Production & Supply Chain
A Multiobjective Optimization of a Catalyst Distribution in a Methane/Steam Reforming Reactor Using a Genetic Algorithm
May 2020
Publication
The presented research focuses on an optimization design of a catalyst distribution inside a small-scale methane/steam reforming reactor. A genetic algorithm was used for the multiobjective optimization which included the search for an optimum of methane conversion rate and a minimum of the difference between highest and lowest temperatures in the reactor. For the sake of computational time the maximal number of the segment with different catalyst densities was set to be thirty in this study. During the entire optimization process every part of the reactor could be filled either with a catalyst material or non-catalytic metallic foam. In both cases the porosity and pore size was also specified. The impact of the porosity and pore size on the active reaction surface and permeability was incorporated using graph theory and three-dimensional digital material representation. Calculations start with the generation of a random set of possible reactors each with a different catalyst distribution. The algorithm calls reforming simulation over each of the reactors and after obtaining concentration and temperature fields the algorithms calculated fitness function. The properties of the best reactors are combined to generate a new population of solutions. The procedure is repeated and after meeting the coverage criteria the optimal catalyst distribution was proposed. The paper is summarized with the optimal catalyst distribution for the given size and working conditions of the system.
Enhanced Hydrogen Generation Efficiency of Methanol using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Methodology and Conducting Sea Water as an Electrode
Aug 2020
Publication
In this work methanol decomposition method has been discussed for the production of hydrogen gas with the application of plasma. A simple dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor was designed for this purpose with two types of electrode. The DBD plasma reactor was experimented by substituting one of the metal electrodes with feebly conducting sea water which yielded better efficiency in producing hydrogen gas. Experimental parameters such as; discharge voltage and time were varied by maintaining a discharge gap of 1.5 mm and the plasma discharge characteristics were studied. Filamentary type micro-discharges were found to be formed which was observed as numerous streamer clusters in the current waveform. Gas chromatographic study confirmed the production of hydrogen gas with residence time around 3.6 min. Although the concentration (%) of H2 was high (98.1 %) and consistent with copper electrode assembly the rate of formation and concentration was found to be the highest (98.7 %) for water electrode for specific discharge voltage. The energy efficiency was found to be 0.5 mol H2/kWh and 1.2 mol H2/kWh for metal (Cu) and water electrodes respectively. The electrode material significantly affects the plasma condition and hence the rate of hydrogen production. Compositional analysis of the water used as electrode showed a minimal change in the composition even after the completion of the experiment as compared to the untreated water. Methanol degradation study shows the presence of untreated methanol in the residue of the plasma reactor which has been confirmed from the absorption spectra.
Synergetic Effect of Multiple Phases on Hydrogen Desorption Kinetics and Cycle Durability in Ball Milled MgH2–PrF3–Al–Ni Composite
Jan 2021
Publication
A new MgH2–PrF3–Al–Ni composite was prepared by ball milling under hydrogen atmosphere. After initial dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation Pr3Al11 MgF2 PrH3 and Mg2NiH4 nanoparticles formed accompanying the main phase MgH2. The hydrogen absorption-desorption properties were measured by using a Sieverts-type apparatus. The results showed that the MgH2–PrF3–Al–Ni composite improved cycle stability and enhanced hydrogen desorption kinetics. The improvement of hydrogen absorption-desorption properties is ascribed to the synergetic effect of the in situ formed Pr3Al11 MgF2 PrH3 and Mg2NiH4 nanoparticles. This work provides an important inspiration for the improvement of hydrogen storage properties in Mg-based materials.
Setting Thresholds to Define Indifferences and Preferences in PROMETHEE for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of European Hydrogen Production
Jun 2021
Publication
The Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) is a proven method for sustainability assessment. However the interpretation phase of an LCSA is challenging because many different single results are obtained. Additionally performing a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is one way—not only for LCSA—to gain clarity about how to interpret the results. One common form of MCDAs are outranking methods. For these type of methods it becomes of utmost importance to clarify when results become preferable. Thus thresholds are commonly used to prevent decisions based on results that are actually indifferent between the analyzed options. In this paper a new approach is presented to identify and quantify such thresholds for Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) based on uncertainty of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods. Common thresholds and this new approach are discussed using a case study on finding a preferred location for sustainable industrial hydrogen production comparing three locations in European countries. The single LCSA results indicated different preferences for the environmental economic and social assessment. The application of PROMETHEE helped to find a clear solution. The comparison of the newly-specified thresholds based on LCIA uncertainty with default thresholds provided important insights of how to interpret the LCSA results regarding industrial hydrogen production.
