Publications

To advance the hydrogen energy-driven low-altitude aviation sector it is imperative to establish sophisticated risk assessment frameworks tailored for hydrogen-powered aircraft. Such methodologies will deliver fundamental guidelines for the preliminary design phase of onboard hydrogen systems by leveraging rigorous risk quantification and scenario-based analytical models to ensure operational safety and regulatory compliance. In this context this study proposes a comprehensive hazard and operability analysis-fuzzy dynamic Bayesian network (HAZOP-FDBN) framework which quantifies risk without relying on historical data. This framework systematically maps the risk factor relationships identified in HAZOP results into a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) graphical structure showcasing the risk propagation paths between subsystems. Expert knowledge is processed using a similarity aggregation method to generate fuzzy probabilities which are then integrated into the FDBN model to construct a risk factor relationship network. A case study on low-altitude aircraft hydrogen storage systems demonstrates the framework’s ability to (1) visualize time-dependent failure propagation mechanisms through bidirectional probabilistic reasoning and (2) quantify likelihood distributions of system-level risks triggered by component failures. Results validate the predictive capability of the model in capturing emergent risk patterns arising from subsystem interactions under low-altitude operational constraints thereby providing critical support for safety design optimization in the absence of historical failure data.

Within the framework of “dual carbon” intending to enhance the use of green energies and minimize the emissions of carbon from energy systems this study suggests a cost-effective low-carbon scheduling model that accounts for stepwise carbon trading for an integrated electricity heat gas cooling and hydrogen energy system. Firstly given the clean and low-carbon attributes of hydrogen energy a refined two-step operational framework for electricity-to-gas conversion is proposed. Building upon this foundation a hydrogen fuel cell is integrated to formulate a multi-energy complementary coupling network. Second a phased carbon trading approach is established to further explore the mechanism’s carbon footprint potential. And then an environmentally conscious and economically viable power dispatch model is developed to minimize total operating costs while maintaining ecological sustainability. This objective optimization framework is effectively implemented and solved using the CPLEX solver. Through a comparative analysis involving multiple case studies the findings demonstrate that integrating electrichydrogen coupling with phased carbon trading effectively enhances wind and solar energy utilization rates. This approach concurrently reduces the system’s carbon emissions by 34.4% and lowers operating costs by 58.6%.

Hydrogen is recognized as a key alternative fuel for mitigating greenhouse-gas emissions owing to its high fuel efficiency and carbon-free combustion. In the stratified charge combustion (SCC) mode ensuring optimal air-fuel mixing in the combustion chamber is crucial because the local equivalence ratio has a dominant influence on combustion characteristics. Therefore this study aims to build a detailed understanding of stratified hydrogen combustion under various local equivalence ratios. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to measure the local equivalence ratios in hydrogen jets at different mixture-formation times (MFTs) and laserignition points (LIPs). The results showed that shorter MFTs induced highly stratified mixtures with elevated local equivalence ratios exceeding 2.0 enhancing the laminar flame speed and maximizing the conversion of chemical energy into pressure gain resulting in a representative total heat release over three times higher compared to longer MFTs. Furthermore ignition near the injector tip produced leaner mixtures with equivalence ratios around 0.3 whereas downstream LIPs generated peak local equivalence ratios around 2.0 facilitating rapid flame propagation and increased heat release by 25 %.

With the advancement of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) detecting hydrogen leaks is critically important in facilities such as hydrogen refilling stations. Despite its significance the dynamic response performance of hydrogen sensors in confined spaces particularly under ceilings has not been comprehensively assessed. This study utilizes a catalytic combustion hydrogen sensor to monitor hydrogen leaks in a confined area. It examines the effects of leak size and placement height on the distribution of hydrogen concentrations beneath the ceiling. Results indicate that hydrogen concentration rapidly decreases within a 0.5–1.0 m range below the ceiling and declines more gradually from 1.0 to 2.0 m. The study further explores the attenuation pattern of hydrogen concentration radially from the hydrogen jet under the ceiling. By normalizing the radius and concentration it was determined that the distribution conforms to a Gaussian model akin to that observed in open space jet flows. Utilizing this Gaussian assumption the model is refined by incorporating an impact reflux term thereby enhancing the accuracy of the predictive formula.

