Malaysia

An accident modelling approach is used to assess the safety of a hydrogen station as part of a ground transportation network. The method incorporates prevention barriers associated to human factors management and organizational failures in a risk assessment framework. Failure probabilities of these barriers and end-states events are predicted using Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis respectively. Results from the case study considered revealed the capability of the proposed method in estimating the likelihood of various outcomes as well as predicting the future probability. In addition the scheme offers opportunity to provide dynamic adjustment by updating the failure probability with actual plant data. Results from the analysis can be used to plan maintenance and management of change as required by the plant condition.

Adoption of hydrogen energy as an alternative to fossil fuels could be a major step towards decarbonising and fulfilling the needs of the energy sector. Hydrogen can be an ideal alternative for many fields compared with other alternatives. However there are many potential environmental challenges that are not limited to production and distribution systems but they also focus on how hydrogen is used through fuel cells and combustion pathways. The use of hydrogen has received little attention in research and policy which may explain the widely claimed belief that nothing but water is released as a by-product when hydrogen energy is used. We adopt systems thinking and system dynamics approaches to construct a conceptual model for hydrogen energy with a special focus on the pathways of hydrogen use to assess the potential unintended consequences and possible interventions; to highlight the possible growth of hydrogen energy by 2050. The results indicate that the combustion pathway may increase the risk of the adoption of hydrogen as a combustion fuel as it produces NOx which is a key air pollutant that causes environmental deterioration which may limit the application of a combustion pathway if no intervention is made. The results indicate that the potential range of global hydrogen demand is rising ranging from 73 to 158 Mt in 2030 73 to 300 Mt in 2040 and 73 to 568 Mt in 2050 depending on the scenario presented.

Hydrogen is a zero-carbon footprint energy source with high energy density that could be the basis of future energy systems. Membrane-based water electrolysis is one means by which to produce high-purity and sustainable hydrogen. It is important that the scientific community focus on developing electrolytic hydrogen systems which match available energy sources. In this review various types of water splitting technologies and membrane selection for electrolyzers are discussed. We highlight the basic principles recent studies and achievements in membrane-based electrolysis for hydrogen production. Previously the NafionTM membrane was the gold standard for PEM electrolyzers but today cheaper and more effective membranes are favored. In this paper CuCl–HCl electrolysis and its operating parameters are summarized. Additionally a summary is presented of hydrogen production by water splitting including a discussion of the advantages disadvantages and efficiencies of the relevant technologies. Nonetheless the development of cost-effective and efficient hydrogen production technologies requires a significant amount of study especially in terms of optimizing the operation parameters affecting the hydrogen output. Therefore herein we address the challenges prospects and future trends in this field of research and make critical suggestions regarding the implementation of comprehensive membrane-based electrolytic systems.

In this study a green hydrogen system was studied to provide electricity for an office building in the Sharjah emirate in the United Arab Emirates. Using a solar PV a fuel cell a diesel generator and battery energy storage; a hybrid green hydrogen energy system was compared to a standard hybrid system (Solar PV a diesel generator and battery energy storage). The results show that both systems adequately provided the power needed for the load of the office building. The cost of the energy for both the basic and green hydrogen energy systems was 0.305 USD/kWh and 0.313 USD/kWh respectively. The cost of the energy for both systems is very similar even though the capital cost of the green hydrogen energy system was the highest value; however the replacement and operational costs of the basic system were higher in comparison to the green hydrogen energy system. Moreover the impact of the basic system in terms of the carbon footprint was more significant when compared with the green hydrogen system. The reduction in carbon dioxide was a 4.6 ratio when compared with the basic system.

In the present study hydrogen utilization as diesel engine fuel at low load operation was investigated. Hydrogen cannot be used directly in a diesel engine due to its auto ignition temperature higher than that of diesel fuel. One alternative method is to use hydrogen in enrichment or induction. To investigate the combustion characteristics of this dual fuel engine a single cylinder diesel research engine was converted to utilize hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen was introduced to the intake manifold using a mixer before entering the combustion chamber. The engine was run at a constant speed of 2000 rpm and 10 Nm load. Hydrogen was introduced at the flow rate of 21.4 36.2 and 49.6 liter/minute. Specific energy consumption indicated efficiency and cylinder pressure were investigated. At this low load the hydrogen enrichment reduced the cylinder peak pressure and the engine efficiency. The reaction progress variable and combustion rate of reaction were slower as shown by the CFD calculation.

The electric power industry sector has become increasingly aware of how counterproductive voltage sag affects distribution network systems (DNS). The voltage sag backfires disastrously at the demand load side and affects equipment in DNS. To settle the voltage sag issue this paper achieved its primary purpose to mitigate the voltage sag based on integrating a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) with the DNS using a distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) system. Besides this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of D-STATCOM in DNS. In this paper using HFC is well-designed modeled and simulated to mitigate the voltage sag in DNS with a positive impact on the environment and an immediate response to the issue of the injection of voltage. Furthermore this modeling and controller are particularly suitable in terms of cost-effectiveness as well as reliability based on the adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) fuzzy logic system (FLC) and proportional–integral (P-I). The effectiveness of the MATLAB simulation is confirmed by implementing the system and carrying out a DNS connection obtaining efficiencies over 94.5% at three-phase fault for values of injection voltage in HFC D-STATCOM using a P-I controller. Moreover the HFC D-STATCOM using FLC proved capable of supporting the network by 97.00%. The HFC D-STATCOM based ANFIS proved capable of supporting the network by 98.00% in the DNS.

