Port Energy Models Alignment with Real Port Activities, their Coverage of Hydrogen Technologies, and as Tools for Decarbonisation

Ports have significant emissions from using carbon-based electricity and fuels. This paper presents a scoping literature review of port energy models, providing interpretations of the models capabilities and limitations in representing activities, coverages of hydrogen technologies, use as decarbonisation prediction tools, and to highlight research directions. Three model categories were assessed. The Conceptual-Driven use a top-down analytical structure for objectives optimisation. Recent publications have increasing coverages of port activities by electrical with hydrogen technologies, but limited representation of diesel equipment. The Data-Driven represent entire ports as top-down, or focus on electrical mobile equipment in bottom-up, data-only abstract structures for algorithm analysis. Both model types omit coverage of hydrogen powered mobile equipment at temporal resolutions representing typical duties and measured emissions for weighting predictions. A HybridDriven model is proposed as a decarbonisation assessment tool for, improved representation of diesel mobile equipment duty-profiles, referenceable baselines, and matching with hydrogen technologies characteristics.