Production & Supply Chain
Techno-Economic Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production by an Off-Grid Photovoltaic Energy System
Jan 2023
Publication
Green hydrogen production is essential to meeting the conference of the parties’ (COP) decarbonization goals; however this method of producing hydrogen is not as cost-effective as hydrogen production from fossil fuels. This study analyses an off-grid photovoltaic energy system designed to feed a proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer for hydrogen production to evaluate the optimal electrolyzer size. The system has been analyzed in Baghdad the capital of Iraq using experimental meteorological data. The 12 kWp photovoltaic array is positioned at the optimal annual tilt angle for the selected site. The temperature effect on photovoltaic modules is taken into consideration. Several electrolyzers with capacities in the range of 2–14 kW were investigated to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The simulation process was conducted using MATLAB and considering the project life span from 2021 to 2035. The results indicate that various potentially cost-competitive alternatives exist for systems with market combinations resembling renewable hydrogen wholesale. It has been found that the annual energy generated by the analyzed photovoltaic system is 18892 kWh at 4313 operating hours and the obtained hydrogen production cost ranges from USD 5.39/kg to USD 3.23/kg. The optimal electrolyzer capacity matches a 12 kWp PV system equal to 8 kW producing 37.5 kg/year/kWp of hydrogen for USD 3.23/kg.
Synthesis and Characterization of Biogenic Iron Oxides of Different Nanomorphologies from Pomegranate Peels for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production
Feb 2020
Publication
An eco-friendly green synthesis of mesoporous iron oxide (hematite) using pomegranate peels through a low-cost and massive product method was investigated. The mass of pomegranate peels was varied to control the morphology of the produced hematite (Fe2O3). The structures textures and optical properties of the products were investigated by FTIR XRD FE-SEM and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Three different Fe2O3 morphologies were obtained; Fe2O3(I) nanorod like shape Fe2O3(II) nanoparticles and Fe2O3(III) nanoporous structured layer. The bandgap values for Fe2O3 (I) (II) and (III) were 2.71 2.95 and 2.29 eV respectively. The newly hematite samples were used as promising photoelectrodes supported on graphite substrate for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting toward the efficient production of solar hydrogen. The number of generated hydrogen moles was calculated per active area to be 50 molh−1 cm−2 for electrode III which decreased to 15.3molh−1 cm−2 for electrode II. The effects of temperature (30–70 ◦C) on the PEC behavior of the three electrodes were addressed. Different thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the three electrodes which showed activation energies of 13.4 16.8 and 15.2 kJmol−1 respectively. The electrode stability was addressed as a function of the number of runs and exposure time in addition to electrochemical impedance study. Finally the conversion efficiency of the incident photon to-current(IPCE) was estimated under the monochromatic illumination. The optimum value was ∼11% @ 390nm for Fe2O3(III) electrode
Calculation and Analysis of Efficiencies and Annual Performances of Power-to-Gas Systems
Mar 2017
Publication
This paper describes a generic and systematic method to calculate the efficiency and the annual performance for Power-to-Gas (PtG) systems. This approach gives the basis to analytically compare different PtG systems using different technologies under different boundary conditions. To have a comparable basis for efficiency calculations a structured break down of the PtG system is done. Until now there has not been a universal approach for efficiency calculations. This has resulted in a wide variety of efficiency calculations used in feasibility studies and for business-case calculations. For this the PtG system is divided in two sub-systems: the electrolysis and the methanation. Each of the two sub-systems consists of several subsystem boundary levels. Staring from the main unit i.e. the electrolysis stack and/or methanation reactor further units that are required to operate complete PtG system are considered with their respective subsystem boundary conditions. The paper provides formulas how the efficiency of each level can be calculated and how efficiency deviations can be integrated which are caused by the extended energy flow calculations to and from energy users and thermal losses. By this a sensitivity analysis of the sub-systems can be gained and comprehensive goal functions for optimizations can be defined. In a second step the annual performance of the system is calculated as the ratio of useable output and energetic input over one year. The input is the integral of the annual need of electrical and thermal energy of a PtG system depending on the different operation states of the plant. The output is the higher heating value of the produced gas and – if applicable – heat flows that are used externally. The annual performance not only evaluates the steady-state operating efficiency under full load but also other states of the system such as cold standby or service intervals. It is shown that for a full system operation assessment and further system concept development the annual performance is of much higher importance than the steady-state system efficiency which is usually referred to. In a final step load profiles are defined and the annual performance is calculated for a specific system configuration. Using this example different operation strategies are compared.
