France
THyGA - Long Term Effect of H2 on Appliances Tested
May 2023
Publication
The goals of the long-term tests were to see the impact of blends of hydrogen and natural gas on the technical condition of the appliances and their performance after several hours of operation. To do so they were run through an accelerated test program amounting to more than 3000 testing hours for the boilers and more than 2500 testing hours for the cookers. The percentage of hydrogen in the test gas was 30% by volume. Three boilers and two cookers were tested by DGC and two boilers by GWI. This report describes the test protocol the results and analysis on the seven appliances tested.
Climate Change Impacts on Gaseous Hydrogen (H2) Potential Produced by Photovoltaic Electrolysis for Stand-Alone or Grid Applications in Europe
Dec 2022
Publication
The EU’s hydrogen strategy consists of studying the potential for renewable hydrogen to help decarbonize the EU in a cost-effective way. Today hydrogen accounts for less than 2% of Europe’s energy consumption. It is primarily used to produce chemical products. However 96% of this hydrogen production is through natural gas leading to significant amounts of CO2 emissions. In this paper we investigated PV electrolysis H2 gas (noted H2(g)) production for mapping this resource at Europe’s scale. The Cordex/Copernicus RCPs scenarios allow for evaluating the impact of climate changes on the H2 -produced mass and the equivalent energy according to both extreme RCPs scenarios. New linear regressions are investigated to study the great dependence in H2(g) produced masses (kg·yr−1 ) and equivalent energies (MWh·yr−1 ) for European countries. Computational scenarios are investigated from a reference year (2005) to the end of the century (2100) by steps of 5 years. According to RCPs 2.6 (favorable)/8.5 (extreme) 31.7% and 77.4% of Europe’s area presents a decrease of H2(g)-produced masses between 2005 and 2100. For the unfavorable scenario (8.5) only a few regions located in the northeast of France Germany Austria Romania Bulgaria and Greece present a positive balance in H2(g) production for supplying remote houses or smart grids in electricity and heat energy.
Discharge Modeling of Large Scale LH2 Experiments with an Engineering Tool
Sep 2021
Publication
Accurate estimation of mass flow rate and release conditions is important for the design of dispersion and combustion experiments for the subsequent validation of CFD codes/models for consequence assessment analysis within related risk assessment studies and for associated Regulation Codes and Standards development. This work focuses on the modelling of the discharge phase of the recent large scale LH2 release and dispersion experiments performed by HSE within the framework of PRESLHY project. The experimental conditions covered sub-cooled liquid stagnation conditions at two pressures (2 and 6 bara) and 3 release nozzle diameters (1 ½ and ¼ inches). The simulations were performed using a 1d engineering tool which accounts for discharge line effects due to friction extra resistance due to fittings and area change. The engineering tool uses the Possible Impossible Flow (PIF) algorithm for choked flow calculations and the Helmholtz Free Energy (HFE) EoS formulation. Three different phase distribution models were applied. The predictions are compared against measured and derived data from the experiments and recommendations are given both regarding engineering tool applicability and future experimental design.
Review and Survey of Methods for Analysis of Impurities in Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Vehicles According to ISO 14687:2019
Feb 2021
Publication
Gaseous hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles must meet quality standards such as ISO 14687:2019 which contains maximal control thresholds for several impurities which could damage the fuel cells or the infrastructure. A review of analytical techniques for impurities analysis has already been carried out by Murugan et al. in 2014. Similarly this document intends to review the sampling of hydrogen and the available analytical methods together with a survey of laboratories performing the analysis of hydrogen about the techniques being used. Most impurities are addressed however some of them are challenging especially the halogenated compounds since only some halogenated compounds are covered not all of them. The analysis of impurities following ISO 14687:2019 remains expensive and complex enhancing the need for further research in this area. Novel and promising analyzers have been developed which need to be validated according to ISO 21087:2019 requirements.
