Towards Net-Zero: Comparative Analysis of Hydrogen Infrastructure Development in USA, Canada, Singapore, and Sri Lanka

This paper compares national hydrogen (H2) infrastructure plans in Canada, the United States (the USA), Singapore, and Sri Lanka, four countries with varying geographic and economic outlooks but shared targets for reaching net-zero emissions by 2050. It examines how each country approaches hydrogen production, pipeline infrastructure, policy incentives, and international collaboration. Canada focuses on large-scale hydrogen production utilizing natural resources and retrofitted natural gas pipelines supplemented by carbon capture technology. The USA promotes regional hydrogen hubs with federal investment and intersectoral collaboration. Singapore suggests an innovation-based, import-dominant strategy featuring hydrogen-compatible infrastructure in a land-constrained region. Sri Lanka maintains an import-facilitated, pilot-scale model facilitated by donor funding and foreign collaboration. This study identifies common challenges such as hydrogen embrittlement, leakages, and infrastructure scalability, as well as fundamental differences based on local conditions. Based on these findings, strategic frameworks are proposed, including scalability, adaptability, partnership, policy architecture, digitalization, and equity. The findings highlight the importance of localized hydrogen solutions, supported by strong international cooperation and international partnerships.