Ecological and Economic Evaluation of Hydrogen Production by Different Water Electrolysis Technologies
Jul 2020
Publication
The economic and ecological production of green hydrogen by water electrolysis is one of the major challenges within Carbon2Chem and other power-to-X projects. This paper presents an evaluation of the different water electrolysis technologies with respect to their specific energy demand carbon footprint and the forecast production costs in 2030. From a current perspective alkaline water electrolysis is evaluated as the most favorable technology for the cost-effective production of low-carbon hydrogen with fluctuating renewables.
Techno-economic Assessment of Electrolytic Hydrogen in China Considering Wind-solar-load Characteristic
Jan 2023
Publication
Hydrogen production by electrolysis is considered an essential means of consuming renewable energy in the future. However the current assessment of the potential of renewable energy electrolysis for hydrogen production is relatively simple and the perspective is not comprehensive. Here we established a Combined Wind and Solar Electrolytic Hydrogen system considering the influence of regional wind-solar-load characteristics and transmission costs to evaluate the hydrogen production potential of 31 provincial-level regions in China in 2050. The results show that in 2050 the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) in China’s provincial regions will still be higher than 10 ¥/kg which is not cost-competitive compared to the current hydrogen production from fossil fuels. It is more cost-effective to deploy wind turbines than photovoltaic in areas with similar wind and solar resources or rich in wind resources. Wind-solar differences impact LCOH equipment capacity configuration and transmission cost composition while load fluctuation significantly impacts LCOH and electricity storage configuration. In addition the sensitivity analysis of 11 technical and economic parameters showed differences in the response performance of LCOH changes to different parameters and the electrolyzer conversion efficiency had the most severe impact. The analysis of subsidy policy shows that for most regions (except Chongqing and Xizang) subsidizing the unit investment cost of wind turbines can minimize LCOH. Nevertheless from the perspective of comprehensive subsidy effect subsidy cost and hydrogen energy development it is more cost-effective to take subsidies for electrolysis equipment with the popularization of hydrogen
Techno-economic Viability of Islanded Green Ammonia as a Carbon-free Energy Vector and as a Substitute for Conventional Production
Jul 2020
Publication
Decarbonising ammonia production is an environmental imperative given that it independently accounts for 1.8% of global carbon dioxide emissions and supports the feeding of over 48% of the global population. The recent decline of production costs and its potential as an energy vector warrant investigation of whether green ammonia production is commercially competitive. Considering 534 locations in 70 countries and designing and operating the islanded production process to minimise the levelised cost of ammonia (LCOA) at each we show the range of achievable LCOA the cost of process flexibility the components of LCOA and therein the scope of LCOA reduction achievable at present and in 2030. These results are benchmarked against ammonia spot prices cost per GJ of refined fuels and the LCOE of alternative energy storage methods. Currently a LCOA of $473 t1 is achievable at the best locations the required process flexibility increases the achievable LCOA by 56%; the electrolyser CAPEX and operation are the most significant costs. By 2030 $310 t1 is predicted to be achievable with multiple locations below $350 t1 . At $25.4 GJ11 ) that do not have the benefit of being carbon-free.
Recent Advances in Alkaline Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis and Electrode Manufacturing
Oct 2021
Publication
Water electrolysis to obtain hydrogen in combination with intermittent renewable energy resources is an emerging sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Among the available electrolyzer technologies anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) has been paid much attention because of its advantageous behavior compared to other more traditional approaches such as solid oxide electrolyzer cells and alkaline or proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Recently very promising results have been obtained in the AEMWE technology. This review paper is focused on recent advances in membrane electrode assembly components paying particular attention to the preparation methods for catalyst coated on gas diffusion layers which has not been previously reported in the literature for this type of electrolyzers. The most successful methodologies utilized for the preparation of catalysts including co-precipitation electrodeposition sol–gel hydrothermal chemical vapor deposition atomic layer deposition ion beam sputtering and magnetron sputtering deposition techniques have been detailed. Besides a description of these procedures in this review we also present a critical appraisal of the efficiency of the water electrolysis carried out with cells fitted with electrodes prepared with these procedures. Based on this analysis a critical comparison of cell performance is carried out and future prospects and expected developments of the AEMWE are discussed.