Microgrids enable the integration of renewable energy sources; however managing electricity from intermittent wind and solar power remains a significant challenge. This study investigates two storage strategies for managing surplus renewable electricity in an IEEE 84-Bus microgrid with wind turbines and photovoltaic units. The first option involves producing hydrogen via electrolyzers which is stored for later electricity generation through fuel cells. The second option involves converting surplus electricity into heat using heat pumps which is then stored in thermal energy storage systems to efficiently meet the microgrid's thermal load requirements. A scenariobased day-ahead scheduling model is proposed to optimize the microgrid's electrical and thermal load management while considering uncertainties in market prices wind speeds and solar irradiance. The resulting large-scale optimization challenge is effectively tackled using the self-adaptive charge system search algorithm. The results indicate that for the optimal utilization of excess renewable electricity heat generation via heat pumps is more cost-effective than hydrogen production primarily due to the inefficiencies in hydrogen conversion and the ability of heat pumps to produce several units of heat for each unit of electricity consumed. Moreover heat pumps prove to be more economical than natural gas combustion in boilers for meeting the thermal demands across a wide range of gas prices. These findings highlight the economic benefits of integrating heat pumps and thermal energy storage systems into renewable energy microgrids.

A new type of hydrogen produced in situ in petroleum reservoirs is proposed. This technology is based on ex situ catalytic gasification of biomass combining two thermal enhanced oil recovery techniques currently used in industrial fields: cyclic steam stimulation and in situ combustion. This hydrogen named “light-blue hydrogen” is produced in reservoirs like naturally occurring white hydrogen and from fossil fuels like blue hydrogen. The color light blue results from the blending of white and blue. This approach is particularly suitable for mature petroleum reservoirs which are in the final stages of production or no longer producing oil. This manuscript describes the method for producing light-blue hydrogen in situ its commercial application prospects and the challenges for developing and scaling up this technology.

Hydrogen-based steelmaking using green hydrogen can achieve above 95 % CO2 emission reductions. Low-cost renewable electricity is a prerequisite and research has found that access to renewable energy resources could pull energy-intensive industry to new locations the “renewables pull”-effect. However previous studies on hydrogen-based steel differ on key assumptions and analyse a wide range of energy costs (10–105 EUR/MWh) making conclusions hard to compare. In this paper we assess techno-economic and strategic drivers for and against such a pull-effect by calculating the levelized cost of green hydrogen-based steel across five archetypical new value chain configurations. We find that the strength of the pull-effect is sensitive to assumptions and that the cost of hydrogen-based steel vary across geographies and value chain configurations to a similar degree as conventional steel. Other geographically varying factors such as labour costs can be as important for relocation and introducing globally varying cost of capital moderates the effect. The renewables pull effect can enable faster access to low-cost renewables and export of green iron ore is an important option to consider. However it is not clear how strong a driver the pull-effect will actually be compared to other factors and polices implemented for strategic reasons. A modest “strategic push“ implemented through various subsidies such as lowering the cost of hydrogen or capital will reduce the pull-effect. In addition focusing on the renewables pull effect as enabling condition risk slowing innovation and upscaling by 2030 in line with climate goals which is currently initiated in higher cost regions.

As one of the most promising clean energy sources hydrogen power has gradually emerged as a viable alternative to traditional energy sources. However hydrogen safety remains a significant concern due to the potential for explosions and the associated risks. This review systematically examines hydrogen explosions with a focus on high-pressure and low-temperature storage transportation and usage processes mostly based on the published papers from 2020. The fundamental principles of hydrogen explosions classifications and analysis methods including experimental testing and numerical simulations are explored. Key factors influencing hydrogen explosions are also discussed. The safety issues of hydrogen power on railway applications are focused and finally recommendations are provided for the safe application of hydrogen power in railway transportation particularly for long-distance travel and heavy-duty freight trains with an emphasis on storage safety considerations.