Facile Synthesis of Palladium Phosphide Electrocatalysts and their Activity for the Hydrogen Oxidation, Hydrogen Evolutions, Oxygen Reduction and Formic Acid Oxidation Reactions
Nov 2015
Publication
We demonstrate a new approach for producing highly dispersed supported metal phosphide powders with small particle size improved stability and increased electrocatalytic activity towards some useful reactions. The approach involves a one-step conversion of metal supported on high surface area carbon to the metal phosphide utilising a very simple and scalable synthetic process. We use this approach to produce PdP2 and Pd5P2 particles dispersed on carbon with a particle size of 4.5–5.5 nm by converting a commercially available Pd/C powder. The metal phosphide catalysts were tested for the oxygen reduction hydrogen oxidation and evolution and formic acid oxidation reactions. Compared to the unconverted Pd/C material we find that alloying the P at different levels shifts oxide formation on the Pd to higher potentials leading to greater stability during cycling studies (20% more ECSA retained 5k cycles) and in thermal treatment under air. Hydrogen absorption within the PdP2 and Pd5P2 particles is enhanced. The phosphides compare favourably to the most active catalysts reported to date for formic acid oxidation especially PdP2 and there is a significant decrease in poisoning of the surface compared to Pd alone. The mechanistic changes in the reactions studied are rationalised in terms of increased water activation on the surface phosphorus atoms of the catalyst. One of the catalysts PdP2/C is tested in a fuel cell as anode and cathode catalyst and shows good performance.
Assessment of Hydrogen Direct Reduction for Fossil-free Steelmaking
Aug 2018
Publication
Climate policy objectives require zero emissions across all sectors including steelmaking. The fundamental process changes needed for reaching this target are yet relatively unexplored. In this paper we propose and assess a potential design for a fossil-free steelmaking process based on direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen. We show that hydrogen direct reduction steelmaking needs 3.48 MWh of electricity per tonne of liquid steel mainly for the electrolyser hydrogen production. If renewable electricity is used the process will have essentially zero emissions. Total production costs are in the range of 361–640 EUR per tonne of steel and are highly sensitive to the electricity price and the amount of scrap used. Hydrogen direct reduction becomes cost competitive with an integrated steel plant at a carbon price of 34–68 EUR per tonne CO2 and electricity costs of 40 EUR/MWh. A key feature of the process is flexibility in production and electricity demand which allows for grid balancing through storage of hydrogen and hot-briquetted iron or variations in the share of scrap used.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Hydrogen, Net Zero and Circularity a Perfect Syzygy!
Jul 2020
Publication
On this week's show we speak with Trevor Best CEO of Syzygy Plasmonics a Houston area startup who is a pioneer in the field of photocatalytic based hydrogen production. The company has recently closed its series A funding round. We discuss with Trevor the potential applications of the Syzygy approach and where they are aiming to engage the market first as well as his view of the evolution of the hydrogen market today. All this and more on the show!
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen from Binary Mixtures of C-3 Alcohols on Pt/TiO2: Influence of Alcohol Structure
Oct 2018
Publication
The effect of alcohol structure on photocatalytic production of H2 from C-3 alcohols was studied on 0.5% Pt/TiO2. A C-2 alcohol (ethanol) was also included for comparative purposes. For individual reactions from 10% v/v aqueous solutions of alcohols hydrogen production followed the order ethanol ≈ propan-2-ol > propan-1- ol > propane-123-triol > propane-12-diol > propane-13-diol. The process was found to be quite sensitive to the presence of additional alcohols in the reaction medium as evidenced by competitive reactions. Therefore propan-2-ol conversion was retarded in the presence of traces of the other alcohols this effect being particularly significant for vicinal diols. Additional experiments showed that adsorption of alcohols on Pt/TiO2 followed the order propane-123-triol > propane-12-diol > propane-13-diol > propan-1-ol > ethanol > propan-2-ol. Adsorption studies (DRIFT) and monitoring of reaction products showed that the main photocatalyzed process for propan-2-ol and propan-1-ol transformation is dehydrogenation to the corresponding carbonyl compound (especially for propan-2-ol both in the liquid and the gas phase). In the case of liquid-phase transformation of propan-1-ol ethane was also detected which is indicative of the dissociative mechanism to lead to the corresponding C-1 alkane. All in all competitive reactions proved to be very useful for mechanistic studies.