Development and Mechanistic Studies of Ternary Nanocomposites for Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting to Yield Sustainable/Green Energy and Environmental Remediation
Mar 2022
Publication
Photocatalysts lead vitally to water purifications and decarbonise environment each by wastewater treatment and hydrogen (H2 ) production as a renewable energy source from waterphotolysis. This work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and H2 production by novel silver-nanoparticle (AgNPs) based ternary-nanocomposites of thiolated reducegraphene oxide graphitic carbon nitride (AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 ) material. Herein the optimised balanced ratio of thiolated reduce-graphene oxide in prepared ternary-nanocomposites played matchlessly to enhance activity by increasing the charge carriers’ movements via slowing down charge-recombination ratios. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) >2 wt.% or < 10 nm. Therefore AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 has 3772.5 µmolg−1 h −1 H2 production which is 6.43-fold higher than g-C3N4 having cyclic stability of 96% even after four consecutive cycles. The proposed mechanism for AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 revealed that the photo-excited electrons in the conduction-band of g-C3N4 react with the adhered water moieties to generate H2 .
The Hydrogen Color Spectrum: Techno-Economic Analysis of the Available Technologies for Hydrogen Production
Feb 2023
Publication
Hydrogen has become the most promising energy carrier for the future. The spotlight is now on green hydrogen produced with water electrolysis powered exclusively by renewable energy sources. However several other technologies and sources are available or under development to satisfy the current and future hydrogen demand. In fact hydrogen production involves different resources and energy loads depending on the production method used. Therefore the industry has tried to set a classification code for this energy carrier. This is done by using colors that reflect the hydrogen production method the resources consumed to produce the required energy and the number of emissions generated during the process. Depending on the reviewed literature some colors have slightly different definitions thus making the classifications imprecise. Therefore this techno-economic analysis clarifies the meaning of each hydrogen color by systematically reviewing their production methods consumed energy sources and generated emissions. Then an economic assessment compares the costs of the various hydrogen colors and examines the most feasible ones and their potential evolution. The scientific community and industry’s clear understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of each element of the hydrogen color spectrum is an essential step toward reaching a sustainable hydrogen economy
Economics of Renewable Hydrogen Production Using Wind and Solar Energy: A Case Study for Queensland, Australia
Dec 2023
Publication
This study presents a technoeconomic analysis of renewables-based hydrogen production in Queensland Australia under Optimistic Reference and Pessimistic scenarios to address uncertainty in cost predictions. The goal of the work was to ascertain if the target fam-gate cost of AUD 3/kg (approx. USD 2/kg) could be reached. Economies of scale and the learning rate concept were factored into the economic model to account for the effect of scale-up and cost reductions as electrolyser manufacturing capacity grows. The model assumes that small-scale to large-scale wind turbine (WT)-based and photovoltaic (PV)-based power generation plants are directly coupled with an electrolyser array and utilises hourly generation data for the Gladstone hydrogen-hub region. Employing first a commonly used simplified approach the electrolyser array was sized based on the maximum hourly power available for hydrogen production. The initial results indicated that scale-up is very beneficial: the levelised cost of green hydrogen (LCOH) could decrease by 49% from $6.1/kg to $3.1/kg when scaling PV-based plant from 10 MW to 1 GW and for WT-based plant by 36% from $5.8/kg to $3.7/kg. Then impacts on the LCOH of incorporating curtailment of ineffective peak power and electrolyser overload capacity were investigated and shown to be significant. Also significant was the beneficial effect of recognising that electrolyser efficiency depends on input power. The latter two factors have mostly been overlooked in the literature. Incorporating in the model the influence on the LCOH of real-world electrolyser operational characteristics overcomes a shortcoming of the simplified sizing method namely that a large portion of electrolyser capacity is under-utilised leading to unnecessarily high values of the LCOH. It was found that AUD 3/kg is achievable if the electrolyser array is properly sized which should help to incentivise large-scale renewable hydrogen projects in Australia and elsewhere.
