Germany
Technical Reliability of Shipboard Technologies for the Application of Alternative Fuels
Jul 2022
Publication
Background: Naval trafc is highly dependent on depleting fossil resources and causes signifcant greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time marine transportation is a major backbone of world trade. Thus alternative fuel concepts are highly needed. Diferent fuels such as ammonia methanol liquefed natural gas and hydrogen have been proposed. For some of them frst prototype vessels have been in operation. However practical experience is still limited. Most studies so far focus on aspects such as efciency and economics. However particularly in marine applications reliability of propulsion systems is of utmost importance because failures on essential ship components at sea pose a huge safety risk. If the respective components lose their functionality repair can be much more challenging due to large distances to dockyards and the complicated transport of spare parts to the ship. Consequently evaluation of reliability should be a core element of system analysis for new marine fuels. Results: In this study reliability was studied for four potential fuels. The analysis involved several steps: estimation of overall failure rates identifcation of most vulnerable components and assessment of criticality by including severity of fault events. On the level of overall failure rate ammonia is shown to be very promising. Extending the view over a pure failure rate-based evaluation shows that other approaches such as LOHC or methanol can be competitive in terms of reliability and risk. As diferent scenarios require diferent weightings of the diferent reliability criteria the conclusion on the best technology can difer. Relevant aspects for this decision can be the availability of technical staf high-sea or coastal operation the presence of non-naval personnel onboard and other factors. Conclusions: The analysis allowed to compare diferent alternative marine fuel concepts regarding reliability. However the analysis is not limited to assessment of overall failure rates but can also help to identify critical elements that deserve attention to avoid fault events. As a last step severity of the individual failure modes was included. For the example of ammonia it is shown that the decomposition unit and the fuel cell should be subject to measures for increasing safety and reducing failure rates.
A Novel Framework for Development and Optimisation of Future Electricity Scenarios with High Penetration of Renewables and Storage
May 2019
Publication
Although electricity supply is still dominated by fossil fuels it is expected that renewable sources will have a much larger contribution in the future due to the need to mitigate climate change. Therefore this paper presents a new framework for developing Future Electricity Scenarios (FuturES) with high penetration of renewables. A multi-period linear programming model has been created for power-system expansion planning. This has been coupled with an economic dispatch model PowerGAMA to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the developed scenarios while matching supply and demand. Application of FuturES is demonstrated through the case of Chile which has ambitious plans to supply electricity using only renewable sources. Four cost-optimal scenarios have been developed for the year 2050 using FuturES: two Business as usual (BAU) and two Renewable electricity (RE) scenarios. The BAU scenarios are unconstrained in terms of the technology type and can include all 11 options considered. The RE scenarios aim to have only renewables in the mix including storage. The results show that both BAU scenarios have a levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) lower than or equal to today’s costs ($72.7–77.3 vs $77.6/MWh) and include 81–90% of renewables. The RE scenarios are slightly more expensive than today’s costs ($81–87/MWh). The cumulative investment for the BAU scenarios is $123-$145 bn compared to $147-$157 bn for the RE. The annual investment across the scenarios is estimated at $4.0 ± 0.4 bn. Both RE scenarios show sufficient flexibility in matching supply and demand despite solar photovoltaics and wind power contributing around half of the total supply. Therefore the FuturES framework is a powerful tool for aiding the design of cost-efficient power systems with high penetration of renewables.
Are Sustainable Aviation Fuels a Viable Option for Decarbonizing Air Transport in Europe? An Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment
Jan 2022
Publication
The use of drop-in capable alternative fuels in aircraft can support the European aviation sector to achieve its goals for sustainable development. They can be a transitional solution in the short and medium term as their use does not require any structural changes to the aircraft powertrain. However the production of alternative fuels is often energy-intensive and some feedstocks are associated with harmful effects on the environment. In addition alternative fuels are often more expensive to produce than fossil kerosene which can make their use unattractive. Therefore this paper analyzes the environmental and economic impacts of four types of alternative fuels compared to fossil kerosene in a well-to-wake perspective. The fuels investigated are sustainable aviation fuels produced by power-to-liquid and biomass-to-liquid pathways. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are used as environmental and economic assessment methods. The results of this well-towake analysis reveal that the use of sustainable aviation fuels can reduce the environmental impacts of aircraft operations. However an electricity mix based on renewable energies is needed to achieve significant reductions. In addition from an economic perspective the use of fossil kerosene ranks best among the alternatives. A scenario analysis confirms this result and shows that the production of sustainable aviation fuels using an electricity mix based solely on renewable energy can lead to significant reductions in environmental impact but economic competitiveness remains problematic.