Hydrogen Fuel and Electricity Generation from a New Hybrid Energy System Based on Wind and Solar Energies and Alkaline Fuel Cell
Apr 2021
Publication
Excessive consumption of fossil fuels has led to depletion of reserves and environmental crises. Therefore turning to clean energy sources is essential. However these energy sources are intermittent in nature and have problems meeting long-term energy demand. The option suggested by the researchers is to use hybrid energy systems. The aim of this paper is provide the conceptual configuration of a novel energy cycle based on clean energy resources. The novel energy cycle is composed of a wind turbine solar photovoltaic field (PV) an alkaline fuel cell (AFC) a Stirling engine and an electrolyzer. Solar PV and wind turbine convert solar light energy and wind kinetic energy into electricity respectively. Then the generated electricity is fed to water electrolyzer. The electrolyzer decomposes water into oxygen and hydrogen gases by receiving electrical power. So the fuel cell inlets are provided. Next the AFC converts the chemical energy contained in hydrogen into electricity during electrochemical reactions with by-product (heat). The purpose of the introduced cycle is to generate electricity and hydrogen fuel. The relationships defined for the components of the proposed cycle are novel and is examined for the first time. Results showed that the output of the introduced cycle is 10.5 kW of electricity and its electrical efficiency is 56.9%. In addition the electrolyzer uses 9.9 kW of electricity to produce 221.3 grams per hour of hydrogen fuel. The share of the Stirling engine in the output power of the cycle is 9.85% (1033.7 W) which is obtained from the dissipated heat of the fuel cell. In addition wind turbine is capable of generating an average of 4.1 kW of electricity. However 238.6 kW of cycle exergy is destroyed. Two different scenarios are presented for solar field design.
Volumetric Analysis Technique for Analyzing the Transport Properties of Hydrogen Gas in Cylindrical-shaped Rubbery Polymers
Mar 2021
Publication
We report volumetric analysis techniques to analyze the transport properties of hydrogen dissolved in cylindrical-shaped polymers. The techniques utilize the volume measurement of the released hydrogen from rubber by gas collection in a graduated cylinder after charging sample with high-pressure hydrogen and subsequent decompression. We further improve the graduated cylinder with some modifications such as reading the electrical capacitance of the water level using electrodes and changing the sample loading position. From the measurement results the uptake (C∞) diffusion coefficient (D) and solubility (S) of hydrogen are quantified with an upgraded diffusion analysis program. These methods are applied to three cylindrical rubbers. Dual adsorption behaviors with increasing pressure are observed for all the samples. C∞ follows Henry’s law up to ~15 MPa whereas Langmuir model applies up to 90 MPa. D shows Knudsen and bulk diffusion behavior below and above pressure respectively. A COMSOL simulation is compared with experimental observations.
Economic Dispatch Model of Nuclear High-Temperature Reactor with Hydrogen Cogeneration in Electricity Market
Dec 2021
Publication
Hydrogen produced without carbon emissions could be a useful fuel as nations look to decarbonize their electricity transport and industry sectors. Using the iodine–sulfur (IS) cycle coupled with a nuclear heat source is one method for producing hydrogen without the use of fossil fuels. An economic dispatch model was developed for a nuclear-driven IS system to determine hydrogen sale prices that would make such a system profitable. The system studied is the HTTR GT/H2 a design for power and hydrogen cogeneration at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency’s High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor. This study focuses on the development of the economic model and the role that input data plays in the final calculated values. Using a historical price duration curve shows that the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) or breakeven sale price of hydrogen would need to be 98.1 JPY/m3 or greater. Synthetic time histories were also used and found the LCOH to be 67.5 JPY/m3 . The price duration input was found to have a significant effect on the LCOH. As such great care should be used in these economic dispatch analyses to select reasonable input assumptions.
