Bangladesh

In this paper a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is implemented as a grid-connected electrical generator that uses hydrogen gas as fuel and air as an oxidant to produce electricity through electrochemical reactions. Analysis demonstrated that the performance of the PEMFC greatly depends on the rate of fuel supply and air supply pressure. Critical fuel and air supply pressures of the PEMFC are analysed to test its feasibility for the grid connection. Air and fuel supply pressures are varied to observe the effects on the PEMFC characteristics efficiency fuel supply and air consumption over time. The PEMFC model is then implemented into an electrical power system with the aid of power electronics applications. Detailed mathematical modelling of the PEMFC is discussed with justification. The PEMFC functions as an electrical generator that is connected to the local grid through a power converter and a transformer. Modulation of the converter is controlled by means of a proportional-integral controller. The two-axis control methodology is applied to the current control of the system. The output voltage waveform and control actions of the controller on the current and frequency of the proposed system are plotted as well. Simulation results show that the PEMFC performs efficiently under certain air and fuel pressures and it can effectively supply electrical power to the grid.

Hydrogen is a source of clean energy as it can produce electricity and heat with water as a by-product and no carbon content is emitted when hydrogen is used as burning fuel in a fuel cell. Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier and powerful fuel as it has high flammability fast flame speed no carbon content and no emission of pollutants. Hydrogen production is possible through different technologies by utilizing several feedstock materials but the main concern in recent years is to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from energy sectors. Hydrogen production by thermochemical conversion of biomass and greenhouse gases has achieved much attention as researchers have developed several novel thermochemical methods which can be operated with low cost and high efficiency in an environmentally friendly way. This review explained the novel technologies which are being developed for thermochemical hydrogen production with minimum or zero carbon emission. The main concern of this paper was to review the advancements in hydrogen production technologies and to discuss different novel catalysts and novel CO2 -absorbent materials which can enhance the hydrogen production rate with zero carbon emission. Recent developments in thermochemical hydrogen production technologies were discussed in this paper. Biomass gasification and pyrolysis steam methane reforming and thermal plasma are promising thermochemical processes which can be further enhanced by using catalysts and sorbents. This paper also reviewed the developments and influences of different catalysts and sorbents to understand their suitability for continuous clean industrial hydrogen production.

Promoting green hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal discourse in the contemporary energy landscape driven by pressing environmental concerns and the quest for sustainable energy solutions. This paper delves into the multifaceted domain of C-Suite issues about green hydrogen encompassing both technological advancements and policy considerations. The question of whether green hydrogen is poised to become the focal point of the upcoming energy race is explored through an extensive analysis of its potential as a clean and versatile energy carrier. The transition from conventional fossil fuels to green hydrogen is considered a fundamental shift in energy paradigms with far-reaching implications for global energy markets. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art green hydrogen technologies including fuel cells photocatalysts photo electrocatalysts and hydrogen panels. In tandem with technological advancements the role of policy and strategy in fostering the development of green hydrogen energy assumes paramount significance. The paper elucidates the critical interplay between government policies market dynamics and corporate strategies in shaping the green hydrogen landscape. It delves into policy mechanisms such as subsidies carbon pricing and renewable energy mandates shedding light on their potential to incentivize the production and adoption of green hydrogen. This paper offers a nuanced exploration of C-Suite issues surrounding green hydrogen painting a comprehensive picture of the technological and policy considerations that underpin its emergence as a transformative energy source. As the global community grapples with the imperatives of climate change mitigation and the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions understanding these issues becomes imperative for executives policymakers and stakeholders alike.

Fossil fuel consumption has triggered worries about energy security and climate change; this has promoted hydrogen as a viable option to aid in decarbonizing global energy systems. Hydrogen could substitute for fossil fuels in the future due to the economic political and environmental concerns related to energy production using fossil fuels. However currently the majority of hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels particularly natural gas which is not a renewable source of energy. It is therefore crucial to increase the efforts to produce hydrogen from renewable sources rather from the existing fossil-based approaches. Thus this study investigates how renewable energy can accelerate the production of hydrogen fuel in the future under three hydrogen economy-related energy regimes including nuclear restrictions hydrogen and city gas blending and in the scenarios which consider the geographic distribution of carbon reduction targets. A random effects regression model has been utilized employing panel data from a global energy system which optimizes for cost and carbon targets. The results of this study demonstrate that an increase in renewable energy sources has the potential to significantly accelerate the growth of future hydrogen production under all the considered policy regimes. The policy implications of this paper suggest that promoting renewable energy investments in line with a fairer allocation of carbon reduction efforts will help to ensure a future hydrogen economy which engenders a sustainable low carbon society.

Studies on the prospects of the use of alternative fuels in the maritime industry have rarely been assessed in the context of developing countries. This study assesses seven energy sources for shipping in the context of Bangladesh with a view to ranking their prospects based on sustainability as well as identifying the energy transition criteria. Data were collected from maritime industry experts including seafarers shipping company executives government representatives and academics. The Bayesian Best-Worst Method (BWM) was used for ranking nine criteria related to the suitability and viability of the considered alternative energy sources. Next the PROMETHEE-GAIA method is applied for priority analysis of the seven energy alternatives. The findings reveal that capital cost alternative energy price and safety are the most important factors for alternative energy transition in Bangladesh. Apart from the benchmark HFO Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) HFO-Wind and LNG-Wind hybrids are considered the most viable alternatives. The findings of the study can guide policymakers in Bangladesh in terms of promoting viable energy sources for sustainable shipping.