THyGA - Test Report on Mitigation Solutions for Residential Natural Gas Appliances Not Designed for Hydrogen Admixture
Apr 2023
Publication
This report from the WP5 “Mitigation” provides information and test results regarding perturbations that hydrogen could cause to gas appliances when blended to natural gas especially on anatural draught for exhaust fumes or acidity for the condensates. The important topic of on-site adjustment is also studied with test results on alternative technologies and proposals of mitigation approaches.
The Fuel Flexibility of Gas Turbines: A Review and Retrospective Outlook
May 2023
Publication
Land-based gas turbines (GTs) are continuous-flow engines that run with permanent flames once started and at stationary pressure temperature and flows at stabilized load. Combustors operate without any moving parts and their substantial air excess enables complete combustion. These features provide significant space for designing efficient and versatile combustion systems. In particular as heavy-duty gas turbines have moderate compression ratios and ample stall margins they can burn not only high- and medium-BTU fuels but also low-BTU ones. As a result these machines have gained remarkable fuel flexibility. Dry Low Emissions combustors which were initially confined to burning standard natural gas have been gradually adapted to an increasing number of alternative gaseous fuels. The paper first delivers essential technical considerations that underlie this important fuel portfolio. It then reviews the spectrum of alternative GT fuels which currently extends from lean gases (coal bed coke oven blast furnace gases . . . ) to rich refinery streams (LPG olefins) and from volatile liquids (naphtha) to heavy hydrocarbons. This “fuel diet” also includes biogenic products (biogas biodiesel and ethanol) and especially blended and pure hydrogen the fuel of the future. The paper also outlines how historically land-based GTs have gradually gained new fuel territories thanks to continuous engineering work lab testing experience extrapolation and validation on the field.
Natural Hydrogen the Fuel of the 21st Century
Jun 2019
Publication
Much has been learned about natural hydrogen (H2) seepages and accumulation but present knowledge of hydrogen behavior in the crust is so limited that it is not yet possible to consider exploitation of this resources. Hydrogen targeting requires a shift in the long-standing paradigms that drive oil and gas exploration. This paper describes the foundation of an integrated source-to-sink view of the hydrogen cycle and propose preliminary practical guidelines for hydrogen exploration.
Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Modeling for Power Electronics Control: A Short Review
May 2020
Publication
The main purpose of this article is to provide a short review of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) modeling used for power electronics control. So far three types of PEMEL modeling have been adopted in the literature: resistive load static load (including an equivalent resistance series-connected with a DC voltage generator representing the reversible voltage) and dynamic load (taking into consideration the dynamics both at the anode and the cathode). The modeling of the load is crucial for control purposes since it may have an impact on the performance of the system. This article aims at providing essential information and comparing the different load modeling.
Techno-Economic Potential of Wind-Based Green Hydrogen Production in Djibouti: Literature Review and Case Studies
Aug 2023
Publication
Disputed supply chains inappropriate weather and low investment followed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to a phenomenal energy crisis especially in the Horn of Africa. Accordingly proposing eco-friendly and sustainable solutions to diversify the access of electricity in the Republic of Djibouti which has no conventional energy resources and is completely energy dependent on its neighboring countries has become a must. Therefore the implementation of sustainable renewable and energy storage systems is nationally prioritized. This paper deals for the first time with the exploitation of such an affordable and carbon-free resource to produce hydrogen from wind energy in the rural areas of Nagad and Bara Wein in Djibouti. The production of hydrogen and the relevant CO2 emission reduction using different De Wind D6 Vestas and Nordex wind turbines are displayed while using Alkaline and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. The Bara Wein and Nagad sites had a monthly wind speed above 7 m/s. From the results the Nordex turbine accompanied with the alkaline electrolyzer provides the most affordable electricity production approximately 0.0032 $/kWh for both sites; this cost is about one per hundred the actual imported hydroelectric energy price. Through the ecological analysis the Nordex turbine is the most suitable wind turbine with a CO2 emission reduction of 363.58 tons for Bara Wein compared to 228.76 tons for Nagad. While integrating the initial cost of wind turbine implementation in the capital investment the mass and the levelized cost of the produced green hydrogen are estimated as (29.68 tons and 11.48 $/kg) for Bara Wein with corresponding values of (18.68 tons and 18.25 $/kg) for Nagad.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell as an Electric Generator: A Case Study for a General Cargo Ship
Feb 2024
Publication
In this study real voyage data and ship specifications of a general cargo ship are employed and it is assumed that diesel generators are replaced with hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The effect of the replacement on CO2 NOX SOX and PM emissions and the CII value is calculated. Emission calculations show that there is a significant reduction in emissions when hydrogen fuel cells are used instead of diesel generators on the case ship. By using hydrogen fuel cells there is a 37.4% reduction in CO2 emissions 32.5% in NOX emissions 37.3% in SOX emissions and 37.4% in PM emissions. If hydrogen fuel cells are not used instead of diesel generators the ship will receive an A rating between 2023 and 2026 a B rating in 2027 a C rating in 2028–2029 and an E rating in 2030. On the other hand if hydrogen fuel cells are used the ship will always remain at an A rating between 2023 and 2030. The capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) of the fuel cell system are USD 1305720 and USD 2470320 respectively for a 15-year lifetime and the hydrogen fuel expenses are competitive at USD 260981 while marine diesel oil (MDO) fuel expenses are USD 206435.
