Kinetic Modeling and Quantum Yields: Hydrogen Production via Pd‐TiO2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Near‐UV and Visible Light

A palladium (Pd) doped mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was used to produce hydrogen (H2) via water splitting under both near‐UV and visible light. Experiments were carried out in the Photo‐CREC Water‐II Reactor (PCW‐II) using a 0.25 wt% Pd‐TiO2 photocatalyst, initial pH = 4 and 2.0 v/v% ethanol, as an organic scavenger. After 6 h of near‐UV irradiation, this photocatalyst yielded 113 cm3 STP of hydrogen (H2). Furthermore, after 1 h of near‐UV photoreduc‐ tion followed by 5 h of visible light, the 0.25 wt% Pd‐TiO2 photocatalyst yielded 5.25 cm3 STP of H2. The same photocatalyst, photoreduced for 24 h under near‐UV and subsequently exposed to 5 h of visible light, yielded 29 cm3 STP of H2. It was observed that the promoted redox reactions led to the production of hydrogen and by‐products such as methane, ethane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. These redox reactions could be modeled using an “in series‐parallel” reaction network and Langmuir Hinshelwood based kinetics. The proposed rate equations were validated using statistical analysis for the experimental data and calculated kinetic parameters. Furthermore, Quantum yields (QYୌ%) based on the H produced were also established at promising levels: (a) 34.8% under near‐UV light and 1.00 g L−1 photocatalyst concen‐ tration; (b) 8.8% under visible light and 0.15 g L−1. photocatalyst concentration following 24 h of near‐UV.