India

With the escalating global energy demand the pursuit of sustainable energy sources has become increasingly urgent. Among these biofuels have gained significant attention for their potential to provide renewable and eco-friendly alternatives. Biodiesel is recognized for its diverse and cost-effective feedstock options. The study provides a novel approach to the production of biodiesel by employing the use of Dunaliella salina microalgae as a green source. The research suggests the blends provide a future solution to less toxic fuel sources achieving efficiency and minimizing emissions. This research emphasize on the production of biodiesel from Dunaliella salina microalgae a promising resource due to its high energy yield. The microalgae were cultivated in an f/2 nutrient medium enriched with carbon dioxide vitamins and trace metals. A total of 700 mL of bio-oil was extracted using ultrasonication at 50 Hz for 85 minutes. Then the bio-oil was transesterified in a single-stage sodium hydroxide-catalysed process with methanol as a solvent. The process yielded a high extraction efficiency of 94%. The produced biodiesel was characterized through advanced analytical techniques including NMR spectroscopy GC-MS and FTIR test studies confirming its suitability as a fuel. Combustion and emission analyses revealed that the direct substitution of biodiesel blends for diesel in engines significantly reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions although a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions was noted. The combustion and emission characteristics were influenced by blend composition and calorific value. Additionally the study provides a detailed comparison of the performance of pure diesel biodiesel blends and hydrogen-enriched biodiesel in diesel engines offering valuable insights into their environmental and performance impacts. This study gives additional insights towards future work such as scalability (consisting large scale cultivation of algae for better studies) engine durability (studies on engine wear and tear) and integration with renewable energy sources (integrating renewable sources like solar and wind energies).

Green hydrogen is a cleaner source to replace fossil-based fuels and is critical in the global shift toward energy production to combat climate change. This review of embedding artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the value chain of green hydrogen outlines the significant potential for full transformation. These include optimizing the utilization of renewable sources of energy improving electrolysis process hydrogen storage in the salt cavern that has better condition and smarter systems in distribution side with inexpensive logistics. In this it nullifies leak risks and safeguards the safety operations with detection using AI. Consequently it positions the paper emphasizing AI-ML approaches demonstrating significant advancements in efficiency and sustainability in green hydrogen technology.

The exploration of green energy is a demanding issue due to climate change and ecology. Green energy hydrogen is gaining importance in the area of alternative energy sources. Many methods are being explored for this but most of them are utilizing other sources of energy to produce hydrogen. Therefore these approaches are not economic and acceptable at the industrial level. Sunlight and nuclear radiation as free or low-cost energy sources to split water for hydrogen. These methods are gaining importance in recent times. Therefore attempts are made to explore the latest updates in direct radiation water-splitting methods of hydrogen production. This article discusses the advances made in green hydrogen production by water splitting using visible and UV radiations as these are freely available in the solar spectrum. Besides water splitting by gamma radiation (a low-cost energy source) is also reviewed. Eforts are also made to describe the water-splitting mechanism in photo- and gamma-mediated water splitting. In addition to these challenges and future perspectives have also been discussed to make this article useful for further advanced research.

Bioenergy is a promising alternative to fossil fuels-based energy with significant potential to transform global energy systems and promote environmental sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of bioenergy emphasizing its role in the global transition to sustainable energy. It explores a diverse range of biomass sources including forest and agricultural residues algae and industrial by-products and their conversion into energy via thermochemical biochemical and physicochemical pathways. The paper also highlights recent technological advancements and assesses the environmental sustainability of bioenergy systems. Additionally it examines key challenges hindering bioenergy development such as feedstock logistics technological limitations economic viability and policy gaps that need resolution to fully realise its potential. By synthesizing literature from 2010 to 2025 the review identifies strategic priorities for research and deployment aiming to inform efforts that align bioenergy utilization with global decarbonization goals.

The present investigation aims to provide a comparative assessment of using hydrogen-enriched wood waste-derived producer gas (PG) for a dual-fuel diesel engine fueled with a 20% Jatropha biodiesel/80% diesel blend (BD20) with the traditional mode. The experiments were conducted at 23°bTDC of injection timing 240 bar of injection pressure 17.5:1 of compression ratio and 1500 rpm of engine speed under various engine loads. Gas carburetor induction (GCI) port injection (PI) and inlet manifold injection (IMI) methods were used to supply H2-enriched PG while B20 is directly injected into the combustion chamber. Among all the combinations the IMI method provided the highest brake thermal efficiency of 30.91% the lowest CO emission of 0.08% and smoke opacity discharge of 49.26 HSU while NOx emission reached 1744.32 ppm which was lower than that of the PI mode. Furthermore the IMI method recorded the highest heat release rate of 91.17 J/°CA and peak cylinder pressure of 83.29 bar reflecting superior combustion quality. Finally using the IMI method for H2-enriched PG in dual-fuel diesel engines could improve combustion efficiency reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy showing that the combination of BD20 with H2-enriched PG offers a cleaner more sustainable and economically viable technology.

This study introduces the Smart Grid Hybrid Electrolysis-and-Combustion System (SGHE-CS) designed to seamlessly integrate hydrogen production storage and utilization within smart grid operations to maximize renewable energy use and maintain grid stability. The system achieves a hydrogen production efficiency of 98.5% indicating the effective conversion rate of electrical energy to hydrogen via PEM electrolysis. Combustion efficiency reaches 98.1% reflecting the proportion of hydrogen energy successfully converted into usable power through advanced staged combustion. Storage and transportation efficiency is 96.3% accounting for energy losses during hydrogen compression storage and delivery. Renewable integration efficiency is 97.3% representing the system’s capacity to utilize variable renewable energy inputs without curtailment. Operational versatility is 99.3% denoting the system’s ability to maintain high performance across load demands and grid conditions. Real-time monitoring and adaptive control strategies ensure reliability and resilience positioning SGHE-CS as a promising solution for sustainable low-carbon energy infrastructure.

This extensive study delves into analyzing carbon dioxide (CO2)-capturing green hydrogen plant exploring its operation using multiple electrolysis techniques and examining their efficiency and impact on environment. The solar energy is used for the electrolysis to make hydrogen. Emitted CO2 from thermal power plants integrate with green hydrogen and produces methanol. It is a process crucial for mitigating environmental damage and fostering sustainable energy practices. The findings demonstrated that solid oxide electrolysis is the most effective process by which hydrogen can be produced with significant rate of 90 % efficiency. Moreover proton exchange membrane (PEM) becomes a viable and common method with an 80 % efficiency whereas the alkaline electrolysis has a moderate level of 63 % efficiency. Additionally it was noted that the importance of seasonal fluctuations where the capturing of CO2 is maximum in summer months and less in the winter is an important factor to consider in order to maximize the working of the plant and the allocation of resources.