Turkey

Solar energy is important for the future as it provides a clean renewable source of electricity that can help combat climate change by reducing reliance on fossil fuels via implementing various solar-based energy systems. In this study a unique configuration for a parabolic-trough-based solar system is presented that allows energy storage for periods of time with insufficient solar radiation. This model based on extensive analysis in MATLAB utilizing real-time weather data demonstrates promising results with strong practical applicability. An organic Rankine cycle with a regenerative configuration is applied to produce electricity which is further utilized for hydrogen generation. A proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME) unit converts electricity to hydrogen a clean and versatile energy carrier since the electricity is solar based. To harness the maximum value from this system additional energy during peak times is used to produce clean water utilizing a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit. The system’s performance is examined by conducting a case study for the city of Antalya Turkey to attest to the unit’s credibility and performance. This system is also optimized via the Grey Wolf multi-objective algorithm from energy exergy and techno-economic perspectives. For the optimization scenario performed the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system and the levelized cost of products are found to be approximately 26.5% 28.5% and 0.106 $/kWh respectively.

The production of green hydrogen the cleanest energy source plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy systems by utilizing surplus energy that would otherwise be wasted. With the global shift towards sustainability and the rising adoption of renewable energy sources green hydrogen is gaining significant importance as both an energy carrier and a storage solution. However determining the optimal locations for green hydrogen production facilities remains a complex challenge due to the interplay of technical economic logistical and environmental factors. This study introduces the City Location Evaluation Optimization for Green Hydrogen (CELO_GH) algorithm a novel heuristic approach designed to address this challenge. Unlike conventional multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) models CELO_GH dynamically evaluates cities by considering renewable energy surplus proximity to industrial hydrogen demand port and pipeline accessibility and economic viability. A case study conducted in Turkey demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach by identifying optimal cities for green hydrogen production based on real-world energy and infrastructure data. The problem was also solved with the genetic algorithm and the results were compared and it was seen that the proposed heuristic provides the lowest cost location selection. A geographically flexible methodology as the proposed algorithm can be applied globally to regions with high renewable energy potential ensuring scalability and adaptability for future energy transition strategies. The results provide valuable insights for policy-makers energy investors and industrial planners aiming to optimize green hydrogen infrastructure while ensuring cost efficiency and sustainability.

In this study the annual electricity consumption of nine real houses from different cities in Türkiye was recorded on a monthly basis. The feasibility of meeting the electrical energy needs of houses with hydrogen and supplying the energy required for hydrogen production using solar panels is examined. The annual electricity consumption of the houses was normalized based on house size. The solar panel area for hydrogen production needed for these houses was defined. Additionally it was calculated that the average volumetric amount of hydrogen produced per hour during peak sun hours in the investigated cities was 1 m3/h. This approach reduced the solar panel area for hydrogen production by a factor of 1.7.

Fossil fuels have been the conventional source of energy that has driven economic growth and industrial development for a long time. However their extensive use has led to immense environmental problems especially concerning the emission of greenhouse gases. These problems have stimulated researchers to turn their attention to renewable alternative fuels. Hydrogen has risen in recent years as a prospective energy carrier because it is possible to produce it in an environmentally friendly manner and because it is the most common element. Hydrogen may be used in diesel engines in a dual-fuel mode. Hydrogen has a higher heating value flame speed and diffusivity in air. These superior fuel properties can enhance performance and combustion efficiency. Hydrogen can decrease carbon monoxide unburned hydrocarbons and soot emissions due to the absence of carbon in hydrogen. However hydrogen-fuelled diesel engines have problems such as engine knocking and high nitrogen oxide emission. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the performance combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen-fuelled diesel engines. Moreover this paper discusses the long-term sustainability of hydrogen production methods nitrogen oxide emission reduction techniques challenges to the large-scale use of hydrogen economic implications of hydrogen use safety issues in hydrogen applications regulations on hydrogen safety conflicting NOx emission results in the literature and material incompatibility issues in hydrogen applications. This study highlights state-of-the-art developments along with critical knowledge gaps that will be useful in guiding future research. These findings can support researchers and industry professionals in the integration of hydrogen into both existing and future diesel engine technologies. According to the literature the use of hydrogen up to 46% decreased smoke emissions by over 75% while CO2 and CO emissions significantly decreased. Moreover hydrogen addition improved thermal efficiency up to 7.01% and decreased specific fuel consumption up to 7.19%.

The use of energy in the built environment contributes to over one-third of the world’s carbon emissions. To reduce that effect two primary solutions can be adopted i.e. (i) renovation of old buildings and (ii) increasing the renewable energy penetration. This review paper focuses on the latter. Renewable energy sources typically have an intermittent nature. In other words it is not guaranteed that these sources can be harnessed on demand. Thus complement solutions should be considered to use renewable energy sources efficiently. Hydrogen is recognized as a potential solution. It can be used to store excess energy or be directly exploited to generate thermal energy. Throughout this review various research papers focusing on hydrogen-based heating systems were reviewed analyzed and classified from different perspectives. Subsequently articles related to machine learning models optimization algorithms and smart control systems along with their applications in building energy management were reviewed to outline their potential contributions to reducing energy use lowering carbon emissions and improving thermal comfort for occupants. Furthermore research gaps in the use of these smart strategies in residential hydrogen heating systems were thoroughly identified and discussed. The presented findings indicate that the semi-decentralized hydrogen-based heating systems hold significant potential. First these systems can control the thermal demand of neighboring homes through local substations; second they can reduce reliance on power and gas grids. Furthermore the model predictive control and reinforcement learning approaches outperform other control systems ensuring energy comfort and cost-effective energy bills for residential buildings.