Decarbonization with Induced Technical Change: Exploring the Niche Potential of Hydrogen in Heavy Transportation
Jan 2024
Publication
Fuel cells and electric batteries are competing technologies for the energy transition in heavy transportation. We explore the conditions for the survival of a unique technology in the long term. Learning by doing suggests focusing on a single technology while differentiation and decreasing return to scale (cost convexity) favor diversification. Exogenous technical change also plays a role. The interaction between these factors is analyzed in a general model. It is proved that in absence of convexity and exogenous technical change only one technology is used for the whole transition. We then apply this framework to analyze the competition between fuel-cell electric buses (FCEBs) and battery electric buses (BEB) in the European bus sector. There are both learning by doing and exogenous technical change. The model is calibrated and solved. It is shown that the existence of a niche for FCEBs critically depends on the speed at which cost reductions are achieved. The speed depends both on the size of the niche and the rate of learning by doing for FCEBs. Public policies to decentralize the socially optimal trajectory in terms of taxes (carbon) and subsidies (learning by doing) are derived.
Comparison of Battery Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Sep 2023
Publication
In the current context of the ban on fossil fuel vehicles (diesel and petrol) adopted by several European cities the question arises of the development of the infrastructure for the distribution of alternative energies namely hydrogen (for fuel cell electric vehicles) and electricity (for battery electric vehicles). First we compare the main advantages/constraints of the two alternative propulsion modes for the user. The main advantages of hydrogen vehicles are autonomy and fast recharging. The main advantages of battery-powered vehicles are the lower price and the wide availability of the electricity grid. We then review the existing studies on the deployment of new hydrogen distribution networks and compare the deployment costs of hydrogen and electricity distribution networks. Finally we conclude with some personal conclusions on the benefits of developing both modes and ideas for future studies on the subject.
Hydrogen Storage as a Key Energy Vector for Car Transportation: A Tutorial Review
Oct 2023
Publication
Hydrogen storage is a key enabling technology for the extensive use of hydrogen as energy carrier. This is particularly true in the widespread introduction of hydrogen in car transportation. Indeed one of the greatest technological barriers for such development is an efficient and safe storage method. So in this tutorial review the existing hydrogen storage technologies are described with a special emphasis on hydrogen storage in hydrogen cars: the current and the ongoing solutions. A particular focus is given on solid storage and some of the recent advances on plasma hydrogen ion implantation which should allow not only the preparation of metal hydrides but also the imagination of a new refluing circuit. From hydrogen discovery to its use as an energy vector in cars this review wants to be as exhaustive as possible introducing the basics of hydrogen storage and discussing the experimental practicalities of car hydrogen fuel. It wants to serve as a guide for anyone wanting to undertake such a technology and to equip the reader with an advanced knowledge on hydrogen storage and hydrogen storage in hydrogen cars to stimulate further researches and yet more innovative applications for this highly interesting field.
