Turkey

This paper aims to expand current thinking about the future of energy and water utility provision by presenting a radical idea: it proposes a combined delivery system for household energy and water utilities which is inspired by an analogy with the human body. It envisions a multi-functional infrastructure for cities of the future modelled on the human circulatory system. Red blood cells play a crucial role as energy carriers in biological energy distribution; they are suspended in the blood and distributed around the body to fuel the living cells. So why not use an analogous system e an urban circulatory system or “city blood” e to deliver energy and water simultaneously via one dedicated pipeline system? This paper focuses on analysing the scientific technological and economic feasibilities and hurdles which would need to be overcome in order to achieve this idea.<br/>We present a rationale for the requirement of an improved household utility delivery infrastructure and discuss the inspirational analogy; the technological components required to realise the vignette are also discussed. We identify the most significant advance requirement for the proposal to succeed: the utilisation of solid or liquid substrate materials delivered through water pipelines; their benefits and risks are discussed.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) have proven to be a promising energy conversion technology in various power applications and since it was developed it has been a potential alternative over fossil fuel-based engines and power plants all of which produce harmful by-products. The inlet air coolant and reactants have an important effect on the performance degradation of the PEMFC and certain power outputs. In this work a theoretical model of a PEM fuel cell with solar air heating system for the preheating hydrogen of PEM fuel cell to mitigate the performance degradation when the fuel cell operates in cold environment is proposed and evaluated by using energy analysis. Considering these heating and energy losses of heat generation by hydrogen fuel cells the idea of using transpired solar collectors (TSC) for air preheating to increase the inlet air temperature of the low-temperature fuel cell could be a potential development. The aim of the current article is applying solar air preheating for the hydrogen fuel cells system by applying TSC and analyzing system performance. Results aim to attention fellow scholars as well as industrial engineers in the deployment of solar air heating together with hydrogen fuel cell systems that could be useful for coping with fossil fuel-based power supply systems.

In recent years the growing concern for air quality has led to the development of sustainable vehicles to replace conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Currently the most widespread technology in Europe and Portugal is that of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) or plug‐in HEV (PHEV) electric cars but hydrogen‐based transport has also shown significant growth in the commercialization of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) and in the development of new infrastructural schemes. In the current panorama of EV particular attention should be paid to hydrogen technology i.e. FCEVs which is potentially a valid alternative to BEVs and can also be hybrid (FCHEV) and plug‐in hybrid (FCPHEV). Several sources cited show a positive trend of hydrogen in the transport sector identifying a growing trend in the expansion of hydrogen infrastructure although at this time it is still at an early stage of development. At the moment the cost of building the infrastructure is still high but on the basis of medium/long‐term scenarios it is clear that investments in hydrogen refueling stations will be profitable if the number of Fuel Cell vehicles increases. Conversely the Fuel Cell vehicle market is hampered if there is no adequate infrastructure for hydrogen development. The opportunity to use Fuel Cells to store electrical energy is quite fascinating and bypasses some obstacles encountered with BEVs. The advantages are clear since the charging times are reduced compared to charging from an electric charging post and the long‐distance voyage is made easier as the autonomy is much larger i.e. the psycho‐ sociological anxiety is avoided. Therefore the first part of the paper provides an overview of the current state of electric mobility in Portugal and the strategies adopted by the country. This is necessary to have a clear vision of how a new technology is accepted by the population and develops on the territory that is the propensity of citizens to technological change. Subsequently using current data on EV development and comparing information from recent years this work aims to investigate the future prospects of FCEVs in Portugal by adopting a dynamic model called SERA (Scenario Evaluation and Regionalization Analysis) with which it is possible to identify the Portuguese districts and cities where an FC charging infrastructure is expected to be most beneficial. From the results obtained the districts of Lisbon Porto and Aveiro seem to be the most interested in adopting FC technology. This analysis aims to ensure a measured view of the credible development of this market segment.

This study seeks to find the appropriate strategies necessary to make sustainable and effective hydrogen energy investments. Within this scope nine different criteria are defined regarding social managerial and financial factors. A hesitant interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology is considered to calculate the degree of importance of the criteria. Additionally impact relation maps are also generated to visualize the causality relationship between the factors. The findings indicate that the technical dimension has the greatest importance in comparison to managerial and financial factors. Furthermore it is also concluded that storage and logistics research and development and technological infrastructure are the most significant factors to be considered when defining hydrogen energy investment strategies. Hence before investing in hydrogen energy necessary actions should be taken to minimize the storage and logistic costs. Among them building the production site close to the usage area will contribute significantly to this purpose. In this way possible losses during the transportation of hydrogen can be minimized. Moreover it is essential to identify the lowest-cost hydrogen storage method by carrying out the necessary research and development activities thereby increasing the sustainability and effectiveness of hydrogen energy investment projects.

The corrosion morphology in grade 2205 duplex stainless steel wire was studied to understand the nature of pitting and the causes of the ferrite phase’s selective corrosion in acidic (pH 3) NaCl solutions at 60 °C. It is shown that the corrosion mechanism is always pitting which either manifests lacy cover perforation or densely arrayed selective cavities developing selectively on the ferrite phase. Pits with a lacy metal cover form in concentrated chloride solutions whereas the ferrite phase’s selective corrosion develops in diluted electrolytes showing dependency on the chloride-ion concentration. The pit perforation is probabilistic and occurs on both austenite and ferrite grains. The lacy metal covers collapse in concentrated solutions but remain intact in diluted electrolytes. The collapse of the lacy metal cover happens due to hydrogen embrittlement. Pit evolution is deterministic and occurs selectively in the ferrite phase in light chloride solutions.

This study analyzes the optimal sizing design of a stand-alone solar hydrogen hybrid energy system for a house in Afyon Turkey. The house is not connected to the grid and the proposed hybrid system meets all its energy demands; therefore it is considered a zero-energy building. The designed system guarantees uninterrupted and reliable power throughout the year. Since the reliability of the power supply is crucial for the house optimal sizing of the components photovoltaic (PV) panels electrolyzer storage tank and fuel cell stack is critical. Determining the sufficient number of PV panels suitable electrolyzer model and size number of fuel cell stacks and the minimum storage tank volume to use in the proposed system can guarantee an uninterrupted energy supply to the house. In this study a stand-alone hybrid energy system is proposed. The system consists of PV panels a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer a storage tank and a PEM fuel cell stack. It can meet the continuous energy demand of the house is sized by using 10 min of averaged solar irradiation and temperature data of the site and consumption data of the house. Present results show that the size of each component in a solar hydrogen hybrid energy system in terms of power depends on the size of each other components to meet the efficiency requirement of the whole system. Choosing the nominal electrolyzer power is critical in such energy systems

Massive consumption of fossil fuel leads to shortage problems as well as various global environmental issues. Due to the global climatic problem in the world techniques to supply energy demand change from conventional methods that use fossil fuel as the energy source to clean and renewable sources such as solar and wind. However these renewable energy sources are not permanent. Energy storage methods can ensure to supply the energy demand in need if the energy is stored when the renewable source is available. Hydrogen is considered a promising alternative feedstock owing to has unique properties such as clean energy high energy density absence of toxic materials and carbon-free nature. Hydrogen is used main fuel source in fuel cells and hydrogen can be produced with various methods such as wind or electrolysis of water systems that supply electricity from renewable sources. However the safe effective and economical storage of hydrogen is still a challenge that limits the spread of the usage of hydrogen energy. High pressed hydrogen gas and cryogenic hydrogen liquid are two applied storage pathways although they do not meet the above-mentioned requirement. To overcome these drawbacks materials-based hydrogen storage materials have been mostly investigated research field recently. The aim of the study is that exhibiting various material-based hydrogen storage systems and development of these techniques worldwide. Additionally past and current status of the technology are explained and future perspective is discussed.

Apart from many limitations the usage of hydrogen in different day-to-day applications have been increasing drastically in recent years. However numerous techniques available to produce hydrogen electrolysis of water is one of the simplest and cost-effective hydrogen production techniques. In this method water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by using external electric current. In this research a novel hydrogen production system incorporated with Photovoltaic – Thermal (PVT) solar collector is developed. The influence of different parameters like solar collector tilt angle thermal collector design and type of heat transfer fluid on the performance of PVT system and hydrogen production system are also discussed. Finally thermal efficiency electrical efficiency and hydrogen production rate have been predicted by using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) technique. Based on this study results it can be inferred that the solar collector tilt angle plays a significant role to improve the performance of the electrical and thermal performance of PVT solar system and Hydrogen yield rate. On the other side the spiral-shaped thermal collector with water exhibited better end result than the other hydrogen production systems. The predicted results ANFIS techniques represent an excellent agreement with the experimental results. In consequence it is suggested that the developed ANFIS model can be adopted for further studies to predict the performance of the hydrogen production system.

Recently the management of water and wastewater is gaining attention worldwide as a way of conserving the natural resources on the planet. The traditional wastewater treatment in Oman is such that the treated effluent produced is only reused for unfeasible purposes such as landscape irrigation cooling or disposed of in the sea. Introducing more progressive reuse applications can result in achieving a circular economy by considering treated effluent as a source of producing new products. Accordingly wastewater treatment plants can provide feedstock for green hydrogen production processes. The involvement of the wastewater industry in the green pathway of production scores major points in achieving decarbonization. In this paper the technical and economic feasibility of green hydrogen production in Oman was carried out using a new technique that would help explore the benefits of the treated effluent from wastewater treatment in Oman. The feasibility study was conducted using the Al Ansab sewage treatment plant in the governate of Muscat in Wilayat (region) Bousher. The results have shown that the revenue from Al Ansab STP in a conventional case is 7.02 million OMR/year while sustainable alternatives to produce hydrogen from the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer system for two cases with capacities of 1500 kg H2/day and 50000 kg H2/day would produce revenue of 8.30 million OMR/year and 49.73 million OMR/year respectively.

In recent years there has been great interest in Wankel-type rotary engines which are one of the most suitable power sources for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications due to their high power-to-size and power-to-weight ratios. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential of a hydrogen enrichment strategy for the improvement of the performance and reduction of the emissions of Wankel engines. The main motivation behind this study was to make Wankel engines which are already very advantageous for UAV applications even more advantageous by applying the hydrogen enrichment technique. In this study hydrogen addition was implemented in a spark-ignition rotary engine model operating at a constant engine speed of 6000 rpm. The mass fraction of hydrogen in the intake gradually increased from 0% to 10%. Simulation results revealed that addition of hydrogen to the fuel accelerated the flame propagation and increased the burning speed of the fuel the combustion temperature and the peak pressure in the working chamber. These phenomena had a very positive effect on the performance and emissions of the Wankel engine. The indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) increased by 8.18% and 9.68% and the indicated torque increased by 6.15% and 7.99% for the 5% and 10% hydrogen mass fraction cases respectively compared to those obtained with neat gasoline. In contrast CO emissions were reduced by 33.35% and 46.21% and soot emissions by 11.92% and 20.06% for 5% and 10% hydrogen additions respectively. NOx emissions increased with the application of the hydrogen enrichment strategy for the Wankel engine.