An integrated renewable system that utilizes solid waste-based biogas is important steps towards the sustainable energy solutions to rural off-grid communities in Bangladesh. In this study a hybrid energy system consisting of photovoltaic modules wind turbines biogas generators fuel cells and electrolyzer-hydrogen tank-based energy storage is optimized using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The hybrid system is optimized based on the cost of energy and human health damage as objective functions and a fuzzy decision-making technique is employed to determine the optimal solution to the multi-objective approach. Additionally several economic ecological and social indicators are also investigated while meeting a certain load reliability. An energy management strategy has been developed in the MATALB environment to satisfy the community load and the battery-driven electric vehicle load. Results from this comprehensive analysis suggest that the optimal configuration of PV/WT/FC/BG has an energy cost of 0.1634 $/kWh and an ecosystem damage of 0.00098 species.year. The human health damage and the human development index of the optimized system are 0.1732 DALYs and 0.696 DALYs respectively. Additionally the proposed system has a lifecycle emission of 123730 kg CO2-eq/year carbon emission penalties of $1856/year a job creation potential of 30 jobs/MW over the 25 years of project lifetime. The hybrid system oversees solid waste management solutions and provides the community with sustainable energy and vehicle recharge.

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have received significant attention in recent times due to various advantageous features such as high energy efficiency zero emissions and extended driving range. However FCEVs have some drawbacks including high production costs; limited hydrogen refueling infrastructure; and the complexity of converters controllers and method execution. To address these challenges smart energy management involving appropriate converters controllers intelligent algorithms and optimizations is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of FCEVs towards sustainable transportation. Therefore this paper presents emerging energy management strategies for FCEVs to improve energy efficiency system reliability and overall performance. In this context a comprehensive analytical assessment is conducted to examine several factors including research trends types of publications citation analysis keyword occurrences collaborations influential authors and the countries conducting research in this area. Moreover emerging energy management schemes are investigated with a focus on intelligent algorithms optimization techniques and control strategies highlighting contributions key findings issues and research gaps. Furthermore the state-of-the-art research domains of FCEVs are thoroughly discussed in order to explore various research domains relevant outcomes and existing challenges. Additionally this paper addresses open issues and challenges and offers valuable future research opportunities for advancing FCEVs emphasizing the importance of suitable algorithms controllers and optimization techniques to enhance their performance. The outcomes and key findings of this review will be helpful for researchers and automotive engineers in developing advanced methods control schemes and optimization strategies for FCEVs towards greener transportation.

This paper investigates the circularity of green hydrogen and resource recovery from brine using an integrated approach based on alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). Traditional AWE employs highly alkaline electrolytes which can lead to electrode corrosion undesirable side reactions and gas cross-over issues. Conversely indirect brine electrolysis requires pre-treatment steps which negatively impact both techno-economics and environmental sustainability. In response this study proposes an innovative brine electrolysis process utilizing solid electrolytes (SELs). The process includes an on-site brine treatment facility leveraging a self-driven phase transition technique and incorporates a hydrophobic membrane as part of a membrane distillation (MD) system to facilitate the gas pathway. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH)-based electrolytes combined with potassium hydroxide (KOH) at various concentrations function as a self-wetted electrolyte (SWE). This design partially disperses water vapor while effectively preventing the intrusion of contaminated ions into the SWE and electrode-catalyst interfaces. PVA-TEAOH-KOH-30 wt% SWE demonstrated the highest ion conductivity (112.4 mScm−1) and excellent performance with a current density of 375 mAcm−2. Long-term electrolysis confirmed with a nine-fold brine in volume concentration factor (VCF) demonstrated stable performance without MD membrane wetting. The Cl−/ClO− and Br− concentrations in the SWE were reduced by five orders of magnitude compared to the original brine. This electrolyzer supports the circular use of resources with hydrogen as an energy carrier and concentrated brine and oxygen as valuable by-products aligning with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and net-zero emissions by 2050.

Research into the off-grid hybrid energy system to provide reliable electricity to a remote community has extensively been done. However simultaneous meeting electric freshwater and gas demands from the off-grid hybrid energy sources are very scarce in literature. Power- to-X (PtX) is gaining attention in recent days in the energy transition scenarios to generate green hydrogen the primary product of the process as an energy carrier which is deemed to replace conventional fuels to reach absolute carbon neutrality. In this study renew able–based hybrid energy is developed to simultaneously meet the electricity freshwater and gas (cooking gas via methanation process) demands for a remote Island in Bangladesh. In this process an energy management strategy has been developed to use the excess energy to generate both freshwater and the hydrogen where hydrogen is then converted to natural gas via methanation process. The PV wind turbine diesel generator battery and fuel cell have been optimized using non-dominating sorting algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to offer reliable cost-effective solutions of electricity freshwater and cooking gas for the end users. Results reported that the PV/ WT/DG/Batt configuration has been found the most economic configuration with the lowest COE (0.1724 $/kWh) which is 9 % lower than PV/WT/Batt configuration which has the second lowest COE. The cost of water (COW) and cost of gas (COG) of the PV/WT/DG/Batt system are also the lowest among all the four configurations and have been found 1.185 $/m3 and 3.978 $/m3 respectively.