Flexible Power and Biomass-To-Methanol Plants With Different Gasification Technologies
Jan 2022
Publication
The competitiveness of biofuels may be increased by integrating biomass gasification plants with electrolysis units which generate hydrogen to be combined with carbon-rich syngas. This option allows increasing the yield of the final product by retaining a higher amount of biogenic carbon and improving the resilience of the energy sector by favoring electric grid services and sector coupling. This article illustrates a techno-economic comparative analysis of three flexible power and biomass to methanol plants based on different gasification technologies: direct gasification indirect gasification and sorptionenhanced gasification. The design and operational criteria of each plant are conceived to operate both without green hydrogen addition (baseline mode) and with hydrogen addition (enhanced mode) following an intermittent use of the electrolysis system which is turned on when the electricity price allows an economically viable hydrogen production. The methanol production plants include a gasification section syngas cleaning conditioning and compression section methanol synthesis and purification and heat recovery steam cycle to be flexibly operated. Due to the high oxygen demand in the gasifier the direct gasification-based plant obtains a great advantage to be operated between a minimum load to satisfy the oxygen demand at high electricity prices and a maximum load to maximize methanol production at low electricity prices. This allows avoiding large oxygen storages with significant benefits for Capex and safety issues. The analysis reports specific fixed-capital investments between 1823 and 2048 €/kW of methanol output in the enhanced operation and LCOFs between 29.7 and 31.7 €/GJLHV. Economic advantages may be derived from a decrease in the electrolysis capital investment especially for the direct gasification-based plants which employ the greatest sized electrolyzer. Methanol breakeven selling prices range between 545 and 582 €/t with the 2019 reference Denmark electricity price curve and between 484 and 535 €/t with an assumed modified electricity price curve of a future energy mix with increased penetration of intermittent renewables.
Integration of Renewable Hydrogen Production in Steelworks Off-Gases for the Synthesis of Methanol and Methane
May 2021
Publication
The steel industry is among the highest carbon-emitting industrial sectors. Since the steel production process is already exhaustively optimized alternative routes are sought in order to increase carbon efficiency and reduce these emissions. During steel production three main carbon-containing off-gases are generated: blast furnace gas coke oven gas and basic oxygen furnace gas. In the present work the addition of renewable hydrogen by electrolysis to those steelworks off-gases is studied for the production of methane and methanol. Different case scenarios are investigated using AspenPlusTM flowsheet simulations which differ on the end-product the feedstock flowrates and on the production of power. Each case study is evaluated in terms of hydrogen and electrolysis requirements carbon conversion hydrogen consumption and product yields. The findings of this study showed that the electrolysis requirements surpass the energy content of the steelwork’s feedstock. However for the methanol synthesis cases substantial improvements can be achieved if recycling a significant amount of the residual hydrogen.
Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Seawater Electrolysis: Through Fundamental Electrochemical Principles to the Most Recent Development
Nov 2022
Publication
Among the many potential future energy sources hydrogen stands out as particularly promising. Because it is a green and renewable chemical process water electrolysis has earned much interest among the different hydrogen production techniques. Seawater is the most abundant source of water and the ideal and cheapest electrolyte. The first part of this review includes the description of the general theoretical concepts: chemical physical and electrochemical that stands on the basis of water electrolysis. Due to the rapid development of new electrode materials and cell technology research has focused on specific seawater electrolysis parameters: the cathodic evolution of hydrogen; the concurrent anodic evolution of oxygen and chlorine; specific seawater catalyst electrodes; and analytical methods to describe their catalytic activity and seawater electrolyzer efficiency. Once the specific objectives of seawater electrolysis have been established through the design and energy performance of the electrolyzer the study further describes the newest challenges that an accessible facility for the electrochemical production of hydrogen as fuel from seawater must respond to for sustainable development: capitalizing on known and emerging technologies; protecting the environment; utilizing green renewable energies as sources of electricity; and above all economic efficiency as a whole.