Methane cracking (MC) is emerging as a low-carbon hydrogen production technology. This review conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 46 studies examining the sustainability of MC process. The review employs Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) methodologies. The findings reveal that LCOH for MC technologies ranges from 0.9 to 6.6 $/kg H2 at the same time GHG emissions span 0.8–14.5 kg CO2eq/kg H2 depending on the specific reactor configurations plant geographical locations and carbon revenues. These results indicate that MC can be competitive with steam methane reforming with carbon capture and electrolysis under certain conditions. However the review identifies significant research gaps including limited comprehensive LCA studies a lack of social impact assessments insufficient environmental impact analysis of molten media catalysts and particulate matter formation in MC processes as well as insufficient analysis of the potential of biomethane cracking.

The large-scale utilization of hydrogen energy is currently hindered by challenges in lowcost production storage and transportation. This study focused on investigating the impact of the diaphragm cavity profile on the movement behavior and stress distribution of a dual-stage diaphragm compressor. Firstly an experimental platform was established to test the gas mass flowrate and fluid pressures under various preset conditions. Secondly a simulation path integrating the finite element method simulation theoretical stress model and movement model was developed and experimentally validated to analyze the diaphragm stress distribution and deformation characteristics. Finally comparative optimization analyses were conducted on different types of diaphragm cavity profiles. The results indicated that the driving pressure differences at the top dead center position reached 85.58 kPa for the first-stage diaphragm and 75.49 kPa for the second-stage diaphragm. Under experimental conditions of 1.6 MPa suction pressure 8 MPa second-stage discharge pressure and 200 rpm rotational speed the first-stage and second-stage diaphragms reached the maximum center deflections of 4.14 mm and 2.53 mm respectively at the bottom dead center position. Moreover the cavity profile optimization analysis indicated that the double-arc profile (DAP) achieved better cavity volume and diaphragm stress characteristics. The first-stage diaphragm within the optimized DAP-type cavity exhibited 173.95 MPa maximum principal stress with a swept volume of 0.001129 m3 whereas the second-stage optimized configuration reached 172.57 MPa stress with a swept volume of 0.0003835 m3 . This research offers valuable insights for enhancing the reliability and performance of diaphragm compressors.

Rail transit as a high-energy consumption field urgently requires the adoption of clean energy innovations to reduce energy consumption and accelerate the transition to new energy applications. As an energy-saving fluid machinery the ejector exhibits significant application potential and academic value within this field. This paper reviewed the recent advances technical challenges research hotspots and future development directions of ejector applications in rail transit aiming to address gaps in existing reviews. (1) In waste heat recovery exhaust heat is utilized for propulsion in vehicle ejector refrigeration air conditioning systems resulting in energy consumption being reduced by 12~17%. (2) In vehicle pneumatic pressure reduction systems the throttle valve is replaced with an ejector leading to an output power increase of more than 13% and providing support for zero-emission new energy vehicle applications. (3) In hydrogen supply systems hydrogen recirculation efficiency exceeding 68.5% is achieved in fuel cells using multi-nozzle ejector technology. (4) Ejector-based active flow control enables precise ± 20 N dynamic pantograph lift adjustment at 300 km/h. However current research still faces challenges including the tendency toward subcritical mode in fixed geometry ejectors under variable operating conditions scarcity of application data for global warming potential refrigerants insufficient stability of hydrogen recycling under wide power output ranges and thermodynamic irreversibility causing turbulence loss. To address these issues future efforts should focus on developing dynamic intelligent control technology based on machine learning designing adjustable nozzles and other structural innovations optimizing multi-system efficiency through hybrid architectures and investigating global warming potential refrigerants. These strategies will facilitate the evolution of ejector technology toward greater intelligence and efficiency thereby supporting the green transformation and energy conservation objectives of rail transit.

Lead–acid batteries are widely used in modern battery-powered ships. During the charging process of lead–acid batteries hydrogen gas is released which poses a potential hazard to ship safety. To address this this paper first establishes a turbulent flow model for hydrogen deflagration. Then using FDS6.7.9 software simulations of hydrogen deflagration are conducted and a simulation model of the ship’s cabin is constructed. The changes in temperature and pressure during the hydrogen deflagration process in the ship’s cabin are analyzed and the evolution process of hydrogen deflagration in the ship’s cabin is derived. Hydrogen deflagration poses a significant threat to the fire safety of battery-powered ships. Additionally a comparative analysis of hydrogen deflagration under different hydrogen concentrations is performed. It is concluded that battery-powered ships using lead–acid batteries should pay attention to controlling the hydrogen concentration below 4%.