A solid-state storage system is the most practical option for hydrogen because it is more convenient and safer. Metal hydrides especially MgH₂ are the most promising materials that offer high gravimetric capacity and good reversibility. However the practical application of MgH₂ is restricted by slow sorption kinetics and high stability of thermodynamic properties. Hydrogen storage performance of MgH₂ was enhanced by introducing the Mg–Na–Al system that destabilises MgH₂ with NaAlH₄. The Mg–Na–Al system has superior performance compared to that of unary MgH₂ and NaAlH₄. To boost the performance of the Mg–Na–Al system the ball milling method and the addition of a catalyst were introduced. The Mg–Na–Al system resulted in a low onset decomposition temperature superior cyclability and enhanced kinetics performances. The Al12Mg17 and NaMgH₃ that formed in situ during the dehydrogenation process modify the reaction pathway of the Mg–Na–Al system and alter the thermodynamic properties. In this paper the overview of the recent progress in hydrogen storage of the Mg–Na–Al system is detailed. The remaining challenges and future development of Mg–Na–Al system are also discussed. This paper is the first review report on hydrogen storage properties of the Mg–Na–Al system.

The existing combustion-centered energy mix in Malaysia has shown that replacing fossil fuels with zero-carbon alternative fuels could be a better approach to achieve the reduction of the carbon footprint of the power generation industry. In this study the potential of zero-carbon alternative fuels generated from renewable sources such as green hydrogen and green ammonia was addressed in terms of the production transport storage and utilization in Malaysia’s thermal power plants. The updated developments associated to green hydrogen and green ammonia across the globe have also been reviewed to support the existing potential in Malaysia. Though green hydrogen and green ammonia are hardly commercialized in Malaysia for the time being numerous potentialities have been identified in utilizing these fuels to achieve the zero-carbon power generation market in Malaysia. The vast and strategic location of natural gas network in Malaysia has the potential to deliver green hydrogen with minimal retrofitting required. Moreover there are active participation of Malaysia’s academic institutions in the development of water electrolysis that is the core process to convert the electricity from renewables plant into hydrogen. Malaysia also has the capacity to use its abundance of depleted gas reservoirs for the storage of green hydrogen. A large number of GT plants in Malaysia would definitely have the potential to utilize hydrogen co-firing with natural gas to minimize the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released. The significant number of ammonia production plants in Malaysia could provide a surplus of ammonia to be used as an alternative fuel for power plants. With regard to the energy policy in Malaysia positive acceptance of the implementation of renewable energy has been shown with the introduction of various energy policies aimed at promoting the incorporation of renewables into the energy mix. However there is still inadequate support for the implementation of alternative zero-carbon fuels in Malaysia.

With more than 140 offshore platforms identified in Malaysian water to be decommissioned within 10 years it is critical for the Oil and Gas operators to re-evaluate the overall decommissioning strategies for a more sustainable approach. A revision to the current decommissioning options with inclusion of green decommissioning plan to the overall decision tree will assist in accelerating sustainable decision making. Using the advantage of the available 3D modelling from Naviswork and convert to PVSyst software for solar analysis to the one of the shortlisted offshore gas complexes in Malaysia three solar powered generation scenario was evaluated with aimed to establish the best integrated system on a modified decommissioned unmanned processing platform to generate cleaner energy. Financial assessment inclusive of Levelized Cost of Electricity as well as environmental assessment for each scenario are evaluated together. From the study optimum tilt angle was determined resulted to best annual solar yield of 257MWh with performance ratio (PR) of 87% for on-grid scenario 1. Off-grid scenario 3 is used to understand the estimated green hydrogen production. A desktop investigation conducted to three (3) type of electrolysers resulted to 8.6 kg to 18 kg of green hydrogen based on the average daily solar yield produced in scenario 3. Using Proton Electron Membrane electrolyser to simulate the PV solar-to-hydrogen offshore system it is observed that 98% of annual solar fraction can be achieved with annual performance ratio of 74.5% with levelized cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) of $10.95 per kg. From financial assessment this study justifies platforms repurpose to renewable energy concept to be an attractive option since cost to decommission the identified complex was observed to be 11 times greater compared to investing for this proposed concept.

The maritime shipping sector is a major contributor to CO₂ emissions and this figure is expected to rise in coming decades. With the intent of reducing emissions from this sector this research proposes the utilization of the jet stream to transport a combination of cargo and hydrogen using airships or balloons at altitudes of 10–20 km. The jet streams flow in the mid-latitudes predominantly in a west–east direction reaching an average wind speed of 165 km/h. Using this combination of high wind speeds and reliable direction hydrogen-filled airships or balloons could carry hydrogen with a lower fuel requirement and shorter travel time compared to conventional shipping. Jet streams at different altitudes in the atmosphere were used to identify the most appropriate circular routes for global airship travel. Round-the-world trips would take 16 days in the Northern Hemisphere and 14 in the Southern Hemisphere. Hydrogen transport via the jet stream due to its lower energy consumption and shorter cargo delivery time access to cities far from the coast could be a competitive alternative to maritime shipping and liquefied hydrogen tankers in the development of a sustainable future hydrogen economy.