India

Methanol is a promising new alternative fuel that emits significantly less carbon dioxide than gasoline. Traditionally methanol was produced by gasifying natural gas and coal. Syn-Gas is created by converting coal and natural gas. After that the Syn-Gas is converted to methanol. Alternative renewable energy-to-methanol conversion processes have been extensively researched in recent years due to the traditional methanol production process’s high carbon footprint. Using an electrolysis cell wind energy can electrolyze water to produce hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is a gas that can be captured from the atmosphere and industrial processes. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are combusted in a reactor to produce methanol and water; the products are then separated using a distillation column. Although this route is promising it has significant cost and efficiency issues due to the low efficiency of the electrolysis cells and high manufacturing costs. Additionally carbon dioxide capture is an expensive process. Despite these constraints it is still preferable to store excess wind energy in the form of methanol rather than sending it directly to the grid. This process is significantly more carbon-efficient and resource-efficient than conventional processes. Researchers have proposed and/or simulated a variety of wind power methods for methanol processes. This paper discusses these processes. The feasibility of wind energy for methanol production and its future potential is also discussed in this paper.

Increasingly stringent sustainability and decarbonization objectives drive investments in adopting environmentally friendly low and zero-carbon fuels. This study presents a comparative framework of green hydrogen green ammonia and green methanol production and application in a clear context. By harnessing publicly available data sources including from the literature this research delves into the evaluation of green fuels. Building on these insights this study outlines the production process application and strategic pathways to transition into a greener economy by 2050. This envisioned transformation unfolds in three progressive steps: the utilization of green hydrogen green ammonia and green methanol as a sustainable fuel source for transport applications; the integration of these green fuels in industries; and the establishment of mechanisms for achieving the net zero. However this research also reveals the formidable challenges of producing green hydrogen green ammonia and green methanol. These challenges encompass technological intricacies economic barriers societal considerations and far-reaching policy implications necessitating collaborative efforts and innovative solutions to successfully develop and deploy green hydrogen green ammonia and green methanol. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that renewable energy sources play a pivotal role in enabling the production of these green fuels positioning the global transition in the landscape of sustainable energy.

Switching to renewable resources for hydrogen production is essential. Present hydrogen resources such as coal oil and natural gas are depleted and rapidly moving to a dead state and they possess a high carbon footprint. Wastewater is a promising avenue in searching for a renewable hydrogen production resource. Profuse techniques are preferred for hydrogen production. Among them electrolysis is great with wastewater against biological processes by hydrogen purity. Present obstacles behind the process are conversion efficiency intensive energy and cost. This review starts with hydrogen demand wastewater availability and their H2 potential then illustrates the three main types of electrolysis. The main section highlights renewable energy-assisted electrolysis because of its low carbon footprint and zero emission potential for various water electrolysis. High-temperature steam solid oxide electrolysis is a viable option for future scaling due to the versatile adoption of photo electric and thermal energy. A glance at some effective aspirations to large-scale H2 economics such as co-generation biomass utilization Microbial electrolysis waste to low-cost green electrode Carbon dioxide hydrogenation and minerals recovery. This study gives a broader view of facing challenges via versatile future perspectives to eliminate the obstacles above. renewable green H2 along with a low carbon footprint and cost potential to forward the large-scale wastewater electrolysis H2 production in addition to preserving the environment from wastewater and fossil fuel. Geographical and seasonal availability constraints are unavoidable; therefore energy storage and coupling of power sources is essential to attain consistent supply. The lack of regulations and policies supporting the development and adoption of these technologies did not reduce the gap between research and implementation. Life cycle assessment of this electrolysis process is rarely available so we need to focus on the natural effect of this process on the environment.

About 95% of current hydrogen production uses technologies involving primary fossil resources. A minor part is synthesized by low-carbon and close-to-zero-carbon-footprint methods using RESs. The significant expansion of low-carbon hydrogen energy is considered to be a part of the “green transition” policies taking over in technologically leading countries. Projects of hydrogen synthesis from natural gas with carbon capture for subsequent export to European and Asian regions poor in natural resources are considered promising by fossil-rich countries. Quality changes in natural resource use and gas grids will include (1) previously developed scientific groundwork and production facilities for hydrogen energy to stimulate the use of existing natural gas grids for hydrogen energy transport projects; (2) existing infrastructure for gas filling stations in China and Russia to allow the expansion of hydrogen-fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) using typical “mini-plant” projects of hydrogen synthesis using methane conversion technology; (3) feasibility testing for different hydrogen synthesis plants at medium and large scales using fossil resources (primarily natural gas) water and atomic energy. The results of this study will help focus on the primary tasks for quality changes in natural resource and gas grid use. Investments made and planned in hydrogen energy are assessed.

