A Comparative Study of Energy Consumption and Recovery of Autonomous Fuel-Cell Hydrogen–Electric Vehicles Using Different Powertrains Based on Regenerative Braking and Electronic Stability Control System

Today, with the increasing transition to electric vehicles (EVs), the design of highly energy-efficient vehicle architectures has taken precedence for many car manufacturers. To this end, the energy consumption and recovery rates of different powertrain vehicle architectures need to be investigated comprehensively. In this study, six different powertrain architectures—four independent in-wheel motors with regenerative electronic stability control (RESC) and without an RESC, one-stage gear (1G) transmission, two-stage gear (2G) transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT) and downsized electric motor with CVT—were mathematically modeled and analyzed under real road conditions using nonlinear models of an autonomous hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicle (HFCEV). The aims of this paper were twofold: first, to compare the energy consumption performance of powertrain architectures by analyzing the effects of the regenerative electronic stability control (RESC) system, and secondly, to investigate the usability of a downsized electrical motor for an HFCEV. For this purpose, all the numerical simulations were conducted for the well-known FTP75 and NEDC urban drive cycles. The obtained results demonstrate that the minimum energy consumption can be achieved by a 2G-based powertrain using the same motor; however, when an RESC system is used, the energy recovery/consumption rate can be increased. Moreover, the results of the article show that it is possible to use a downsized electric motor due to the CVT, and this powertrain significantly reduces the energy consumption of the HFCEV as compared to all the other systems. The results of this paper present highly significant implications for automotive manufacturers for designing and developing a cleaner electrical vehicle energy consumption and recovery system.