Economic Evaluation of Low-carbon Steelmaking via Coupling of Electrolysis and Direct Reduction
Oct 2021
Publication
The transition from fossil-based primary steel production to a low-emission alternative has gained increasing attention in recent years. Various schemes including Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) and Carbon Direct Avoidance (CDA) via hydrogen-based as well as electrochemical routes have been proposed. With multiple technical analyses being available and technical feasibility being proven by first pilot plants pathways towards commercial market entry are of increasing interest. While multiple publications on the economic feasibility of CCU are available data on CDA approaches is scarce. In this work an economic model for the quantification of production cost as well as CO2 emission mitigation cost is presented. The approach is characterized by a seamless integration with a flowsheet-based process model of a direct reduction-based crude steel production plant detailed in a previous work and allows for the investigation of multiple economic aspects. Firstly the gradual transition from the natural gas-based state-of-the-art direct reduction towards a fossil-free hydrogen-based reduction is analyzed. Furthermore a comparison between the more mature technology of low-temperature electrolysis and a potentially more efficient solid oxide electrolysis (SOEL) is given highlighting the potential of SOEL technology. The conducted forecast to 2050 shows that SOEL-based CDA offers lower production cost when technological maturity is reached. Based on the results of the economic assessment possible legislative support mechanisms are studied showing that legislative actions are necessary to allow for market entry as well as for sustainable and economically feasible operation of fossil-free direct reduction plants.
Hydrogen Supply Chain Scenarios for the Decarbonisation of a German Multi-modal Energy System
Sep 2021
Publication
Analysing hydrogen supply chains is of utmost importance to adequately understand future energy systems with a high degree of sector coupling. Here a multi-modal energy system model is set up as linear programme incorporating electricity natural gas as well as hydrogen transportation options for Germany in 2050. Further different hydrogen import routes and optimised inland electrolysis are included. In a sensitivity analysis hydrogen demands are varied to cover uncertainties and to provide scenarios for future requirements of a hydrogen supply and transportation infrastructure. 80% of the overall hydrogen demand of 150 TWh/a emerge in Northern Germany due to optimised electrolyser locations and imports which subsequently need to be transported southwards. Therefore a central hydrogen pipeline connection from Schleswig-Holstein to the region of Darmstadt evolves already for moderate demands and appears to be a no-regret investment. Furthermore a natural gas pipeline reassignment potential of 46% is identified.
Aluminium Redox Cycle in Comparison to Pressurized Hydrogen for the Energy Supply of Multi-family Houses
Nov 2022
Publication
Power-to-X technologies that convert renewable electricity to chemically stored energy in “X” may provide a gaseous liquid or solid fuel that can be used in winter to provide both heat and electricity and thus replace fossil fuels that are currently used in many countries with cold winters. This contribution compares two options for power-to-X technologies for providing heat and electricity supply of buildings with high solar photovoltaic coverage at times of low solar availability. The option “compressed hydrogen” is based on water electrolysis that produces hydrogen on-site. This hydrogen is subsequently compressed and stored at high pressure (350 bar) for use in winter by a fuel cell. The option “aluminium redox-cycle” includes an inert electrode high temperature electrolysis process that is carried out at industrial scale. Produced aluminium is subseqeuntly transported to the site of use and converted to hydrogen and heat – and finally to electricity and heat - by aluminium-water reaction in combination with a fuel cell. Results of cost and LCA analysis show that the overall energetic efficiency of the compressed hydrogen process is slightly higher than for the aluminium redox cycle. However the aluminium redox-cycles needs far less on-site storage volume and is likely to become available at lower investment cost for the end user. Total annual cost of ownership and global warming potential of the two options are quite similar.