Study of Activity and Super-Capacitance Exhibited by Bifunctional Raney 2.0 Catalyst for Alkaline Water-Splitting Electrolysis
Dec 2020
Publication
Low-cost high-performance coatings for hydrogen production via electrolytic water-splitting are of great importance for de-carbonising energy. In this study the Raney2.0 coating was analysed using various electrochemical techniques to assess its absolute performance and it was confirmed to have an extremely low overpotential for hydrogen evolution of just 28 mV at 10 mA/cm2. It was also confirmed to be an acceptable catalyst for oxygen evolution making it the highest performing simple bifunctional electrocatalyst known. The coating exhibits an extremely high capacitance of up to 1.7 F/cm2 as well as being able to store 0.61 J/cm2 in the form of temporary hydride deposits. A new technique is presented that performs a best-fit of a transient simulation of an equivalent circuit containing a constant phase element to cyclic voltammetry measurements. From this the roughness factor of the coating was calculated to be approximately 40000 which is the highest figure ever reported for this type of material. The coating is therefore an extremely useful improved bifunctional coating for the continued roll-out of alkaline electrolysis for large-scale renewable energy capture via hydrogen production.
Effect of Copper Cobalt Oxide Composition on Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Nov 2020
Publication
Copper cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CCO NPs) were synthesized as an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst via a simple co-precipitation method with the composition being controlled by altering the precursor ratio to 1:1 1:2 and 1:3 (Cu:Co) to investigate the effects of composition changes. The effect of the ratio of Cu2+/Co3+ and the degree of oxidation during the co-precipitation and annealing steps on the crystal structure morphology and electrocatalytic properties of the produced CCO NPs were studied. The CCO1:2 electrode exhibited an outstanding performance and high stability owing to the suitable electrochemical kinetics which was provided by the presence of sufficient Co3+ as active sites for oxygen evolution and the uniform sizes of the NPs in the half cell. Furthermore single cell tests were performed to confirm the possibility of using the synthesized electrocatalyst in a practical water splitting system. The CCO1:2 electrocatalyst was used as an anode to develop an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) cell. The full cell showed stable hydrogen production for 100 h with an energetic efficiency of >71%. In addition it was possible tomass produce the uniform highly active electrocatalyst for such applications through the co-precipitation method.
Controlled Biosynthesis of ZnCdS Quantum Dots with Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Activity
May 2021
Publication
The development of visible-light-responsive photocatalysts with high efficiency stability and eco-friendly nature is beneficial to the large-scale application of solar hydrogen production. In this work the production of biosynthetic ternary ZnCdS photocatalysts (Eg = 2.35–2.72 eV) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) under mild conditions was carried out for the first time. The huge amount of biogenic S2− and inherent extracellular proteins (EPs) secreted by SRB are important components of rapid extracellular biosynthesis. The ternary ZnCdS QDs at different molar ratios of Zn2+and Cd2+ from 15:1 to 1:1 were monodisperse spheres with good crystallinity and average crystallite size of 6.12 nm independent of the molar ratio of Cd2+ to Zn2+. All the ZnCdS QDs had remarkable photocatalytic activity and stability for hydrogen evolution under visible light without noble metal cocatalysts. Especially ZnCdS QDs at Zn/Cd = 3:1 showed the highest H2 production activity of 3.752 mmol·h−1·g−1. This excellent performance was due to the high absorption of visible light the high specific surface area and the lower recombination rate between photoexcited electrons and holes. The adhered inherent EPs on the ZnCdS QDs slowed down the photocorrosion and improved the stability in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. This study provides a new direction for solar hydrogen production.
A Flexible Analytical Model for Operational Investigation of Solar Hydrogen Plants
Nov 2021
Publication
Hydrogen will become a dominant energy carrier in the future and the efficiency and lifetime cost of its production through water electrolysis is a major research focus. Alongside efforts to offer optimum solutions through plant design and sizing it is also necessary to develop a flexible virtualised replica of renewable hydrogen plants that not only models compatibility with the “plug-and-play” nature of many facilities but that also identifies key elements for optimisation of system operation. This study presents a model for a renewable hydrogen production plant based on real-time historical and present-day datasets of PV connected to a virtualised grid-connected AC microgrid comprising different technologies of batteries electrolysers and fuel cells. Mathematical models for each technology were developed from chemical and physical metrics of the plant. The virtualised replica is the first step toward the implementation of a digital twin of the system and accurate validation of the system behaviour when updated with real-time data. As a case study a solar hydrogen pilot plant consisting of a 60 kW Solar PV a 40 kW PEM electrolyser a 15 kW LIB battery and a 5 kW PEM fuel cell were simulated and analysed. Two effective operational factors on the plant's performance are defined: (i) electrolyser power settings to determine appropriate hydrogen production over twilight periods and/or overnight and (ii) a user-defined minimum threshold for battery state of charge to prevent charge depletion overnight if the electrolyser load is higher than its capacity. The objective of this modelling is to maximise hydrogen yield while both loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and microgrid excess power are minimised. This analysis determined: (i) a hydrogen yield of 38e39% from solar DC energy to hydrogen energy produced (ii) an LPSP <2.6 104 and (iii) < 2% renewable energy lost to the grid as excess electricity for the case study.