Design and Analysis of a New Renewable-Nuclear Hybrid Energy System for Production of Hydrogen, Fresh Water and Power
Nov 2021
Publication
This paper investigates an integrated system where solar energy system (with 75MWp bifacial PV arrays) and nuclear power plant (with 2×10MWt HTR-10 type pebble bed reactors) are hybridized and integrated with a 72MWe capacity high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) unit to produce hydrogen fresh water and electrical power. Bifacial PV plant is integrated to system for supplying electricity with a low LCOE and zero-carbon system. A Rankine cycle is integrated to generate power from the steam that generated from nuclear heat. According to the available irradiance; the steam is diverted between steam turbine and high-temperature electrolyzer for hydrogen and power generation. Multi-effect desalination unit is integrated to exploit the excess heat to generate fresh water. A system performance assessment is carried out by energy and exergy efficiencies thermodynamically. The bifacial PV plant is analyzed in six selected latitudes in order to assess the feasibility and applicability of the system. Numerous time-dependent analyses are carried out to study the effects of varying inputs such as solar radiation intensity. For 20MWt nuclear 75MWp solar capacity; hydrogen productions are found to be between 0.036 and 0.562kg/s. Among the Northern Hemisphere latitudes the peak daily hydrogen production rate is expected to reach 25.9 tons of hydrogen per day for the 75 °N case mostly with the influence of low temperature and high albedo. The pitch distance change is increased the hydrogen production rate by 28% between 3 m and 7 m tracker spacing. The overall system energy efficiency is obtained between 21.8% and 24.2% where the overall system exergy efficiency is found between 18.6% and 21.1% under dynamic conditions for the 45°N latitude case.
Economic Performance Evaluation of Flexible Centralised and Decentralised Blue Hydrogen Production Systems Design Under Uncertainty
Sep 2023
Publication
Blue hydrogen is viewed as an important energy vector in a decarbonised global economy but its large-scale and capital-intensive production displays economic performance vulnerabities in the face of increased market and regulatory uncertainty. This study analyses flexible (modular) blue hydrogen production plant designs and evaluates their effectiveness to enhance economic performance under uncertainty. The novelty of this work lies in the development of a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation framework that considers flexible centralised and decentralised blue hydrogen plant design alternatives in the presence of irreducible uncertainty whilst explicitly considering the time value of money economies of scale and learning effects. A case study of centralised and decentralised blue hydrogen production for the transport sector in the San Francisco area is developed to highlight the underlying value of flexibility. The proposed methodological framework considers various blue hydrogen plant designs (fixed phased and flexible) and compares them using relevant economic indicators (net present value (NPV) capex value-at-risk/gain etc.) through a detailed Monte Carlo simulation framework. Results indicate that flexible centralised hydrogen production yields greater economic value than alternative designs despite the associated cost-premium of modularity. It is also shown that the value of flexibility increases under greater uncertainty higher learning rates and weaker economies of scale. Moreover sensitivity analysis reveals that flexible design remains the preferred investment option over a wide range of market and regulatory conditions except for high initial hydrogen demand. Finally this study demonstrates that major regulatory and market uncertainties surrounding blue hydrogen production can be effectively managed through the application of flexible engineering system design that protects the investment from major downside risks whilst allowing access to favourable upside opportunities.
Green Hydrogen Production and Liquefaction Using Offshore Wind Power, Liquid Air, and LNG Cold Energy
Sep 2023
Publication
Coastal regions have abundant off-shore wind energy resources and surrounding areas have large-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving stations. From the engineering perspectives there are limitations in unstable off-shore wind energy and fluctuating LNG loads. This article offers a new energy scheme to combine these 2 energy units which uses surplus wind energy to produce hydrogen and use LNG cold energy to liquefy and store hydrogen. In addition in order to improve the efficiency of utilizing LNG cold energy and reduce electricity consumption for liquid hydrogen (LH2) production at coastal regions this article introduces the liquid air energy storage (LAES) technology as the intermediate stage which can stably store the cold energy from LNG gasification. A new scheme for LNG-LAES-LH2 hybrid LH2 production is built. The case study is based on a real LNG receiving station at Hainan province China and this article presents the design of hydrogen production/liquefaction process and carries out the optimizations at key nodes and proves the feasibility using specific energy consumption and exergy analysis. In a 100 MW system the liquid air storage round-trip efficiency is 71.0% and the specific energy consumption is 0.189 kWh/kg and the liquid hydrogen specific energy consumption is 7.87 kWh/kg and the exergy efficiency is 46.44%. Meanwhile the corresponding techno-economic model is built and for a LNGLAES-LH2 system with LH2 daily production 140.4 tons the shortest dynamic payback period is 9.56 years. Overall this novel hybrid energy scheme can produce green hydrogen using a more efficient and economical method and also can make full use of surplus off-shore wind energy and coastal LNG cold energy.