Hydrogen is an abundant element and a flexible energy carrier offering substantial potential as an environmentally friendly energy source to tackle global energy issues. When used as a fuel hydrogen generates only water vapor upon combustion or in fuel cells presenting a means to reduce carbon emissions in various sectors including transportation industry and power generation. Nevertheless conventional hydrogen production methods often depend on fossil fuels leading to carbon emissions unless integrated with carbon capture and storage solutions. Conversely green hydrogen is generated through electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy. This production method guarantees zero carbon emissions throughout the hydrogen’s lifecycle positioning it as a critical component of global sustainable energy transitions. In Africa where there are extensive renewable energy resources such as solar and wind power green hydrogen is emerging as a viable solution to sustainably address the increasing energy demands. This research explores the influence of policy frameworks technological innovations and market forces in promoting green hydrogen adoption across Africa. Despite growing investments and favorable policies challenges such as high production costs and inadequate infrastructure significantly hinder widespread adoption. To overcome these challenges and speed up the shift towards a sustainable hydrogen economy in Africa strategic investments and collaborative efforts are essential. By harnessing its renewable energy potential and establishing strong policy frameworks Africa can not only fulfill its energy requirements but also support global initiatives to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development objectives.

Aviation is of crucial importance for the transportation sector and fundamental for the economy as it facilitates trade and private travel. Nonetheless this sector is responsible for a great amount of global carbon dioxide emissions exceeding 920 million tonnes annually. Alternative energy fuels (AEFs) can be considered as a promising solution to tackle this issue with the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels in the aviation industry. A life cycle analysis is performed considering an aircraft running on conventional jet fuel and various alternative fuels (biojet methanol and DME) including hydrogen and ammonia. The comparative assessment investigates different fuel production pathways including the following: JETA-1 and biojet fuels via hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (HEFAs) as well as hydrogen and ammonia employing water electrolysis using wind and solar photovoltaic collectors. The outputs of the assessment are quantified in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions acidification eutrophication eco-toxicity human toxicity and carcinogens. The life cycle phases included the following: (i) the construction maintenance and disposal of airports; (ii) the operation and maintenance of aircrafts; and (iii) the production transportation and utilisation of aviation fuel in aircrafts. The results suggest that hydrogen is a more environmentally benign alternative compared to JETA-1 biojet fuel methanol DME and ammonia.

Climate policy will inevitably lead to the stranding of fossil energy assets such as production and transport assets for coal oil and natural gas. Resourcerich developing countries are particularly aected as they have a higher risk of asset stranding due to strong fossil dependencies and wider societal consequences beyond revenue disruption. However there is only little academic and political awareness of the challenge to manage the asset stranding in these countries as research on transition risk like asset stranding is still in its infancy. We provide a research framework to identify wider societal consequences of fossil asset stranding. We apply it to a case study of Nigeria. Analyzing dierent policy measures we argue that compensation payments come with implementation challenges. Instead of one policy alone to address asset stranding a problem-oriented mix of policies is needed. Renewable hydrogen and just energy transition partnerships can be a contribution to economic development and SDGs. However they can only unfold their potential if fair benefit sharing and an improvement to the typical institutional problems in resource-rich countries such as the lack of rule of law are achieved. We conclude with presenting a future research agenda for the global community and acade

Clean hydrogen is expected to play a crucial role in the future decarbonized energy mix. This places the gasification of biomass as a critical conversion pathway for hydrogen production owing to its carbon neutrality. However there is limited research on the direction of the body of literature on this subject matter. Utilising the Bibliometrix package R this paper conducts a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of the literature on gasification-derived hydrogen production over the previous three decades. The results show a decade-wise spike in hydrogen research mostly contributed by China the United States and Europe whereas the scientific contribution of Africa on the topic is limited with less than 6% of the continent’s research output on the subject matter sponsored by African institutions. The current trend of the research is geared towards alignment with the Paris Agreement through feedstock diversification to include renewable sources such as biomass and municipal solid waste and decarbonising the gasification process through carbon-capture technologies. This review reveals a gap in the experimental evaluation of heterogenous organic municipal solid waste for hydrogen production through gasification within the African context. The study provides an incentive for policy actors and researchers to advance the green hydrogen economy in Africa.

