Norway
A Review of Caprock Integrity in Underground Hydrogen Storage Sites: Implication of Wettability, Interfacial Tension, and Diffusion
Oct 2025
Publication
As industry moves from fossil fuels to green energy substituting hydrocarbons with hydrogen as an energy carrier seems promising. Hydrogen can be stored in salt caverns depleted hydrocarbon fields and saline aquifers. Among other criteria these storage solutions must ensure storage safety and prevent leakage. The ability of a caprock to prevent fluid from flowing out of the reservoir is thus of utmost importance. In this review the main factors influencing fluid flow are examined. These are the wettability of the caprock formation the interfacial tension (IFT) between the rock and the gas or liquid phases and the ability of gases to diffuse through it. To achieve effective sealing the caprock formation should possess low porosity a disconnected or highly complicated pore system low permeability and remain strongly water-wet regardless of pressure and temperature conditions. In addition it must exhibit low rock–liquid IFT while presenting high rock–gas and liquid–gas IFT. Finally the effective diffusion coefficient should be the lowest possible. Among all of the currently reviewed formations and minerals the evaporites low-organic-content shales mudstones muscovite clays and anhydrite have been identified as highly effective caprocks offering excellent sealing capabilities and preventing hydrogen leakages.
Energy Storage in the Energy Transition and Blue Economy: Challenges, Innovations, Future Perspectives, and Educational Pathways
Sep 2025
Publication
Transitioning to renewable energy is vital to achieving decarbonization at the global level but energy storage is still a major challenge. This review discusses the role of energy storage in the energy transition and the blue economy focusing on technological development challenges and directions. Effective storage is vital for balancing intermittent renewable energy sources like wind solar and marine energy with the power grid. The development of battery technologies hydrogen storage pumped hydro storage and emerging technologies like sodium-ion and metal-air batteries is discussed for their potential for large-scale deployment. Shortages in critical raw materials environmental impact energy loss and costs are some of the challenges to large-scale deployment. The blue economy promises opportunities for offshore energy storage notably through ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and compressed air energy storage (CAES). Moreover the capacity of datadriven optimization and artificial intelligence to enhance storage efficiency is discussed. Policy interventions and economic incentives are necessary to spur the development and deployment of sustainable energy storage technology. Education and workforce training are also important in cultivating future researchers engineers and policymakers with the ability to drive energy innovation. Merging sustainability training with an interdisciplinary approach can potentially establish an efficient workforce that is capable of addressing energy issues. Future work needs to focus on higher energy density efficiency recyclability and cost-effectiveness of the storage technologies without sacrificing their environmental sustainability. The study underlines the need for converging technological economic and educational approaches to enable a sustainable and resilient energy future.
The Total Costs of Energy Transitions With and Without Nuclear Energy
Oct 2025
Publication
Within energy system analysis there is discourse regarding the role and economic benefits of nuclear energy in terms of overall system costs. The reported findings range from considerable drawbacks to substantial benefits depending on the chosen models scenarios and underlying assumptions. This article addresses existing gaps by demonstrating how subtle variations in model assumptions significantly impact analysis outcomes. Historically uncertainties associated with nuclear energy costs have been well documented whereas renewable energy costs have steadily declined and have been relatively predictable. However as land availability increasingly constrains future renewable expansion development is shifting from onshore to offshore locations where cost uncertainties are greater and anticipated cost reductions are less reliable. This study emphasizes this fundamental shift highlighting how uncertainties in future renewable energy costs could strengthen the economic case of nuclear energy within fully integrated sector-coupled energy systems especially when the costs of all technologies and weather conditions are set in the moderate range. Focusing specifically on Denmark this article presents a thorough sensitivity analysis of renewable energy costs and weather conditions within anticipated future ranges providing a nuanced perspective on the role of nuclear energy. Ultimately the findings underscore that when examining total annual system costs the differences between scenarios with low and high nuclear energy shares are minimal and are within ±5 % for the baseline assumptions while updated adjustments reduce this variation to ±1 %.
