Peru

Brazil has emerged as one of the global leaders in adopting renewable energy standing out in the implementation of onshore wind energy and more recently in the development of future offshore wind energy projects. Onshore wind energy has experienced exponential growth in the last decade positioning Brazil as one of the countries with the largest installed capacity in the world by 2023 with 30 GW. Wind farms are mainly concentrated in the northeast region where winds are constant and powerful enabling efficient and cost-competitive generation. Although in its early stages offshore wind energy presents significant potential of 1228 GW due to Brazil’s extensive coastline which exceeds 7000 km. Offshore wind projects promise greater generating capacity and stability as offshore winds are more constant than onshore winds. However their development faces challenges such as high initial costs environmental impacts on marine ecosystems and the need for specialized infrastructure. From a sustainability perspective this article discusses that both types of wind energy are key to Brazil’s energy transition. They reduce dependence on fossil fuels generate green jobs and foster technological innovation. However it is crucial to implement policies that foster synergy with green hydrogen production and minimize socio-environmental impacts such as impacts on local communities and biodiversity. Finally the article concludes that by 2050 Brazil is expected to consolidate its leadership in renewable energy by integrating advanced technologies such as larger more efficient turbines energy storage systems and green hydrogen production. The combination of onshore and offshore wind energy and other renewable sources could position the country as a global model for a clean sustainable and resilient energy mix.

This study presents a scientometric analysis of renewable energy applications in low-temperature regions focusing on green hydrogen production carbon storage and emerging trends. Using bibliometric tools such as RStudio and VOSviewer the research evaluates publication trends from 1988 to 2024 revealing an exponential growth in renewable energy studies post-2021 driven by global policies promoting carbon neutrality. Life cycle assessment (LCA) plays a crucial role in evaluating the environmental impact of energy systems underscoring the need to integrate renewable sources for emission reduction. Hydrogen production via electrolysis has emerged as a key solution in decarbonizing hardto-abate sectors while carbon storage technologies such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are gaining traction. Government policies including carbon taxes fossil fuel phase-out strategies and renewable energy subsidies significantly shape the energy transition in cold regions by incentivizing low-carbon alternatives. Multi-objective optimization techniques leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are expected to enhance decision-making processes optimizing energy efficiency reliability and economic feasibility in renewable energy systems. Future research must address three critical challenges: (1) strengthening policy frameworks and financial incentives for largescale renewable energy deployment (2) advancing energy storage hydrogen production and hybrid energy systems and (3) integrating multi-objective optimization approaches to enhance cost-effectiveness and resilience in extreme climates. It is expected that the research will contribute to the field of knowledge regarding renewable energy applications in low-temperature regions.

This research analyzed the impact of green hydrogen (GH) on the dynamics of combating climate change (CC) in Peru for the year 2024 contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 7 focused on affordable and clean energy. The study quantitative and non-experimental in nature used a cross-sectional design and focused on a sample composed of public and private sector officials energy experts and academics evaluating their perception and knowledge about GH and its application in climate policies. The data collection instrument showed good internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.793. The results revealed that although the adoption of GH is in its early stages it is already considered a vital component in national CC mitigation strategies. A medium positive correlation was identified using the Spearman coefficient (0.418) between GH usage and the effectiveness of mitigation policies as well as its capacity to influence public awareness and promote interinstitutional cooperation. Furthermore it was concluded that the success of GH largely depends on the strengthening of regulatory frameworks investment in infrastructure and the promotion of strategic alliances to facilitate its integration into the national energy matrix. These findings highlight the importance of continuing to develop public policies that promote the use of GH ensuring its sustainability and effectiveness in the fight against climate change in Peru.