Bangladesh
A Comprehensive Review on Recent Advancements in Thermochemical Processes for Clean Hydrogen Production to Decarbonize the Energy Sector
Sep 2022
Publication
Hydrogen is a source of clean energy as it can produce electricity and heat with water as a by-product and no carbon content is emitted when hydrogen is used as burning fuel in a fuel cell. Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier and powerful fuel as it has high flammability fast flame speed no carbon content and no emission of pollutants. Hydrogen production is possible through different technologies by utilizing several feedstock materials but the main concern in recent years is to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from energy sectors. Hydrogen production by thermochemical conversion of biomass and greenhouse gases has achieved much attention as researchers have developed several novel thermochemical methods which can be operated with low cost and high efficiency in an environmentally friendly way. This review explained the novel technologies which are being developed for thermochemical hydrogen production with minimum or zero carbon emission. The main concern of this paper was to review the advancements in hydrogen production technologies and to discuss different novel catalysts and novel CO2 -absorbent materials which can enhance the hydrogen production rate with zero carbon emission. Recent developments in thermochemical hydrogen production technologies were discussed in this paper. Biomass gasification and pyrolysis steam methane reforming and thermal plasma are promising thermochemical processes which can be further enhanced by using catalysts and sorbents. This paper also reviewed the developments and influences of different catalysts and sorbents to understand their suitability for continuous clean industrial hydrogen production.
Accelerating the Green Hydrogen Revolution: A Comprehensive Analysis of Technological Advancements and Policy Interventions
Apr 2024
Publication
Promoting green hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal discourse in the contemporary energy landscape driven by pressing environmental concerns and the quest for sustainable energy solutions. This paper delves into the multifaceted domain of C-Suite issues about green hydrogen encompassing both technological advancements and policy considerations. The question of whether green hydrogen is poised to become the focal point of the upcoming energy race is explored through an extensive analysis of its potential as a clean and versatile energy carrier. The transition from conventional fossil fuels to green hydrogen is considered a fundamental shift in energy paradigms with far-reaching implications for global energy markets. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art green hydrogen technologies including fuel cells photocatalysts photo electrocatalysts and hydrogen panels. In tandem with technological advancements the role of policy and strategy in fostering the development of green hydrogen energy assumes paramount significance. The paper elucidates the critical interplay between government policies market dynamics and corporate strategies in shaping the green hydrogen landscape. It delves into policy mechanisms such as subsidies carbon pricing and renewable energy mandates shedding light on their potential to incentivize the production and adoption of green hydrogen. This paper offers a nuanced exploration of C-Suite issues surrounding green hydrogen painting a comprehensive picture of the technological and policy considerations that underpin its emergence as a transformative energy source. As the global community grapples with the imperatives of climate change mitigation and the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions understanding these issues becomes imperative for executives policymakers and stakeholders alike.
A Multi-objective Optimization Approach in Defining the Decarbonization Strategy of a Refinery
Mar 2022
Publication
Nowadays nearly one quarter of global carbon dioxide emissions are attributable to energy use in industry making this an important target for emission reductions. The scope of this study is hence that to define a cost-optimized decarbonization strategy for an energy and carbon intensive industry using an Italian refinery as a case study. The methodology involves the coupling of EnergyPLAN with a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) considering the minimization of annual cost and CO2 emissions as two potentially conflicting objectives and the energy technologies’ capacities as decision variables. For the target year 2025 EnergyPLAN+MOEA has allowed to model a range of 0-100 % decarbonization solutions characterized by optimal penetration mix of 22 technologies in the electrical thermal hydrogen feedstock and transport demand. A set of nine scenarios with different land use availabilities and implementable technologies each consisting of 100 optimal systems out of 10000 simulated ones has been evaluated. The results show on the one hand the possibility of achieving medium-high decarbonization solutions at costs close to current ones on the other how the decarbonization pathways strongly depend on the available land for solar thermal photovoltaic and wind as well as the presence of a biomass supply chain in the region.
Techno-Economic Analysis of the Hybrid Solar PV/H/Fuel Cell Based Supply Scheme for Green Mobile Communication
Nov 2021
Publication
Hydrogen has received tremendous global attention as an energy carrier and an energy storage system. Hydrogen carrier introduces a power to hydrogen (P2H) and power to hydrogen to power (P2H2P) facility to store the excess energy in renewable energy storage systems with the facts of large-scale storage capacity transportability and multiple utilities. This work examines the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydrogen/fuel cell-powered cellular base stations for developing green mobile communication to decrease environmental degradation and mitigate fossil-fuel crises. Extensive simulation is carried out using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) optimization tool to evaluate the optimal size energy production total production cost per unit energy production cost and emission of carbon footprints subject to different relevant system parameters. In addition the throughput and energy efficiency performance of the wireless network is critically evaluated with the help of MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading system bandwidth transmission power and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. Results show that a more stable and reliable green solution for the telecommunications sector will be the macro cellular basis stations driven by the recommended hybrid supply system. The hybrid supply system has around 17% surplus electricity and 48.1 h backup capacity that increases the system reliability by maintaining a better quality of service (QoS). To end the outcomes of the suggested system are compared with the other supply scheme and the previously published research work for justifying the validity of the proposed system.