Green Hydrogen Production and Use in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Least-cost Geospatial Modelling Approach Applied to Kenya
May 2023
Publication
With the rising threat of climate change green hydrogen is increasingly seen as the high-capacity energy storage and transport medium of the future. This creates an opportunity for low- and middle-income countries to leverage their high renewable energy potential to produce use and export low-cost green hydrogen creating environmental and economic development benefits. While identifying ideal locations for green hydrogen production is critical for countries when defining their green hydrogen strategies there has been a paucity of adequate geospatial planning approaches suitable to low- and middle-income countries. It is essential for these countries to identify green hydrogen production sites which match demand to expected use cases such that their strategies are economically sustainable. This paper therefore develops a novel geospatial cost modelling method to optimize the location of green hydrogen production across different use cases with a focus on suitability to low- and middle-income countries. This method is applied in Kenya to investigate the potential hydrogen supply chain for three use cases: ammonia-based fertilizer freight transport and export. We find hydrogen production costs of e3.7–9.9/kgH2 are currently achievable across Kenya depending on the production location chosen. The cheapest production locations are identified to the south and south-east of Lake Turkana. We show that ammonia produced in Kenya can be cost-competitive given the current energy crisis and that Kenya could export hydrogen to Rotterdam with costs of e7/kgH2 undercutting current market prices regardless of the carrier medium. With expected techno-economic improvements hydrogen production costs across Kenya could drop to e1.8–3.0/kgH2 by 2030.
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Generation from Wastewater—Beyond Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A Perspective
Oct 2022
Publication
Green hydrogen—a carbon-free renewable fuel—has the capability to decarbonise a variety of sectors. The generation of green hydrogen is currently restricted to water electrolysers. The use of freshwater resources and critical raw materials however limits their use. Alternative water splitting methods for green hydrogen generation via photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) have been explored in the past few decades; however their commercial potential still remains unexploited due to the high hydrogen generation costs. Novel PEC-based simultaneous generation of green hydrogen and wastewater treatment/high-value product production is therefore seen as an alternative to conventional water splitting. Interestingly the organic/inorganic pollutants in wastewater and biomass favourably act as electron donors and facilitate the dual-functional process of recovering green hydrogen while oxidising the organic matter. The generation of green hydrogen through the dual-functional PEC process opens up opportunities for a “circular economy”. It further enables the end-of-life commodities to be reused recycled and resourced for a better life-cycle design while being economically viable for commercialisation. This review brings together and critically analyses the recent trends towards simultaneous wastewater treatment/biomass reforming while generating hydrogen gas by employing the PEC technology. We have briefly discussed the technical challenges associated with the tandem PEC process new avenues techno-economic feasibility and future directions towards achieving net neutrality.
Measurement and Modeling on Hydrogen Jet and Combustion from a Pressurize Vessel
Sep 2021
Publication
Hydrogen safety is an important topic for hydrogen energy application. Unintended hydrogen releases and combustions are potential accident scenarios which are of great interest for developing and updating the safety codes and standards. In this paper hydrogen releases and delayed ignitions were studied.
Overview of First Outcomes of PNR Project HYTUNNEL-CS
Sep 2021
Publication
Dmitry Makarov,
Donatella Cirrone,
Volodymyr V. Shentsov,
Sergii Kashkarov,
Vladimir V. Molkov,
Z. Xu,
Mike Kuznetsov,
Alexandros G. Venetsanos,
Stella G. Giannissi,
Ilias C. Tolias,
Knut Vaagsaether,
André Vagner Gaathaug,
Mark R. Pursell,
W. M. Rattigan,
Frank Markert,
Luisa Giuliani,
L.S. Sørensen,
A. Bernad,
Mercedes Sanz Millán,
U. Kummer,
C. Brauner,
Paola Russo,
J. van den Berg,
F. de Jong,
Tom Van Esbroeck,
M. Van De Veire,
D. Bouix,
Gilles Bernard-Michel,
Sergey Kudriakov,
Etienne Studer,
Domenico Ferrero,
Joachim Grüne and
G. Stern
The paper presents the first outcomes of the experimental numerical and theoretical studies performed in the funded by Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH2 JU) project HyTunnel-CS. The project aims to conduct pre-normative research (PNR) to close relevant knowledge gaps and technological bottlenecks in the provision of safety of hydrogen vehicles in underground transportation systems. Pre normative research performed in the project will ultimately result in three main outputs: harmonised recommendations on response to hydrogen accidents recommendations for inherently safer use of hydrogen vehicles in underground traffic systems and recommendations for RCS. The overall concept behind this project is to use inter-disciplinary and inter-sectoral prenormative research by bringing together theoretical modelling and experimental studies to maximise the impact. The originality of the overall project concept is the consideration of hydrogen vehicle and underground traffic structure as a single system with integrated safety approach. The project strives to develop and offer safety strategies reducing or completely excluding hydrogen-specific risks to drivers passengers public and first responders in case of hydrogen vehicle accidents within the currently available infrastructure.