The production of green hydrogen requires renewable electricity and a supply of sustainable water. Due to global water scarcity using seawater to produce green hydrogen is particularly important in areas where freshwater resources are scarce. This study establishes a system model to simulate and optimize the integrated technology of seawater desalination by membrane distillation and hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis. Technical economics is also performed to evaluate the key factors affecting the economic benefits of the coupling system. The results show that an increase in electrolyzer power and energy efficiency will reduce the amount of pure water. An increase in the heat transfer efficiency of the membrane distillation can cause the breaking of water consumption and production equilibrium requiring a higher electrolyzer power to consume the water produced by membrane distillation. The levelized costs of pure water and hydrogen are US$1.28 per tonne and $1.37/kg H2 respectively. The most important factors affecting the production costs of pure water and hydrogen are electrolyzer power and energy efficiency. When the price of hydrogen rises the project’s revenue increases significantly. The integrated system offers excellent energy efficiency compared to conventional desalination and hydrogen production processes and advantages in terms of environmental protection and resource conservation.

Ammonia is a particularly promising hydrogen carrier due to its relatively low cost high energy density its liquid storage and to its production from renewable sources. Thus in recent years great attention is devoted to this fuel for realizing next generation refueling stations according to a carbon-free energy economy. In this paper a distributed onsite refueling station (200 kg/day of hydrogen filling 700-bar HFCEVs (Hybrid Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles) with about 5 kg of hydrogen in 5 min) based on ammonia feeding is studied from the energy and economic point of views. The station is designed with a modular configuration consisting of more sections: i) the hydrogen production section ii) the electric energy supplier section iii) the compression and storage section and the refrigeration/dispenser section. The core of the station is the hydrogen production section that is based on an ammonia cracking reactor and its auxiliaries; the electric energy demand necessary for the station operation (i.e. the hydrogen compression and refrigeration) is satisfied by a PEMFC (Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) power module. Energy performance according to the hydrogen daily demand has been evaluated and the estimation of the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) has been carried out in order to establish the cost of the hydrogen at the pump that can assure the feasibility of this novel refueling station.

The increasing global demand for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the need to replace fossil fuels in gas turbines particularly in aviation and power generation where alternatives to gas turbines are currently limited. This review explores the feasibility of utilizing sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels in gas turbines by evaluating their environmental impacts performance characteristics and technical integration potential. The study examines a broad range of alternatives including biofuels hydrogen alcohols ethers synthetic fuels and biogas focusing on their production methods combustion behavior and compatibility with existing turbine technology. Key findings indicate that several bioderived and synthetic fuels can serve as viable drop-in replacements for conventional jet fuels especially under ASTM D7566 standards. Hydrogen and other gaseous alternatives show promise for industrial applications but require significant combustion system adaptations. The study concludes that a transition to sustainable fuels in gas turbines is achievable through coordinated advancements in combustion technology fuel infrastructure and regulatory support thus enabling meaningful reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and advancing global decarbonization efforts.

Hydrogen is a promising fuel to decarbonise aviation. Storage in liquid form is favoured for long-haul aircraft; storage as a high-pressure gas is preferred otherwise. The exergy expended during the compression or liquefaction process is stored as physical exergy in the fuel. Most discussions around hydrogen-fuelled aviation ignore this very significant exergy content. When combusted in an engine the chemical energy of hydrogen can produce around 60 MJ of work per kg. The work that can be extracted from the physical exergy depends strongly on the method used. This paper presents an exergy analysis considering a range of storage conditions operating conditions and work-extraction methods. For reasonable gas-turbine operating conditions upwards of 16 MJ/kg might be extracted from compressed hydrogen (at 700 bar) and 30 MJ/kg from LH2. This additional work representing 25–50 % of the shaft work produced by combustion has been by and large neglected.