This review comprehensively evaluates the integration of solar-powered electrolytic hydrogen (H2) production and captured carbon dioxide (CO2) management for clean fuel production considering all potential steps from H2 production methods to CO2 capture and separation processes. It is expected that the near future will cover CO2-capturing technologies integrated with solar-based H2 production at a commercially viable level and over 5 billion tons of CO2 are expected to be utilized potentially for clean fuel production worldwide in 2050 to achieve carbon-neutral levels. The H2 production out of hydrocarbon-based processes using fossil fuels emits greenhouse gas emissions of 17-38 kg CO2/kg H2. On the other hand . renewable energy based green hydrogen production emits less than 2 kg CO2/kg H2 which makes it really clean and appealing for implementation. In addition capturing CO2 and using for synthesizing alternative fuels with green hydrogen will help generate clean fuels for smart cities. In this regard the most sustainable and promising CO2 capturing method is post-combustion with an adsorption-separation-desorption processes using monoethanolamine adsorbent with high CO2 removal efficiencies from flue gases. Consequently this review article provides perspectives on the potential of integrating CO2-capturing technologies and renewable energy-based H2 production systems for clean production to create sustainable cities and communities.

Currently meeting the global energy demand is largely dependent on fossil fuels such as natural gas coal and oil. Fossil fuels represent a danger to the Earth’s environment and its biological systems. The utilisation of these fuels results in a rise in atmospheric CO2 levels which in turn triggers global warming and adverse changes in the climate. Furthermore these represent finite energy resources that will eventually deplete. There is a pressing need to identify and harness renewable energy sources as a replacement for fossil fuels in the near future. This shift is expected to have a minimal environmental impact and would contribute to ensuring energy security. Hydrogen is considered a highly desirable fuel option with the potential to substitute depleting hydrocarbon resources. This concise review explores diverse methods of renewable hydrogen production with a primary focus on solar wind geothermal and mainly water-splitting techniques such as electrolysis thermolysis photolysis and biomass-related processes. It addresses their limitations and key challenges hampering the global hydrogen economy’s growth including clean value chain creation storage transportation production costs standards and investment risks. The study concludes with research recommendations to enhance production efficiencies and policy suggestions for governments to mitigate investment risks while scaling up the hydrogen economy.

Deregulation in the energy sector has transformed the power systems with significant use of competition innovation and sustainability. This paper outlines a comparative study of renewable energy sources with electric vehicles (RES-EV) integration in a deregulated smart power system to highlight the learning on system efficiency effectiveness viability and the environment. This study depicts the importance of solar and wind energy in reducing carbon emissions and the challenges of integrating RES into present energy grids. It touches on the aspects of advanced energy storage systems demand-side management (DSM) and smart charging technologies for optimizing energy flows and stabilizing grids because of fluctuating demands. Findings were presented to show that based on specific pricing thresholds hybrid renewable energy systems can achieve grid parity and market competitiveness. Novel contributions included an in-depth exploration of the economic and technical feasibility of integrating EVs at the distribution level improvements in power flow control mechanisms and strategies to overcome challenges in decentralized energy systems. These insights will help policymakers and market participants make headway in the adoption of microgrids and smart grids within deregulated energy systems which is a step toward fostering a sustainable and resilient power sector.