Import Options for Chemical Energy Carriers from Renewable Sources to Germany
Feb 2024
Publication
Import and export of fossil energy carriers are cornerstones of energy systems world-wide. If energy systems are to become climate neutral and sustainable fossil carriers need to be substituted with carbon neutral alternatives or electrified if possible. We investigate synthetic chemical energy carriers hydrogen methane methanol ammonia and Fischer-Tropsch fuels produced using electricity from Renewable Energy Source (RES) as fossil substitutes. RES potentials are obtained from GIS-analysis and hourly resolved time-series are derived using reanalysis weather data. We model the sourcing of feedstock chemicals synthesis and transport along nine different Energy Supply Chains to Germany and compare import options for seven locations around the world against each other and with domestically sourced alternatives on the basis of their respective cost per unit of hydrogen and energy delivered. We find that for each type of chemical energy carrier there is an import option with lower costs compared to domestic production in Germany. No single exporting country or energy carrier has a unique cost advantage since for each energy carrier and country there are cost-competitive alternatives. This allows exporter and infrastructure decisions to be made based on other criteria than energy and cost. The lowest cost means for importing of energy and hydrogen are by hydrogen pipeline from Denmark Spain and Western Asia and Northern Africa starting at 36 EUR/MWhLHV to 42 EUR/MWhLHV or 1.0 EUR/kgH2 to 1.3 EUR/kgH2 (in 2050 assuming 5% p.a. capital cost). For complex energy carriers derived from hydrogen like methane ammonia methanol or Fischer-Tropsch fuels imports from Argentina by ship to Germany are lower cost than closer exporters in the European Union or Western Asia and Northern Africa. For meeting hydrogen demand direct hydrogen imports are more attractive than indirect routes using methane methanol or ammonia imports and subsequent decomposition to hydrogen because of high capital investment costs and energetic losses of the indirect routes. We make our model and data available under open licenses for adaptation and reuse.
AMHYCO Project - Towards Advanced Accident Guidelines for Hydrogen Safety in Nuclear Power Plants
Sep 2021
Publication
Severe accidents in nuclear power plants are potentially dangerous to both humans and the environment. To prevent and/or mitigate the consequences of these accidents it is paramount to have adequate accident management measures in place. During a severe accident combustible gases — especially hydrogen and carbon monoxide — can be released in significant amounts leading to a potential explosion risk in the nuclear containment building. These gases need to be managed to avoid threatening the containment integrity which can result in the releases of radioactive material into the environment. The main objective of the AMHYCO project is to propose innovative enhancements in the way combustible gases are managed in case of a severe accident in currently operating reactors. For this purpose the AMHYCO project pursues three specific activities including experimental investigations of relevant phenomena related to hydrogen / carbon monoxide combustion and mitigation with PARs (Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners) improvement of the predictive capabilities of analysis tools used for explosion hazard evaluation inside the reactor containment as well as enhancement of the Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMGs) with respect to combustible gases risk management based on theoretical and experimental results. Officially launched on 1 October 2020 AMHYCO is an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project that will last 4 years from 2020 to 2024. This international project consists of 12 organizations (six from European countries and one from Canada) and is led by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). AMHYCO will benefit from the worldwide experts in combustion science accident management and nuclear safety in its Advisory Board. The paper will give an overview of the work program and planned outcome of the project.
Hydrogen-powered Aviation and its Reliance on Green Hydrogen Infrastructure - Review and Research Gaps
Oct 2021
Publication
Aircraft powered by green hydrogen (H2) are a lever for the aviation sector to reduce the climate impact. Previous research already focused on evaluations of H2 aircraft technology but analyses on infrastructure related cost factors are rarely undertaken. Therefore this paper aims to provide a holistic overview of previous efforts and introduces an approach to assess the importance of a H2 infrastructure for aviation. A short and a medium-range aircraft are modelled and modified for H2 propulsion. Based on these a detailed cost analysis is used to compare both aircraft and infrastructure related direct operating costs (DOC). Overall it is shown that the economy of H2 aviation highly depends on the availability of low-cost green liquid hydrogen (LH2) supply infrastructure. While total DOC might even slightly decrease in a best LH2 cost case total DOC could also increase between 10 and 70% (short-range) and 15e102% (medium-range) due to LH2 costs alone.
