Assessing the Affordability and Independence of Building-integrated Household Green Hydrogen Systems in Canadian Urban Households under Climate Change

Climate change will impact the affordability and independence of household green hydrogen systems due to shifting climate patterns and more frequent extreme events. However, quantifying these impacts remains challenging because of the complex interactions among climate, building characteristics, and energy systems in urban environments. This study presents an integrated modeling platform that couples regional climate projections, building energy performance simulations, and energy system optimization to assess long-term climate impacts across four representative Canadian cities from 2010 to 2090. The results indicate that cooling-dominated cities may face up to a 50 % increase in energy costs and an 20 % rise in grid dependency, whereas heating-dominated cities may experience cost reductions of up to 20 % and a 35 % decrease in grid reliance. Although climatealigned system designs cannot fully mitigate climate-induced performance variations, they influence levelized cost of energy, increasing it by up to 60 % in cooling-dominated cities but improving it by over 5 % in heatingdominated ones. These findings suggest that enhancing grid connectivity may be a more effective strategy than modifying system designs in cooling-dominated regions, whereas adaptive design strategies offer greater benefits in heating-dominated areas.