Hydrogen is a promising candidate for renewable energy storage and transportation due to its high energy density and zero carbon emissions. Its practical applications face challenges related to safe efficient storage and release systems. This review article investigates advanced nanostructured materials for hydrogen storage including metal acetylide and cyanide complexes BN-doped γ-graphyne nanotubes (γ-GNT) lithium-phosphide double helices and Ni-decorated carbon-based clusters. Density Functional Theory (DFT) based computations are used to analyze binding energies thermodynamic stability and adsorption mechanisms. Ni-decorated C12N12 nanoclusters demonstrate enhanced storage capacities binding up to eight H2 molecules with a favorable N-(μ-Ni)-N configuration. Lithium-phosphide double helices show potential for 9.6 wt% hydrogen storage within a stable semiconducting framework. Functionalization of γ-GNT with OLi2 at boron-doped sites significantly enhances storage potential achieving optimal hydrogen binding energies for practical applications. Additionally metal acetylide and cyanide complexes stabilized by noble gas insertion display thermodynamically favorable hydrogen adsorption. These results highlight the potential of these functionalized nanostructures for achieving high-capacity reversible hydrogen storage. The nanostructures in this study such as γ-graphyne nanotubes (γ-GNT) lithium-phosphide double helices metal acetylide and cyanide complexes and Ni-decorated carbon-based clusters are selected based on their ability to exhibit complementary hydrogen adsorption mechanisms including physisorption and chemisorption. γ-GNT offers high surface area and tunable electronic properties ideal for physisorption enhanced by heteroatom doping. Lithium-phosphide double helices facilitate Kubas-like chemisorption through unsaturated lithium centers. Metal acetylide and cyanide complexes stabilize hydrogen adsorption via charge transfer and conjugated frameworks while Ni-decorated clusters combine polarization-induced physisorption. These materials represent a strategic approach to addressing the challenges of hydrogen storage through diverse and synergistic mechanisms. The review also addresses challenges and outlines future directions to advance hydrogen’s role as a sustainable fuel.

In the twenty-first century global energy consumption is rapidly increasing particularly in emerging nations hastening the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and emphasizing the vital need for sustainable and renewable energy sources. This study aims to analyze hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) that use solid waste to generate power focusing on difficulties linked to intermittent renewable sources using a techno-economic framework. Employing the HOMER Pro software prefeasibility analysis is performed to meet the energy needs of an Indian community. System architecture optimization depends on factors like minimizing net present cost (NPC) achieving the lowest cost of energy (COE) and maximizing renewable source utilization. This study evaluates the technical economic and environmental feasibility of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) comprising a 400-kW solar photovoltaic (PV) array a 100-kW wind turbine (WT) a 100-kW electrolyzer 918 number of 12V batteries a 200-kW converter a 200-kW reformer and a 15-kg hydrogen tank (H-tank). This optimal configuration has the lowest NPC of $26.8 million and COE of $4.32 per kilowatt-hour and a Renewable Fraction (RF) of 100%. It can provide a dependable power supply and satisfy 94% of the daily onsite load demand which is 1080 kilowatt-hours per day. The required electricity is sourced to load demand entirely from renewable energy at the given location. Additionally the study highlights the benefits of HRES in solid waste management considering technological advancements and regulatory frameworks. Furthermore sensitivity analysis is conducted to measure economic factors that influence HRES accounting for fluctuations in load demand project lifespan diesel fuel costs and interest rates. Installing an HRES custom-made to the local environmental conditions would provide a long-lasting reliable and cost-effective energy source. The results show that the optimal HRES system performs well and is a viable option for sustainable electrification in rural communities.

Alternative fuel opportunities can satisfy energy security and reduce carbon emissions. In this regard the hydrogen fuel is derived from the source of environmental pollutants like sewage and algae wastewater through hydrothermal gasification technique using a KOH catalyst with varied gasification process parameters of duration and temperature of 6–30 min and 500-800 ◦C. The novelty of the work is to identify the optimum gasification process parameter for obtaining the maximum hydrogen yield using a KOH catalyst as an alternative fuel for agricultural engine applications. Influences of gasification processing time and temperature on H2 selectivity Carbon gasification efficiency (CE) Lower heating value (LHV) Hydrogen yield potential (HYP) and gasification efficiency (GE) were studied. Its results showed that the gasifier operated at 800 ◦C for 30 min offering maximum hydrogen yield (26 mol/kg) and gasification efficiency (58 %). The synthesized H2 was an alternative fuel blended with diesel fuel/TiO2 nanoparticles. It was experimentally studied using an internal combustion engine. Influences of H2 on engine perfor mance like brake-specific fuel consumption brake thermal efficiency and emission performances were measured and compared with diesel fuel. The results showed that DH20T has the least (420g/kWh) brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and superior brake thermal efficiency of about 25.2 %. The emission results revealed that the DH20T blend showed the NOX value increased by almost 10.97 % compared to diesel fuel whereas the CO UHC and smoke values reduced by roughly 31.25 28.34 and 42.35 %. The optimum fuel blend (DH20T) result is rec ommended for agricultural engine applications.