This study presents the design and techno-economic comparison of two standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems each supplying a 1 kW critical load with 100% reliability under Cairo’s climatic conditions. These systems are modeled for both the constant and the night load scenarios accounting for the worst-case weather conditions involving 3.5 consecutive cloudy days. The primary comparison focuses on traditional lead-acid battery storage versus green hydrogen storage via electrolysis compression and fuel cell reconversion. Both the configurations are simulated using a Python-based tool that calculates hourly energy balance component sizing and economic performance over a 21-year project lifetime. The results show that the PV/H2 system significantly outperforms the PV/lead-acid battery system in both the cost and the reliability. For the constant load the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) drops from 0.52 USD/kWh to 0.23 USD/kWh (a 56% reduction) and the payback period is shortened from 16 to 7 years. For the night load the LCOE improves from 0.67 to 0.36 USD/kWh (a 46% reduction). A supplementary cost analysis using lithium-ion batteries was also conducted. While Li-ion improves the economics compared to lead-acid (LCOE of 0.41 USD/kWh for the constant load and 0.49 USD/kWh for the night load) this represents a 21% and a 27% reduction respectively. However the green hydrogen system remains the most cost-effective and scalable storage solution for achieving 100% reliability in critical off-grid applications. These findings highlight the potential of green hydrogen as a sustainable and economically viable energy storage pathway capable of reducing energy costs while ensuring long-term resilience.

Stringent CO2 reduction targets and tightening emission regulations have intensified interest in hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) as a clean and robust solution for the heavy-duty (HD) sector. This study experimentally compares port fuel injection (PFI) early low-pressure direct injection (LPDI) and late LPDI strategies on a single-cylinder HD H2ICE under steady-state medium and high loads. The injection timing and fuel pressure are varied to study the overall influences on a single-cylinder heavy-duty H2ICE. PFI and early LPDI deliver high charge homogeneity but reduced volumetric efficiency compared to late LPDI. At medium load all three strategies achieve ~41 % gross indicated thermal efficiency (gITE). Increasing LPDI pressure from 12.8 to 20 bar enhances mixture uniformity cutting BSNOx emissions by up to 75 %. At high load early LPDI reaches 41.7 % gITE with low NOx (0.72 g/kWh) while late LPDI benefits from reduced heat transfer loss and compression work achieving 42.4 % gITE. However late injection also increases BSNOx (9.3 g/kWh) unburnt H2 (435 ppm) and pressure rise rate (19.7 bar/◦CA). These results highlight LPDI’s potential for high efficiency with injection timing and pressure as key levers to balance emissions and performance.

Global climate change caused by geological processes is one of the main causes of the 5 global mass extinctions in geological history. Human industrialization activities have caused serious damage to the ecosystem the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO2 has intensified and the living environment is facing threats and challenges. Carbon neutrality is the active action and common goal of mankind in the face of the climate change crisis therefore probing into its theoretical and technological connotation scientific and technological innovation system has far-reaching significance and broad prospects. Studies indicate that (1) Carbon neutrality reflects the theoretical connotations of “energy science” and “carbon neutrality science” including technical connotations of carbon emission reduction zero carbon emission negative carbon emission and carbon trading. (2) Carbon neutrality spawns new industries such as carbon industry centering on CO2 capture utilization and storage (CCUS or CO2 capture and storage CCS) and hydrogen industry centering on green hydrogen. “Gray carbon” and “black carbon” are the two application attributes of CO2. “Carbonþ” “Carbon” and “Carbon¼” are three carbon-neutral products and technologies. (3) China faces three major challenges in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality: first energy transition is large in scale and the cycle is short; Second there are many problems in the process of energy transition such as security uncertainties economic utilization and unpredictable disruptive technologies; Third after transition we may face new key techno-logical “bottlenecks” and “broken chain” of key mineral resources. (4) Based on current knowledge to predict the top 10 disruptive technologies and industries in the energy field: underground coal gasification in-situ conversion process of medium and low-mature shale oil CCUS/CCS hydrogen energy and fuel cells bio-photovoltaic power generation space-based solar power generation optical storage smart micro-grid super energy storage controllable nuclear fusion wisdom energy Internet. Five strategic projects will be implemented including energy conservation and efficiency improvement carbon reduction and sequestration scientific and technological innovation emergency reserve and policy support. (5) In the future different types of energy will have different orientations. Coal will play the role of ensuring the national energy strategy “reserve” and “guarantee the bottom line”. Petroleum will play the role of ensuring national energy security “urgent need” and the “cornerstone” of raw materials in people's livelihood. Natural gas will play the role in ensuring national energy “safety” and “best partner” of new energy. New energy will play the role in ensuring the “replacement” and “main force” of the national energy strategy. (6) Carbon neutrality is a major practice of the green industrial revolution carbon reduction energy revolution and ecological technology revolution which will bring new and profound changes to human society the environment and the economy. (7) Carbon neutrality needs to follow the four principles of “disruptive breakthroughs in technology guarantee of energy security realization of economic feasibility and controllable social stability”. We should rely on technological innovation and management changes to ensure the realization of national energy “independence” and carbon neutrality goal and make China's contribution to the construction of a livable earth green development and ecological civilization.