Hydrogen Power Development: A Comparative Review of National Strategies and the Role of Energy in Scaling Green Hydrogen
Oct 2025
Publication
This review explores the evolving role of hydrogen in global decarbonization analysing national hydrogen strategies value chain developments and future market potential. Through a comprehensive review of policy frameworks market trends and technology pathways the paper evaluates hydrogen’s role in decarbonising sectors such as steel ammonia methanol refining transport and power generation. The study highlights the expected growth in global hydrogen demand projected cost reductions and advancements in production technologies including electrolysis and carbon capture-integrated hydrogen production. While green hydrogen offers a sustainable pathway challenges remain in infrastructure development energy efficiency and the integration of hydrogen into existing energy networks. The paper considers the economic and technological factors affecting international hydrogen trade. Despite more than 30 national hydrogen strategies being in place significant challenges remain particularly in scaling renewable electricity and infrastructure to meet growing hydrogen demand projected to reach up to 600 Mt by 2050. Key players such as Australia Norway and the Middle East are positioning themselves as major hydrogen exporters by leveraging their abundant natural resources and strategic infrastructure. On the demand side countries like Japan South Korea Germany and the Netherlands are emerging as leading importers investing heavily in hydrogen hubs and import terminals to secure future energy supplies. The expansion of hydrogen storage and transportation alongside investments in large-scale hydrogen hubs will be critical for market growth. Additionally the study emphasize the need for policy alignment strategic investments and cross-border cooperation to accelerate hydrogen adoption. Hydrogen can become a key element of the global clean energy transition by addressing optimal energy consumption and by leveraging renewable resources.
Optical Investigation and combustion Analysis of Stratified Ammonia-hydrogen Pre-chamber Engine with Variable Injection Timing
Oct 2025
Publication
This study presents an experimental investigation of a direct injection ammonia-fuelled engine using hydrogen pre-chamber jet ignition. All tests have been conducted in an optically accessible combustion chamber that is installed in the head of a single-cylinder engine. The effect of ammonia injection timing on ignition and combustion characteristics was investigated with the timing varied from 165 CAD BTDC to 40 CAD BTDC. The experiments were conducted with a fixed spark timing of 14 CAD BTDC while ammonia injection duration was adjusted to maintain a main chamber global equivalence ratio of 0.6. Two pre-chamber nozzle configurations a single-hole and a multi-hole were tested. The results show that the later NH3 injection timing (40 CAD BTDC) significantly improved combustion with a peak in-cylinder pressure of 80 bar measured compared to a peak in-cylinder pressure of 50 bar with earlier injection (165 CAD BTDC). This study indicates the importance of optimising ammonia injection timing in order to enhance combustion stability and efficiency. The hydrogen pre-chamber jet ignition combined with a late ammonia injection is a promising approach for addressing the combustion challenges of ammonia as a zero-carbon fuel for maritime applications.
Public Readiness for Hydrogen Infrastructure in Community Settings: Comparative Evidence on Attitudinal Dynamics
Oct 2025
Publication
This study presents a cross-national investigation into the drivers and psychological mechanisms shaping public perceptions and acceptance of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure located in residential proximity. Parallel survey data from Japan Spain and Norway were analysed using a multigroup comparative framework. Measurement invariance was established across the three datasets subject to minor modifications within the constructs of trust in hydrogen innovation safe housing concern and perceived usefulness. The conceptual models yielded generalisable findings across countries: negative emotions exerted a stronger influence on individuals' risk perceptions than positive emotions whereas perceived usefulness had a greater impact on acceptance than perceived risk. Safe housing and environmental concerns exhibited moderating effects that amplified the influence of affective responses towards hydrogen refuelling facilities with varying magnitudes across datasets. Furthermore the incorporation of Hofstede's cultural dimensions provided insights into cross-country differences revealing that individualism uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation explain the psychological pathways through which affective states are translated into subjective evaluations of hydrogen facilities ultimately shaping community acceptance.
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