Towards a Prioritization of Alternative Energy Sources for Sustainable Shipping
Apr 2023
Publication
Studies on the prospects of the use of alternative fuels in the maritime industry have rarely been assessed in the context of developing countries. This study assesses seven energy sources for shipping in the context of Bangladesh with a view to ranking their prospects based on sustainability as well as identifying the energy transition criteria. Data were collected from maritime industry experts including seafarers shipping company executives government representatives and academics. The Bayesian Best-Worst Method (BWM) was used for ranking nine criteria related to the suitability and viability of the considered alternative energy sources. Next the PROMETHEE-GAIA method is applied for priority analysis of the seven energy alternatives. The findings reveal that capital cost alternative energy price and safety are the most important factors for alternative energy transition in Bangladesh. Apart from the benchmark HFO Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) HFO-Wind and LNG-Wind hybrids are considered the most viable alternatives. The findings of the study can guide policymakers in Bangladesh in terms of promoting viable energy sources for sustainable shipping.
Renewable Energy Pathways toward Accelerating Hydrogen Fuel Production: Evidence from Global Hydrogen Modeling
Dec 2022
Publication
Fossil fuel consumption has triggered worries about energy security and climate change; this has promoted hydrogen as a viable option to aid in decarbonizing global energy systems. Hydrogen could substitute for fossil fuels in the future due to the economic political and environmental concerns related to energy production using fossil fuels. However currently the majority of hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels particularly natural gas which is not a renewable source of energy. It is therefore crucial to increase the efforts to produce hydrogen from renewable sources rather from the existing fossil-based approaches. Thus this study investigates how renewable energy can accelerate the production of hydrogen fuel in the future under three hydrogen economy-related energy regimes including nuclear restrictions hydrogen and city gas blending and in the scenarios which consider the geographic distribution of carbon reduction targets. A random effects regression model has been utilized employing panel data from a global energy system which optimizes for cost and carbon targets. The results of this study demonstrate that an increase in renewable energy sources has the potential to significantly accelerate the growth of future hydrogen production under all the considered policy regimes. The policy implications of this paper suggest that promoting renewable energy investments in line with a fairer allocation of carbon reduction efforts will help to ensure a future hydrogen economy which engenders a sustainable low carbon society.
Fuelling the Future: An In-depth Review of Recent Trends, Challenges and Opportunities of Hydrogen Fuel Cell for a Sustainable Hydrogen Economy
Sep 2023
Publication
Hydrogen has gained tremendous momentum worldwide as an energy carrier to transit to a net zero emission energy sector. It has been widely adopted as a promising large-scale renewable energy (RE) storage solution to overcome RE resources’ variability and intermittency nature. The fuel cell (FC) technology became in focus within the hydrogen energy landscape as a cost-effective pathway to utilize hydrogen for power generation. Therefore FC technologies’ research and development (R&D) expanded into many pathways such as cost reduction efficiency improvement fixed and mobile applications lifetime safety and regulations etc. Many publications and industrial reports about FC technologies and applications are available. This raised the necessity for a holistic review study to summarize the state-of-the-art range of FC stacks such as manufacturing the balance of plant types technologies applications and R&D opportunities. At the beginning the principal technologies to compare the well known types followed by the FC operating parameters are presented. Then the FC balance of the plant i.e. building components and materials with its functionality and purpose types and applications are critically reviewed with their limitations and improvement opportunities. Subsequently the electrical properties of FCs with their key features including advantages and disadvantages were investigated. Applications of FCs in different sectors are elaborated with their key characteristics current status and future R&D opportunities. Economic attributes of fuel cells with a pathway towards low cost are also presented. Finally this study identifies the research gaps and future avenues to guide researchers and the hydrogen industry.