In this paper we analyze the autothermal reforming (ATR) of methane through Gibbs energy minimization and entropy maximization methods to analyze isothermic and adiabatic systems respectively. The software GAMS® 23.9 and the CONOPT3 solver were used to conduct the simulations and thermodynamic analyses in order to determine the equilibrium compositions and equilibrium temperatures of this system. Simulations were performed covering different pressures in the range of 1 to 10 atm temperatures between 873 and 1073 K steam/methane ratio was varied in the range of 1.0/1.0 and 2.0/1.0 and oxygen/methane ratios in the feed stream in the range of 0.5/1.0 to 2.0/1.0. The effect of using pure oxygen or air as oxidizer agent to perform the reaction was also studied. The simulations were carried out in order to maintain the same molar proportions of oxygen as in the simulated cases considering pure oxygen in the reactor feed. The results showed that the formation of hydrogen and synthesis gas increased with temperature average composition of 71.9% and 56.0% using air and O2 respectively. These results are observed at low molar oxygen ratios (O2/CH4 = 0.5) in the feed. Higher pressures reduced the production of hydrogen and synthesis gas produced during ATR of methane. In general reductions on the order of 19.7% using O2 and 14.0% using air were observed. It was also verified that the process has autothermicity in all conditions tested and the use of air in relation to pure oxygen favored the compounds of interest mainly in conditions of higher pressure (10 atm). The mean reductions with increasing temperature in the percentage increase of H2 and syngas using air under 1.5 and 10 atm at the different O2/CH4 ratios were 5.3% 13.8% and 16.5% respectively. In the same order these values with the increase of oxygen were 3.6% 6.4% and 9.1%. The better conditions for the reaction include high temperatures low pressures and low O2/CH4 ratios a region in which there is no swelling in terms of the oxygen source used. In addition with the introduction of air the final temperature of the system was reduced by 5% which can help to reduce the negative impacts of high temperatures in reactors during ATR reactions.

Due to increasing energy demand limited fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gasses people is in need for alternative energy sources to have a sustainable world. The objective of this study is to look for alternative solutions and design a hybrid energy system to meet any energy needs of a single family house including both utility and transportation. The system is designed and optimized using HOMER software. According to the optimization studies levelized cost of electricity and hydrogen production was found to be 0.685$/kWh and 6.85$/kg respectively and the cost of hydrogen which is half of its market price is very attractive. To project possible future costs in advance sensitivity analysis was carried out and the results show that when the main components’ price decays to the half both costs of energy will be reduced by 26.4%. This implies that further decrease on the components’ cost would bring the cost of energy to the level of energy produced by fossil fuels or even lower. Hydrogen would also be produced with much lower and tempting price. It is important to note that energy used by residential electrical load and fuel cell electric car in this study was generated by sole renewable energies and the system consumes zero fossil fuels thus emitting no greenhouse gasses. The study considering both utility and transportation simultaneously is believed to be the first on a small scale and to attract the interest of everyone.