Policy & Socio-Economics

Green hydrogen has the potential to contribute to the decarbonization of the fossil fuel industry and its development is expected to increase in the coming years. The social dynamics among the various actors in the green hydrogen sector are studied to understand their public perception. Using the technological innovation system research approach for the stakeholder analysis and the qualitative thematic analysis method for the interviews with experts this study presents an overview of the actors in the green hydrogen sector and their relations in Luxembourg. As a central European country with strategic political and geographic relevance Luxembourg offers a timely case for analyzing public perception before the large-scale implementation of green hydrogen. Observing this early stage allows for future comparative insights as the national hydrogen strategy progresses. Results show high expectations for green hydrogen in mobility and industry but concerns persist over infrastructure costs safety and public awareness. Regional stakeholders demonstrate a strong willingness to collaborate recognizing that local public acceptance still requires effort particularly in areas such as clear and inclusive communication sharing knowledge and fostering trust. These findings provide practical insights for stakeholder engagement strategies and theoretical contributions to the study of social dynamics in sustainability transitions.

The ongoing digitalization of energy infrastructure is a crucial enabler for improving efficiency reliability and sustainability in gas distribution networks especially in the context of decarbonization and the integration of alternative energy carriers (e.g. renewable gases including biogas green hydrogen). This study presents the development and application of a Digital Twin framework for a real-world gas distribution network developed using open-source tools. The proposed methodology covers the entire digital lifecycle: from data acquisition through smart meters and GIS mapping to 3D modelling and simulation using tools such as QGIS FreeCAD and GasNetSim. Consumption data are collected processed and harmonized via Python-based workflows hourly simulations of network operation including pressure flow rate and gas quality indicators like the Wobbe Index. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Digital Twin in accurately replicating real network behavior and supporting scenario analyses for the introduction of greener energy vectors such as hydrogen or biomethane. The case study highlights the flexibility and transparency of the workflow as well as the critical importance of data quality and availability. The framework provides a robust basis for advanced network management optimization and planning offering practical tools to support the energy transition in the gas sector.

This study assesses the feasibility and profitability of marine hybrid clusters combining wave energy converters (WECs) and offshore wind turbines (OWTs) to power households and marine aquaculture. Researchers analyzed two coastal sites: La Serena Chile with high and consistent wave energy resources and Ensenada Mexico with moderate and more variable wave power. Two WEC technologies Wave Dragon (WD) and Pelamis (PEL) were evaluated alongside lithium-ion battery storage and green hydrogen production for surplus energy storage. Results show that La Serena’s high wave power (26.05 kW/m) requires less hybridization than Ensenada’s (13.88 kW/m). The WD device in La Serena achieved the highest energy production while PEL arrays in Ensenada were more effective. The PEL-OWT cluster proved the most cost-effective in Ensenada whereas the WD-OWT performed better in La Serena. Supplying electricity for seaweed aquaculture particularly in La Serena proves more profitable than for households. Ensenada’s clusters generate more surplus electricity suitable for the electricity market or hydrogen conversion. This study emphasizes the importance of tailoring emerging WEC systems to local conditions optimizing hybridization strategies and integrating consolidated industries such as aquaculture to enhance both economic and environmental benefits.

Addressing GHG emissions in industrial sectors is crucial for developed nations’ energy and environmental policies. European countries use diverse strategies to mitigate industrial GHG impacts with energy models evaluating national objectives and supporting policy implementation. A new hybrid bottom-up technology-oriented simulation model has been developed for Slovenia’s industrial sector focusing on energy-intensive industries like paper metal chemical and cement production. This model linked with the macroeconomic GEM model assesses the impacts of GHG reduction measures on the national economy. This paper introduces the Reference Energy System model for the industrial sector REES SLO aiding Slovenia’s NECP update. It details input parameters model structure proposed measures peculiarities of energy-intensive industries and calculation results. The findings indicate that decarbonizing Slovenia’s industrial sector is feasible but demands immediate policy intervention substantial investments and a collaborative approach among stakeholders. Advanced technologies such as carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) hydrogen-based solutions and enhanced energy efficiency measures are essential components of this transition. The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and circular economy principles further strengthens pathways toward sustainability. The REES IND model underscores the importance of aligning industrial decarbonization strategies with broader economic and environmental objectives. It provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed measures and their long-term impacts. Achieving these goals requires a phased approach beginning with energy efficiency improvements and progressing to structural changes and advanced technologies. The model’s insights pave the way for sustainable industrial transformation aligning Slovenia’s industrial sector with national and European Union climate objectives.

In response to the growing global interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier this study provides the first attempt to develop a baseline inventory of U.S. hydrogen emissions from production distribution and storage. The scope of this study was limited to pure hydrogen emissions and excludes emissions from low purity hydrogen streams and carriers. A detailed literature search was conducted utilizing various greenhouse gas emissions inventory protocol principles and guidelines to consolidate a list of activity data and emission factors. The best available activity data and emission factors were then selected via a Multi-Criteria-Based Decision Making Method named Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution or modelled using best-engineering estimates. The study estimated total U.S. hydrogen emissions of 0.063 MMTA with emission bounds ranging from 0.02 to 0.11 MMTA. Given the total estimated H2 production capacity of 7.97 MMTA the study estimates a total U.S. hydrogen emission rate for production distribution and storage of 0.79% (0.26%–1.32%). To reduce the uncertainty in the estimated total hydrogen emissions future work should be conducted to measure facility-level hydrogen emission factors across multiple sectors. The inventory framework developed in this study can serve as a living document that can be updated and enhanced as more empirical data is obtained. This study also provides detailed insights regarding key emission or leakage sources and causes from each supply chain stage. The insights and conclusions from this study can provide direction for hydrogen production companies and safety professionals as they develop hydrogen emission mitigation measures and controls.

