvement in thermal efficiency of the system. Improvement in thermal efficiency and reduction in carbon-based fuel demand AOG utilization contributes to sustainable hydrogen production and curtailment of greenhouse gas emissions.

Rapid industrialization is consuming too much energy and non-renewable energy resources are currently supplying the world’s majority of energy requirements. As a result the global energy mix is being pushed towards renewable and sustainable energy sources by the world’s future energy plan and climate change. Thus hydrogen has been suggested as a potential energy source for sustainable development. Currently the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels is dominant in the world and its utilization is increasing daily. As discussed in the paper a large amount of hydrogen is used in rocket engines oil refining ammonia production and many other processes. This paper also analyzes the environmental impacts of hydrogen utilization in various applications such as iron and steel production rocket engines ammonia production and hydrogenation. It is predicted that all of our fossil fuels will run out soon if we continue to consume them at our current pace of consumption. Hydrogen is only ecologically friendly when it is produced from renewable energy. Therefore a transition towards hydrogen production from renewable energy resources such as solar geothermal and wind is necessary. However many things need to be achieved before we can transition from a fossil-fuel-driven economy to one based on renewable energy

The widespread penetration of hydrogen in mainstream energy systems requires hydrogen production processes to be economically competent and environmentally efficient. Hydrogen if produced efficiently can play a pivotal role in decarbonizing the global energy systems. Therefore this study develops a framework which evaluates hydrogen production processes and quantifies deficiencies for improvement. The framework integrates slack-based data envelopment analysis (DEA) with fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS). The proposed framework is applied to prioritize the most efficient and sustainable hydrogen production in Pakistan. Eleven hydrogen production alternatives were analyzed under five criteria including capital cost feedstock cost O&M cost hydrogen production and CO2 emission. FAHP obtained the initial weights of criteria while FTOPSIS determined the ultimate weights of criteria for each alternative. Finally slack-based DEA computed the efficiency of alternatives. Among the 11 three alternatives (wind electrolysis PV electrolysis and biomass gasification) were found to be fully efficient and therefore can be considered as sustainable options for hydrogen production in Pakistan. The rest of the eight alternatives achieved poor efficiency scores and thus are not recommended.

To address climate change energy security and waste management new sustainable energy sources must be developed. This study uses Aspen Plus software to extract bio-H2 from food waste with the goal of efficiency and environmental sustainability. Anaerobic digestion optimised to operate at 20-25°C and keep ammonia at 3% greatly boosted biogas production. The solvent [Emim][FAP] which is based on imidazolium had excellent performance in purifying biogas. It achieved a high level of methane purity while consuming a minimal amount of energy with a solvent flow rate of 13.415 m³/h. Moreover the utilization of higher temperatures (600-700°C) during the bio-H2 generation phase significantly enhanced both the amount and quality of hydrogen produced. Parametric and sensitivity assessments were methodically performed at every stage. This integrated method was practicable and environmentally friendly according to the economic assessment. H2 generation using steam reforming results in a TCC of 1.92×106 USD. The CO2 separation step has higher costs (TCC of 2.15×107 USD) due to ionic liquid washing and CO2 liquefaction. Compressor electricity consumption significantly impacts total operating cost (TOC) totaling 4.73×108 USD. showing its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions optimize resource utilization and promote energy sustainability. This study presents a sustainable energy solution that addresses climate and waste challenges.

In the ongoing effort to reduce carbon emissions on a worldwide scale green hydrogen which is generated through environmentally responsible processes has emerged as a significant driving force. As the demand for clean energy continues to rise it is becoming increasingly important to have a solid understanding of the technological and economic elements of modern techniques of producing green hydrogen. In the context of green hydrogen generation understanding green hydrogen production's techno-economic features is necessary to reduce carbon emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy. associated with breakthroughs in technology the present study examines the most fascinating and relevant aspects of techno-economic analysis. Despite challenges green hydrogen can help the world move to a cleaner more sustainable energy future with solid analytical frameworks and legislation.

The integration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) sources in power systems is increased for a sustainable environment. However due to the intermittent nature of VRE sources formulating efficient economic dispatching strategies becomes challenging. This systematic review aims to elucidate the economic value creation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in supporting the integration of VRE sources into power systems by reviewing the role of AI in mitigating costs related to balancing profile and grid with a focus on its applications for generation and demand forecasting market design demand response storage solutions power quality enhancement and predictive maintenance. The proposed study evaluates the AI potential in economic efficiency and operational reliability improvement by analyzing the use cases with various Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) including wind solar geothermal hydro ocean bioenergy hydrogen and hybrid systems. Furthermore the study also highlights the development and limitations of AI-driven approaches in renewable energy sector. The findings of this review aim to highlight AI’s critical role in optimizing VRE integration ultimately informing policymakers researchers and industry stakeholders about the potential of AI for an economically sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure.