Energy Storage: From Fundamental Principles to Industrial Applications

The increasing global energy demand and the transition toward sustainable energy systems have highlighted the importance of energy storage technologies by ensuring efficiency, reliability, and decarbonization. This study reviews chemical and thermal energy storage technologies, focusing on how they integrate with renewable energy sources, industrial applications, and emerging challenges. Chemical Energy Storage systems, including hydrogen storage and power-to-fuel strategies, enable long-term energy retention and efficient use, while thermal energy storage technologies facilitate waste heat recovery and grid stability. Key contributions to this work are the exploration of emerging technologies, challenges in large-scale implementation, and the role of artificial intelligence in optimizing Energy Storage Systems through predictive analytics, real-time monitoring, and advanced control strategies. This study also addresses regulatory and economic barriers that hinder widespread adoption, emphasizing the need for policy incentives and interdisciplinary collaboration. The findings suggest that energy storage will be a fundamental pillar of the sustainable energy transition. Future research should focus on improving material stability, enhancing operational efficiency, and integrating intelligent management systems to maximize the benefits of these technologies for a resilient and low-carbon energy infrastructure.