Synergies between Renewable Energy and Flexibility Investments: A Case of a Medium-Sized Industry
Nov 2021
Publication
Climate and energy policies are tools used to steer the development of a sustainable economy supplied by equally sustainable energy systems. End-users should plan their investments accounting for future policies such as incentives for system-oriented consumption emission prices and hydrogen economy to ensure long-term competitiveness. In this work the utilization of variable renewable energy and flexibility potentials in a case study of an an aggregate industry is investigated. An energy concept considering PV and battery expansion flexible production fuel cell electric trucks (FCEV) and hydrogen production is proposed and analysed under expected techno-economic conditions and policies of 2030 using an energy system optimization model. Under this concept total costs and emissions are reduced by 14% and 70% respectively compared to the business-as-usual system. The main benefit of PV investment is the lowered electricity procurement. Flexibility from schedule manufacturing and hydrogen production increases not only the self-consumption of PV generation from 51% to 80% but also the optimal PV capacity by 41%. Despite the expected cost reduction and efficiency improvement FCEV is still not competitive to diesel trucks due to higher investment and fuel prices i.e. its adoption increases the costs by 8%. However this is resolved when hydrogen can be produced from own surplus electricity generation. Our findings reveal synergistic effects between different potentials and the importance of enabling local business models e.g. regional hydrogen production and storage services. The SWOT analysis of the proposed concept shows that the pursuit of sustainability via new technologies entails new opportunities and risks. Lastly end-users and policymakers are advised to plan their investments and supports towards integration of multiple application consumption sectors and infrastructure.
Industrial Decarbonization Pathways: The Example of the German Glass Industry
Nov 2022
Publication
Mitigating anthropogenic climate change and achieving the Paris climate goals is one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. To meet the Paris climate goals sector-specific transformation pathways need to be defined. The different transformation pathways are used to hypothetically quantify whether a defined climate target is achievable or not. For this reason a bottom-up model was developed to assess the extent of selected industrial decarbonization options compared to conventionally used technologies from an emissions perspective. Thereby the bottom-up model is used to analyze the German container and flat glass industries as an example. The results show that no transformation pathway can be compatible with the 1.5 °C based strict carbon dioxide budget target. Even the best case scenario exceeds the 1.5 °C based target by approximately +200%. The 2 °C based loose carbon dioxide budget target is only achievable via fuel switching the complete phase-out from natural gas to renewable energy carriers. Furthermore the results of hydrogen for flat glass production demonstrate that missing investments in renewable energy carriers may lead to the non-compliance with actually achievable 2 °C based carbon dioxide budget targets. In conclusion the phase-out from natural gas to renewable energies should be executed at the end of the life of any existing furnace and process emissions should be avoided in the long term to contribute to 1.5 °C based strict carbon dioxide budget target.
Conceptual Study and Development of an Autonomously Operating, Sailing Renewable Energy Conversion System
Jun 2022
Publication
With little time left for humanity to reduce climate change to a tolerable level a highly scalable and rapidly deployable solution is needed that can be implemented by any country. Offshore wind energy in international waters is an underused resource and could even be harnessed by landlocked countries. In this paper the use of sailing wind turbines operating autonomously in high seas to harvest energy is proposed. The electrical energy that is generated by the wind turbine is converted to a renewable fuel and stored onboard. Later the fuel will be transferred to shore or to other destinations of use. The presented idea is explored at the system level where the basic subsystems necessary are identified and defined such as energy conversion and storage as well as propulsion subsystems. Moreover various operating possibilities are investigated including a comparison of different sailing strategies and fuels for storage. Existing ideas are also briefly addressed and an example concept is suggested as well. In this paper the proposed sailing renewable energy conversion system is explored at a higher level of abstraction. Following up on this conceptual study more detailed investigations are necessary to determine whether the development of such a sailing renewable energy conversion system is viable from an engineering economic and environmental point of view.