Innovative green vehicle concepts have become increasingly prevailing in consumer purchasing habits as technology evolves. The global transition towards sustainable transportation indicates an increase in new-generation vehicles including both fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) that will take on roads in the future. This change requires new-generation stations to support electrification. This study introduced a prominent multi-energy system concept with a hydrogen refueling station. The proposed multi-energy system (MES) consists of green hydrogen production a hydrogen refueling station for FCEVs hydrogen injection into natural gas (NG) and a charging station for PEVs. An on-site renewable system projected at the station and a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEM) to produce hydrogen for two significant consumers support MES. In addition the MES offers the ability to conduct two-way trade with the grid if renewable energy systems are insufficient. This study develops a comprehensive multi-energy system with an economically optimized energy management model using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach. The determinative datasets of vehicles are generated in a Python environment using Gauss distribution. The fleet of FCEVs and PEVs are currently available on the market. The study includes fleets of the most common models from well-known brands. The results indicate that profits increase when the storage capacity of the hydrogen tank is higher and natural gas injections are limitless. Optimization results for all cases tend to choose higher-priced natural gas injections over hydrogen refueling because of the difference in costs of refueling and injection expenses. The analyses reveal the highest hydrogen sales to the natural gas (NG) grid by consuming 2214.31 kg generating a revenue of $6966 and in contrast the lowest hydrogen sales to the natural gas grid at 1045.38 kg resulting in a revenue of $3286. Regarding electricity the highest sales represent revenue of $7701 and $2375 for distribution system consumption and electric vehicles (EV) respectively. Conversely Cases 1 and 2 have achieved sales to EV of $2286 and $2349 respectively but do not have any sales to distribution system consumption regarding the constraints. Overall the optimization results show that the solution is optimal for a multi-energy system operator to achieve higher profits and that all end-user parties are satisfied.

This study examines the steps to lower air emissions in South Korea’s domestic shipping sector. It highlights the significant contributions of the sector to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions emphasizing its impact on environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation. By looking at the current shipping energy use and emissions the research identifies ways to reduce the environmental impact of domestic shipping. Data was collected from domestic ferry routes and the fuel use was reviewed with respect to existing global technologies for reducing emissions. The results show that operational changes and current energy-efficient technologies can quickly cut emissions. Furthermore a long-term plan is suggested involving the development of new ship designs and the use of net-zero fuels like biofuels methanol hydrogen and ammonia. These efforts aim to meet climate goals targeting a 40% reduction in greenhouse emissions by 2030 and a 70% reduction by 2050 making South Korea’s shipping industry more sustainable and resilient.

While fossil fuels continue to be used and to increase air pollution across the world hydrogen gas has been proposed as an alternative energy source and a carrier for the future by scientists. Water electrolysis is a renewable and sustainable chemical energy production method among other hydrogen production methods. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a popular and expensive method that meets the high energy requirements of most industrial electrolyzers. Scientists are investigating how to reduce the price of water electrolytes with different methods and materials. The electrolysis structure equations and thermodynamics are first explored in this paper. Water electrolysis systems are mainly classified as high- and low-temperature electrolysis systems. Alkaline PEM-type and solid oxide electrolyzers are well known today. These electrolyzer materials for electrode types electrolyte solutions and membrane systems are investigated in this research. This research aims to shed light on the water electrolysis process and materials developments.

Integration of hydrogen into the existing natural gas infrastructure is considered a potential pathway that can accelerate the incorporation of hydrogen into the energy sector. While blending renewable hydrogen with natural gas offers advantages such as reduced carbon intensity and the ability to utilize existing infrastructure for hydrogen storage and transportation there are several concerns including leakage and associated issues. Un derstanding the behavior of hydrogen blended with natural gas in the existing infrastructure is crucial to ensure safe and efficient integration. In this study the leakage rates of mixtures of hydrogen and methane at different molar concentrations (5% 10% 20% and 50% hydrogen) through both precision machined orifices and com mon pipe fitting threads were investigated. The experiments showed that the leakage rates of these mixtures increased as the hydrogen content increased; however gas chromatography (GC) analysis showed that hydrogen did not leak preferentially at a greater rate than methane. The results indicate that mixing hydrogen with methane can increase the volume of gas leakage under the same pressure conditions. These findings suggest that mixing hydrogen with natural gas may result in increased volumetric flow rate of gas leaks but hydrogen alone does not leak preferentially to methane.

One of the most important problems in the widespread use of electric vehicles is the lack of charging infrastructure. Especially in tourist areas where historical buildings are located the installation of a power grid for the installation of electric vehicle charging stations or generating electrical energy by installing renewable energy production systems such as large-sized PV (photovoltaic) and wind turbines poses a problem because it causes the deterioration of the historical texture. Considering the need for renewable energy sources in the transportation sector our aim in this study is to model an electric vehicle charging station using PVPS (photovoltaic power system) and FC (fuel cell) power systems by using irradiation and temperature data from historical regions. This designed charging station model performs electric vehicle charging meeting the energy demand of a house and hydrogen production by feeding the electrolyzer with the surplus energy from producing electrical energy with the PVPS during the daytime. At night when there is no solar radiation electric vehicle charging and residential energy demand are met with an FC power system. One of the most important advantages of this system is the use of hydrogen storage instead of a battery system for energy storage and the conversion of hydrogen into electrical energy with an FC. Unlike other studies in our study fossil energy sources such as diesel generators are not included for the stable operation of the system. The system in this study may need hydrogen refueling in unfavorable climatic conditions and the energy storage capacity is limited by the hydrogen fuel tank capacity.