Global Status of CCS 2021: CCS Accelerating to Net Zero
Oct 2021
Publication
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) continues to make significant progress around the world against a backdrop of greater climate action from countries and private companies. The Global Status of CCS 2021 demonstrates the critical role of CCS as nations and industry accelerate to net-zero.<br/>The report provides detailed analyses of the global project pipeline international policy finance and emerging trends. In addition four regional overviews highlight the rapid development of CCS across North America Asia Pacific Europe and nearby regions and the Gulf Cooperation Council states.
Pulsed-Supplied Water Electrolysis via Two-Switch Converter for PV Capacity Firming
Mar 2022
Publication
Hydrogen constitutes the only carbon-free fuel that can be used for energy conversion producing water as the only by-product. With water being one of the most abundant and inexhaustible raw materials in the world and the required electricity input being provided by renewable resources the produced hydrogen via water electrolysis constitutes a green pathway towards sustainability. In this work a hybrid PV power-to-hydrogen storage and fuel cell system is proposed to satisfy the domestic load of a residential building. Identifying alkaline as a mandatory electrolysis technology the performance of alkaline electrolysis cells is assessed considering the inclusion of a two-switch buck-boost converter. Following a comprehensive formulation with respect to each distinguished system component the balance condition at DC and AC buses is determined. The proposed configuration is evaluated taking into account PV systems of different ratings namely 3 kW 5 kW and 7 kW. Based on actual data relating to both PV generation and domestic load for the year 2020 the obtained results from the annual simulations are compared with feed-in tariff and net-metering schemes. According to the results PV capacity firming is achieved creating great opportunities for autonomy enhancement not only for electricity but also in other energy sectors.
Ammonia as a Carrier for Hydrogen Production by using Lanthanum Based Perovskites
Sep 2021
Publication
LaNiO3 and LaCoO3 perovskites synthesized by self-combustion were characterised and studied in the ammonia decomposition reaction for obtaining hydrogen. Both the fuel to metal nitrates molar ratio and calcination temperature were found to be crucial to synthesize perovskites by self-combustion. Moreover generating non-precursor species during synthesis and small metal size were two factors which significantly influenced catalytic activity. Hence with a citric acid to metal nitrates molar ratio equal to one a LaNiO3 perovskite was obtained with suitable physicochemical properties (specific surface area lower impurities and basicity). In addition a lower calcination temperature (650 ◦C) resulted in small and well-dispersed Ni0 crystallite size after reduction which in turn promoted the catalytic transformation of ammonia into hydrogen. For cobalt perovskites calcination temperature below 900 ◦C did not have a significant influence on the size of the metallic cobalt crystallite size. The nickel and cobalt perovskite-derived catalysts calcined at 650 ◦C and 750 ◦C respectively yielded excellent H2 production from ammonia decomposition. In particular at 450 ◦C almost 100% of the ammonia was converted over the LaNiO3 under study. Furthermore these materials displayed admirable performance and stability after one day of reaction.
Australian Hydrogen Hubs Study
Nov 2019
Publication
Arup have conducted interviews with targeted industry and government stakeholders to gather data and perspectives to support the development of this study. Arup have also utilised private and publicly available data sources building on recent work undertaken by Geoscience Australia and Deloitte and the comprehensive stakeholder engagement process to inform our research. This study considers the supply chain and infrastructure requirements to support the development of export and domestic hubs. The study aims to provide a succinct “Hydrogen Hubs” report for presentation to the hydrogen working group.
The hydrogen supply chain infrastructure required to produce hydrogen for export and domestic hubs was identified along with feedback from the stakeholder engagement process. These infrastructure requirements can be used to determine the factors for assessing export and domestic hub opportunities. Hydrogen production pathways transportation mechanisms and uses were also further evaluated to identify how hubs can be used to balance supply and demand of hydrogen.