Life Cycle Assessments on Battery Electric Vehicles and Electrolytic Hydrogen: The Need for Calculation Rules and Better Databases on Electricity
May 2021
Publication
LCAs of electric cars and electrolytic hydrogen production are governed by the consumption of electricity. Therefore LCA benchmarking is prone to choices on electricity data. There are four issues: (1) leading Life Cycle Impact (LCI) databases suffer from inconvenient uncertainties and inaccuracies (2) electricity mix in countries is rapidly changing year after year (3) the electricity mix is strongly fluctuating on an hourly and daily basis which requires time-based allocation approaches and (4) how to deal with nuclear power in benchmarking. This analysis shows that: (a) the differences of the GHG emissions of the country production mix in leading databases are rather high (30%) (b) in LCA a distinction must be made between bundled and unbundled registered electricity certificates (RECs) and guarantees of origin (GOs); the residual mix should not be applied in LCA because of its huge inaccuracy (c) time-based allocation rules for renewables are required to cope with periods of overproduction (d) benchmarking of electricity is highly affected by the choice of midpoints and/or endpoint systems and (e) there is an urgent need for a new LCI database based on measured emission data continuously kept up-to-date transparent and open access.
Technical Evaluation of the Flexibility of Water Electrolysis Systems to Increase Energy Flexibility: A Review
Jan 2023
Publication
The goal of achieving water electrolysis on a gigawatt scale faces numerous challenges regarding technological feasibility and market application. Here the flexibility of operation scenarios such as load changes and capacity of electrolysis plays a key role. This raises the question of how flexible electrolysis systems currently are and what possibilities there are to increase flexibility. In order to be able to answer this question in the following a systematic literature research was carried out with the aim to show the current technical possibilities to adapt load and capacity of electrolysis technologies and to determine limits. The result of the systematic literature research is an overview matrix of the electrolysis types AEL PEMEL HTEL and AEMEL already applied in the market. Technical data on the operation of the respective electrolysis stacks as well as details and materials for the respective stack structure (cathode anode electrolyte) were summarized. The flexibility of the individual technologies is addressed by expressing it in values such as load flexibility and startup-times. The overview matrix contains values from various sour1ces in order to make electrolysis comparable at the stack level and to be able to make statements about flexibility. The result of the overview article shows the still open need for research and development to make electrolysis more flexible.
Carbon Footprint Assessment of Hydrogen and Steel
Dec 2022
Publication
Hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize a variety of energy-intensive sectors including steel production. Using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology the state of the art is given for current hydrogen production with a focus on the hydrogen carbon footprint. Beside the state of the art the outlook on different European scenarios up to the year 2040 is presented. A case study of the transformation of steel production from coal-based towards hydrogen- and electricity-based metallurgy is presented. Direct reduction plants with integrated electric arc furnaces enable steel production which is almost exclusively based on hydrogen and electricity or rather on electricity alone if hydrogen stems from electrolysis. Thus an integrated steel site has a demand of 4.9 kWh of electric energy per kilogram of steel. The carbon footprint of steel considering a European sustainable development scenario concerning the electricity mix is 0.75 kg CO2eq/kg steel in 2040. From a novel perspective a break-even analysis is given comparing the use of natural gas and hydrogen using different electricity mixes. The results concerning hydrogen production presented in this paper can also be transferred to application fields other than steel.
Building the Green Hydrogen Market - Current State and Outlook on Green Hydrogen Demand and Electrolyzer Manufacturing
Jul 2022
Publication
Over the past two years requirements to meet climate targets have been intensified. In addition to the tightening of the climate targets and the demand for net-zero achievement by as early as 2045 there have been discussions on implementing and realizing these goals. Hydrogen has emerged as a promising climate-neutral energy carrier. Thus over the last 1.5 years more than 25 countries have published hydrogen roadmaps. Furthermore various studies by different authorities have been released to support the development of a hydrogen economy. This paper examines published studies and hydrogen country roadmaps as part of a meta-analysis. Furthermore a market analysis of electrolyzer manufacturers is conducted. The prospected demand for green hydrogen from various studies is compared to electrolyzer manufacturing capacities and selected green hydrogen projects to identify potential market ramp-up scenarios and to evaluate if green hydrogen demand forecasts can be filled.
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