As global efforts to decarbonize intensify hydrogen produced via renewable electricity has emerged as a pivotal energy vector for a sustainable industrial future. This commentary provides a critical analysis of the current state of the hydrogen economy in Europe detailing the core principles operational mechanisms and industrial status of four primary water electrolysis technologies: alkaline (ALK) proton exchange membrane (PEM) solid oxide (SOEC) and anion exchange membrane (AEM). Furthermore it explores the significant socio-political challenges inherent in producing green hydrogen in non-EU nations for subsequent import into the European market.

Clean energy technologies offer promising pathways for low-carbon transitions yet their feasibility remains uncertain particularly in rapidly developing regions. This study develops a Factorial Multi-Stochastic Optimization-driven Equilibrium (FMOE) model to assess the economic and environmental impacts of clean power deployment. Using Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in Guangdong China as a case study the model reveals that SMRs can reduce system costs and alleviate GDP losses supporting provincial-level Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). If offshore wind capital costs fall to 40 % of SMRs’ SMR deployment may no longer be necessary after 2030. Otherwise SMRs could supply 22 % of capacity by 2040. The FMOE model provides a robust adaptable framework for evaluating emerging technologies under uncertainty and supports sustainable power planning across diverse regional contexts. This study offers valuable insights into the resource and economic implications of clean energy strategies contributing to global carbon neutrality and efficient energy system design.

Hydrogen plays a central role in ensuring the fulfillment of the climate and energy goals established in the Paris Agreement. To implement sustainable and resilient hydrogen economies it is essential to analyze the entire hydrogen value chain following a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. To determine the current methodologies approaches and research tendencies adopted when performing LCA of hydrogen energy systems a systematic literature analysis is carried out in the present study. The choices regarding the “goal and scope definition” “life cycle inventory analysis” and “life cycle impact assessment” in 70 scientific papers were assessed. Based on the collected information it was concluded that there are no similar LCA studies since specificities introduced in the system boundaries functional unit production storage transportation end-use technologies geographical specifications and LCA methodological approaches among others introduce differences among studies. This lack of harmonization triggers the need to define harmonization protocols that allow for a fair comparison between studies; otherwise the decision-making process in the hydrogen energy sector may be influenced by methodological choices. Although initial efforts have been made their adoption remains limited and greater promotion is needed to encourage wider implementation.

Achieving the 1.5 ◦C global temperature target and reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 require a fundamental transformation of energy systems driven by the rapid deployment of renewable energy technologies and underpinned by systemic policy financial and infrastructural reform. The manuscript adopts a literature-driven approach synthesizing findings from existing scholarly sources that shape the transition to sustainable energy systems. It begins by outlining global progress toward climate targets emphasizing the critical role of renewable energy in decarbonizing electricity industry and transport sectors. The manuscript explores recent technological advancements and trends in solar wind hydrogen and emerging clean technologies highlighting their impact on global energy supply chains and production models. Particular attention is given to the complexities of integrating renewable energy into existing infrastructure including grid modernization digitaliation and storage technologies. On the demand side the article examines changing consumption patterns electrification and the role of distributed generation in shaping future energy landscapes. Investment and finance emerge as central challenges with the paper analyzing the disparities in capital costs between developed and developing economies and the need for innovative green finance instruments to de-risk investment. The manuscript further identifies structural barriers including policy uncertainty supply chain constraints and permitting delays as key impediments to progress. Nonetheless the article outlines significant opportunities for scaling up renewable deployment through international cooperation targeted subsidies and public-private partnerships. The manuscript concludes by emphasizing the necessity of coherent and enforceable policy frameworks to align national commitments with global climate goals. It calls for an integrated multi-stakeholder approach to ensure that finance infrastructure demand and governance evolve in tandem thereby enabling a just inclusive and resilient global energy transition.

With growing global demand for sustainable decarbonization hydrogen energy systems have emerged as a key pillar in achieving carbon neutrality. This study assesses the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction efficiency of Republic of Korea’s hydrogen ecosystem from a life-cycle perspective focusing on production and utilization stages. Using empirical data—including the national hydrogen supply structure fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) deployment and hydrogen power generation records the analysis compares hydrogenbased systems with conventional fossil fuel systems. Results show that current hydrogen production methods mainly by-product and reforming-based hydrogen emit an average of 6.31 kg CO2-eq per kg H2 providing modest GHG benefits over low-carbon fossil fuels but enabling up to a 77% reduction when replacing high-emission sources like anthracite. In the utilization phase grey hydrogen-fueled stationary fuel cells emit more GHGs than the national grid. By contrast FCEVs demonstrate a 58.2% GHG reduction compared to internal combustion vehicles with regional variability. Importantly this study omits the distribution phase (storage and transport) due to data heterogeneity and a lack of reliable datasets which limits the comprehensiveness of the LCA. Future research should incorporate sensitivity or scenario-based analyses such as comparisons between pipeline transport and liquefied hydrogen transport to better capture distribution-phase impacts. The study concludes that the environmental benefit of hydrogen systems is highly dependent on production pathways end-use sectors and regional conditions. Strategic deployment of green hydrogen regional optimization and the explicit integration of distribution and storage in future assessments are essential to enhancing hydrogen’s contribution to national carbon neutrality goals.