A preliminary list of current or anticipated locations has been developed through desktop research Arup project knowledge and the stakeholder consultation process. Over 30 potential hydrogen export locations have been identified in Australia through desktop research and the stakeholder survey and consultation process. In addition to establishing export hubs the creation of domestic demand hubs will be essential to the development of an Australian hydrogen economy. It is for this reason that a list of criteria has been developed for stakeholders to consider in the siting and design of hydrogen hubs. The key considerations explored are based on demand supply chain infrastructure and investment and policy areas.
Based on these considerations a list of criteria were developed to assess the viability of export and domestic hydrogen hubs. Criteria relevant to assessing the suitability of export and domestic hubs include:
A framework that includes the assessment criteria has been developed to aid decision making rather than recommending specific locations that would be most appropriate for a hub. This is because there are so many dynamic factors that go into selecting a location of a hydrogen hub that it is not appropriate to be overly prescriptive or prevent stakeholders from selecting the best location themselves or from the market making decisions based on its own research and knowledge. The developed framework rather provides information and support to enable these decision-making processes.
The hydrogen supply chain infrastructure required to produce hydrogen for export and domestic hubs was identified along with feedback from the stakeholder engagement process. These infrastructure requirements can be used to determine the factors for assessing export and domestic hub opportunities. Hydrogen production pathways transportation mechanisms and uses were also further evaluated to identify how hubs can be used to balance supply and demand of hydrogen.
A preliminary list of current or anticipated locations has been developed through desktop research Arup project knowledge and the stakeholder consultation process. Over 30 potential hydrogen export locations have been identified in Australia through desktop research and the stakeholder survey and consultation process. In addition to establishing export hubs the creation of domestic demand hubs will be essential to the development of an Australian hydrogen economy. It is for this reason that a list of criteria has been developed for stakeholders to consider in the siting and design of hydrogen hubs. The key considerations explored are based on demand supply chain infrastructure and investment and policy areas.
Based on these considerations a list of criteria were developed to assess the viability of export and domestic hydrogen hubs. Criteria relevant to assessing the suitability of export and domestic hubs include:
- Health and safety provisions;
- Environmental considerations;
- Economic and social considerations;
- Land availability with appropriate zoning and buffer distances & ownership (new terminals storage solar PV industries etc.);•
- Availability of gas pipeline infrastructure;
- Availability of electricity grid connectivity backup energy supply or co-location of renewables;
- Road & rail infrastructure (site access);
- Community and environmental concerns and weather. Social licence consideration;
- Berths (berthing depth ship storage loading facilities existing LNG and/or petroleum infrastructure etc.);
- Port potential (current capacity & occupancy expandability & scalability);
- Availability of or potential for skilled workers (construction & operation);
- Availability of or potential for water (recycled & desalinated);
- Opportunity for co-location with industrial ammonia production and future industrial opportunities;
- Interest (projects priority ports state development areas politics etc.);
- Shipping distance to target market (Japan & South Korea);
- Availability of demand-based infrastructure (i.e. refuelling stations).
A framework that includes the assessment criteria has been developed to aid decision making rather than recommending specific locations that would be most appropriate for a hub. This is because there are so many dynamic factors that go into selecting a location of a hydrogen hub that it is not appropriate to be overly prescriptive or prevent stakeholders from selecting the best location themselves or from the market making decisions based on its own research and knowledge. The developed framework rather provides information and support to enable these decision-making processes.
Co-production of Hydrogen and Power from Black Liquor Via Supercritical Water Gasification, Chemical Looping and Power Generation
Mar 2019
Publication
An integrated system to harvest efficiently the energy from the waste of pulp mill industry which is black liquor (BL) is proposed and evaluated. The proposed system consists of the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of BL syngas chemical looping and power generation. To minimize the exergy loss throughout the system and to optimize the energy efficiency process design and integration is conducted by employing the principles of exergy recovery and process integration methods. Hydrogen is set as the main output while power is produced by utilizing the heat generated throughout the process. Process simulation is conducted using a steady state process simulator Aspen Plus. Energy efficiency is defined into three categories: hydrogen production efficiency power generation efficiency and total energy efficiency. From process simulation both of the integrated systems show very high total energy efficiency of about 73%.
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