Hydrogen Fuel Quality from Two Main Production Processes: Steam Methane Reforming and Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Oct 2019
Publication
Thomas Bacquart,
Karine Arrhenius,
Stefan Persijn,
Andrés Rojo,
Fabien Auprêtre,
Bruno Gozlan,
Abigail Morris,
Andreas Fischer,
Arul Murugan,
Sam Bartlett,
Niamh Moore,
Guillaume Doucet,
François Laridant,
Eric Gernot,
Teresa E. Fernandez,
Concepcion Gomez,
Martine Carré,
Guy De Reals and
Frédérique Haloua
The absence of contaminants in the hydrogen delivered at the hydrogen refuelling station is critical to ensure the length life of FCEV. Hydrogen quality has to be ensured according to the two international standards ISO 14687–2:2012 and ISO/DIS 19880-8. Amount fraction of contaminants from the two hydrogen production processes steam methane reforming and PEM water electrolyser is not clearly documented. Twenty five different hydrogen samples were taken and analysed for all contaminants listed in ISO 14687-2. The first results of hydrogen quality from production processes: PEM water electrolysis with TSA and SMR with PSA are presented. The results on more than 16 different plants or occasions demonstrated that in all cases the 13 compounds listed in ISO 14687 were below the threshold of the international standards. Several contaminated hydrogen samples demonstrated the needs for validated and standardised sampling system and procedure. The results validated the probability of contaminants presence proposed in ISO/DIS 19880-8. It will support the implementation of ISO/ DIS 19880-8 and the development of hydrogen quality control monitoring plan. It is recommended to extend the study to other production method (i.e. alkaline electrolysis) the HRS supply chain (i.e. compressor) to support the technology growth.
Large-Scale Hydrogen Production Systems Using Marine Renewable Energies: State-of-the-Art
Dec 2023
Publication
To achieve a more ecologically friendly energy transition by the year 2050 under the European “green” accord hydrogen has recently gained significant scientific interest due to its efficiency as an energy carrier. This paper focuses on large-scale hydrogen production systems based on marine renewable-energy-based wind turbines and tidal turbines. The paper reviews the different technologies of hydrogen production using water electrolyzers energy storage unit base hydrogen vectors and fuel cells (FC). The focus is on large-scale hydrogen production systems using marine renewable energies. This study compares electrolyzers energy storage units and FC technologies with the main factors considered being cost sustainability and efficiency. Furthermore a review of aging models of electrolyzers and FCs based on electrical circuit models is drawn from the literature and presented including characterization methods of the model components and the parameters extraction methods using a dynamic current profile. In addition industrial projects for producing hydrogen from renewable energies that have already been completed or are now in progress are examined. The paper is concluded through a summary of recent hydrogen production and energy storage advances as well as some applications. Perspectives on enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of hydrogen production systems are also proposed and discussed. This paper provides a review of behavioral aging models of electrolyzers and FCs when integrated into hydrogen production systems as this is crucial for their successful deployment in an ever-changing energy context. We also review the EU’s potential for renewable energy analysis. In summary this study provides valuable information for research and industry stakeholders aiming to promote a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy transition.
Circular Economy for the Energy System as a Leverage for Low-carbon Transition: Long-Ter, Analysis of the Case of the South-East Region of France
Mar 2024
Publication
The circular economy is a decisive strategy for reconciling economic development and the environment. In France the CE was introduced into the law in 2015 with the objective of closing the loop. The legislation also delegates energy policy towards the French regions by granting them the jurisdiction to directly plan the energy–climate issues on their territory and to develop local energy resources. Thereby the SUD PACA region has redefined its objectives and targeted carbon neutrality and the transition to a CE by 2050. To study this transition we developed a TIMESPACA optimization model. The results show that following a CE perspective to develop a local energy system could contribute to reducing CO2 emissions by 50% in final energy consumption and reaching almost free electricity production. To obtain greater reductions the development of the regional energy systems should follow a careful policy design favoring the transition to low energy-consuming behavior and the strategical allocation of resources across the different sectors. Biomethane should be allocated to the buildings and industrial sector while hydrogen should be deployed for buses and freight transport vehicles.
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