A Numerical Study on Turquoise Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Decomposition of Methane
Feb 2023
Publication
Catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) is a novel technology for turquoise hydrogen production with solid carbon as the by-product instead of CO2. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to simulate the CDM process in a 3D fixed bed reactor accounting for the impact of carbon deposition on catalytic activity. The model was validated with experimental data and demonstrated its capability to predict hydrogen concentration and catalyst deactivation time under varying operating temperatures and methane flow rates. The catalyst lifespan was characterized by the maximum carbon yield (i.e. gC/gcat) which is a crucial indicator for determining the cost of hydrogen generation. Parametric studies were performed to analyse the effect of inlet gas composition and operating pressure on CDM performance. Various CH4/H2 ratios were simulated to improve the methane conversion efficiency generating a higher amount of hydrogen while increasing the maximum carbon yield up to 49.5 gC/gcat. Additionally higher operating pressure resulted in higher methane decomposition rates which reflects the nature of the chemical kinetics.
Exergy Analysis in Intensification of Sorption-enhanced Steam Methane Reforming for Clean Hydrogen Production: Comparative Study and Efficiency Optimisation
Feb 2024
Publication
Hydrogen has a key role to play in decarbonising industry and other sectors of society. It is important to develop low-carbon hydrogen production technologies that are cost-effective and energy-efficient. Sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR) is a developing low-carbon (blue) hydrogen production process which enables combined hydrogen production and carbon capture. Despite a number of key benefits the process is yet to be fully realised in terms of efficiency. In this work a sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming process has been intensified via exergy analysis. Assessing the exergy efficiency of these processes is key to ensuring the effective deployment of low-carbon hydrogen production technologies. An exergy analysis was performed on an SE-SMR process and was then subsequently used to incorporate process improvements developing a process that has theoretically an extremely high CO2 capture rate of nearly 100 % whilst simultaneously demonstrating a high exergy efficiency (77.58 %) showcasing the potential of blue hydrogen as an effective tool to ensure decarbonisation in an energy-efficient manner.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Swine Manure Biogas via Steam Reforming in Pilot-Scale Installation
Sep 2023
Publication
The main purpose of this paper is the techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production from biogas via steam reforming in a pilot plant. Process flow modeling based on mass and energy balance is used to estimate the total equipment purchase and operating costs of hydrogen production. The pilot plant installation produced 250.67 kg/h hydrogen from 1260 kg/h biomethane obtained after purification of 4208 m3/h biogas using a heat and mass integration process. Despite the high investment cost the plant shows a great potential for biomethane reduction and conversion to hydrogen an attractive economic path with ecological possibilities. The conversion of waste into hydrogen is a possibility of increasing importance in the global energy economy. In the future such a plant will be expanded with a CO2 reduction module to increase economic efficiency and further reduce greenhouse gases in an economically viable manner.
Research on Fast Frequency Response Control Strategy of Hydrogen Production Systems
Mar 2024
Publication
With the large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy generation presented by wind and photovoltaic power the security and stability of power system operations have been challenged. Therefore this article proposes a control strategy of a hydrogen production system based on renewable energy power generation to enable the fast frequency response of a grid. Firstly based on the idea of virtual synchronous control a fast frequency response control transformation strategy for the grid-connected interface of hydrogen production systems for renewable energy power generation is proposed to provide active power support when the grid frequency is disturbed. Secondly based on the influence of VSG’s inertia and damping coefficient on the dynamic characteristics of the system a VSG adaptive control model based on particle swarm optimization is designed. Finally based on the Matlab/Simulink platform a grid-connected simulation model of hydrogen production systems for renewable energy power generation is established. The results show that the interface-transformed electrolytic hydrogen production device can actively respond to the frequency disturbances of the power system and participate in primary frequency control providing active support for the frequency stability of the power system under high-percentage renewable energy generation integration. Moreover the system with parameter optimization has better fast frequency response control characteristics.
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