Proton Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Fuel Cell as the Grid Connected Power Generator
Dec 2020
Publication
In this paper a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is implemented as a grid-connected electrical generator that uses hydrogen gas as fuel and air as an oxidant to produce electricity through electrochemical reactions. Analysis demonstrated that the performance of the PEMFC greatly depends on the rate of fuel supply and air supply pressure. Critical fuel and air supply pressures of the PEMFC are analysed to test its feasibility for the grid connection. Air and fuel supply pressures are varied to observe the effects on the PEMFC characteristics efficiency fuel supply and air consumption over time. The PEMFC model is then implemented into an electrical power system with the aid of power electronics applications. Detailed mathematical modelling of the PEMFC is discussed with justification. The PEMFC functions as an electrical generator that is connected to the local grid through a power converter and a transformer. Modulation of the converter is controlled by means of a proportional-integral controller. The two-axis control methodology is applied to the current control of the system. The output voltage waveform and control actions of the controller on the current and frequency of the proposed system are plotted as well. Simulation results show that the PEMFC performs efficiently under certain air and fuel pressures and it can effectively supply electrical power to the grid.
Sustainable Hydrogen Energy in Aviation - A Narrative Review
Feb 2023
Publication
In the modern world zero-carbon society has become a new buzzword of the era. Many projects have been initiated to develop alternatives not only to the environmental crisis but also to the shortage of fossil fuels. With successful projects in automobile technology hydrogen fuel is now being tested and utilized as a sustainable green fuel in the aviation sector which will lead to zero carbon emission in the future. From the mid-20th century to the early 21st numerous countries and companies have funded multimillion projects to develop hydrogen-fueled aircraft. Empirical data show positive results for various projects. Consequently large companies are investing in various innovations undertaken by researchers under their supervision. Over time the efficiency of hydrogen-fueled aircraft has improved but the lack of refueling stations large production cost and consolidated carbon market share have impeded the path of hydrogen fuel being commercialized. In addition the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is another important element of the Aviation industry Hydrogen started to be commonly used as an alternative fuel for heavy-duty drones using fuel cell technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the chronological development of hydrogen-powered aircraft technology and potential aviation applications for hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Furthermore the major barriers to widespread adoption of hydrogen technology in aviation are identified as are future research opportunities.
Green Hydrogen Based Power Generation Prospect for Sustainable Development of Bangladesh using PEMFC and Hydrogen Gas Turbine
Feb 2023
Publication
Bangladesh focuses on green energy sources to be a lesser dependent on imported fossil fuels and to reduce the GHG emission to decarbonize the energy sector. The integration of renewable energy technologies for green hydrogen production is promising for Bangladesh. Hybrid renewable plants at the coastline along the Bay of Bengal Kuakata Sandwip St. Martin Cox’sbazer and Chattogram for green hydrogen production is very promising to solve the power demand scarcity of Bangladesh. Hydrogen gas turbine and hydrogen fuel cell configured power plant performances are studied to observe the feasibility/prospect to the green energy transition. The Plant’s performances investigated based on specification of the plant’s units and verified by MATLAB SIMULINK software. Fuels blending (different percent of hydrogen with fossil fuel/NG) technique makes the hydrogen more feasible as turbine fuel. The net efficiency of the fuel cell-based combined cycle configuration (74%) is higher than that of the hydrogen gas turbine-based configuration (51.9%). Moreover analyses show that the increment of combined cycle gas turbine efficiency (+18.5%) is more than the combined cycle PEMFC configuration (+14%). Long-term storage of renewable energy in the salt cavern as green hydrogen can be a source of energy for emergency. A significant share of power can be generated by a numbers of green power plants at specified places in Bangladesh.
Biohydrogen Production from Biomass Sources: Metabolic Pathways and Economic Analysis
Sep 2021
Publication
The commercialization of hydrogen as a fuel faces severe technological economic and environmental challenges. As a method to overcome these challenges microalgal biohydrogen production has become the subject of growing research interest. Microalgal biohydrogen can be produced through different metabolic routes the economic considerations of which are largely missing from recent reviews. Thus this review briefly explains the techniques and economics associated with enhancing microalgae-based biohydrogen production. The cost of producing biohydrogen has been estimated to be between $10 GJ-1 and $20 GJ−1 which is not competitive with gasoline ($0.33 GJ−1 ). Even though direct biophotolysis has a sunlight conversion efficiency of over 80% its productivity is sensitive to oxygen and sunlight availability. While the electrochemical processes produce the highest biohydrogen (>90%) fermentation and photobiological processes are more environmentally sustainable. Studies have revealed that the cost of producing biohydrogen is quite high ranging between $2.13 kg−1 and 7.24 kg−1 via direct biophotolysis $1.42kg−1 through indirect biophotolysis and between $7.54 kg−1 and 7.61 kg−1 via fermentation. Therefore low-cost hydrogen production technologies need to be developed to ensure long-term sustainability which requires the optimization of critical experimental parameters microalgal metabolic engineering and genetic modification.
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