Publications
Electrosynthesized Ni-P Nanospheres with High Activity and Selectivity Towards Photoelectrochemical Plastics Reforming
May 2021
Publication
Photoelectrochemical reforming of plastic waste offers an environmentally-benign and sustainable route for hydrogen generation. Nonetheless little attention was paid to develop electrocatalysts that can efficiently and selectively catalyze oxidative transformation of valueless plastic wastes into valued chemicals. Herein we report on facile electrosynthesis of nickel-phosphorus nanospheres (nanoNi-P) and their versatility in catalyzing hydrogen generation water oxidation and reforming of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Notably composite of nanoNi-P with carbon nanotubes (CNT/nanoNi-P) requires −180 mV overpotential to drive hydrogen generation at -100 mA cm−2. Besides CV-activated nanoNi-P (nanoNi-P(CV)) was shown to be capable of reforming PET into formate with high selectivity (Faradic efficiency= ∼100 %). Efficient and selective generation of hydrogen and formate from PET reforming is realized utilizing an Earth-abundant photoelectrochemical platform based on nanoNi-P(CV)-modified TiO2 nanorods photoanode and CNT/nanoNi-P cathode. This work paves a path for developing artificial leaf for simultaneous environmental mitigation and photosynthesis of renewable fuels and valued chemicals.
Raw Biomass Electroreforming Coupled to Green Hydrogen Generation
Mar 2021
Publication
Despite the tremendous progress of coupling organic electrooxidation with hydrogen generation in a hybrid electrolysis electroreforming of raw biomass coupled to green hydrogen generation has not been reported yet due to the rigid polymeric structures of raw biomass. Herein we electrooxidize the most abundant natural amino biopolymer chitin to acetate with over 90% yield in hybrid electrolysis. The overall energy consumption of electrolysis can be reduced by 15% due to the thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable chitin oxidation over water oxidation. In obvious contrast to small organics as the anodic reactant the abundance of chitin endows the new oxidation reaction excellent scalability. A solar-driven electroreforming of chitin and chitin-containing shrimp shell waste is coupled to safe green hydrogen production thanks to the liquid anodic product and suppression of oxygen evolution. Our work thus demonstrates a scalable and safe process for resource upcycling and green hydrogen production for a sustainable energy future.
Volumetric Analysis Technique for Analyzing the Transport Properties of Hydrogen Gas in Cylindrical-shaped Rubbery Polymers
Mar 2021
Publication
We report volumetric analysis techniques to analyze the transport properties of hydrogen dissolved in cylindrical-shaped polymers. The techniques utilize the volume measurement of the released hydrogen from rubber by gas collection in a graduated cylinder after charging sample with high-pressure hydrogen and subsequent decompression. We further improve the graduated cylinder with some modifications such as reading the electrical capacitance of the water level using electrodes and changing the sample loading position. From the measurement results the uptake (C∞) diffusion coefficient (D) and solubility (S) of hydrogen are quantified with an upgraded diffusion analysis program. These methods are applied to three cylindrical rubbers. Dual adsorption behaviors with increasing pressure are observed for all the samples. C∞ follows Henry’s law up to ~15 MPa whereas Langmuir model applies up to 90 MPa. D shows Knudsen and bulk diffusion behavior below and above pressure respectively. A COMSOL simulation is compared with experimental observations.
Synthesizing the High Surface Area g-C3N4 for Greatly Enhanced Hydrogen Production
Jul 2021
Publication
Adjusting the structure of g-C3N4 to significantly enhance its photocatalytic activity has attracted considerable attention. Herein a novel sponge-like g-C3N4 with a porous structure is prepared from the annealing of protonated melamine under N2/H2 atmosphere (PH-CN). Compared to bulk g-C3N4 via calcination of melamine under ambient atmosphere (B-CN) PH-CN displays thinner nanosheets and a higher surface area (150.1 m2/g) which is a benefit for shortening the diffusion distance of photoinduced carriers providing more active sites and finally favoring the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity. Moreover it can be clearly observed from the UV-vis spectrum that PH-CN displays better performance for harvesting light compared to B-CN. Additionally the PH-CN is prepared with a larger band gap of 2.88 eV with the Fermi level and conduction band potential increased and valence band potential decreased which could promote the water redox reaction. The application experiment results show that the hydrogen evolution rate on PH-CN was nearly 10 times higher than that of B-CN which was roughly 4104 μmol h−1 g−1. The method shown in this work provides an effective approach to adjust the structure of g-C3N4with considerable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.
Hydrous Hydrazine Decomposition for Hydrogen Production Using of Ir/CeO2: Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Activity
May 2021
Publication
In the present work an Ir/CeO2 catalyst was prepared by the deposition–precipitation method and tested in the decomposition of hydrazine hydrate to hydrogen which is very important in the development of hydrogen storage materials for fuel cells. The catalyst was characterised using different techniques i.e. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with X-ray detector (EDX) and inductively coupled plasma—mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The effect of reaction conditions on the activity and selectivity of the material was evaluated in this study modifying parameters such as temperature the mass of the catalyst stirring speed and concentration of base in order to find the optimal conditions of reaction which allow performing the test in a kinetically limited regime.
The Future of Gas Infrastructure Remuneration in Spain
Oct 2019
Publication
The European Union (EU) has adopted ambitious decarbonization targets for 2050.
Renewable electricity and electrification are the key drivers but are not sufficient on their own to meet the targets. A number of countries expect decarbonized gas (e.g. renewable hydrogen and biomethane) to be part of a future decarbonized energy system.
Within that context this paper examines proposals recently issued by Spain’s energy regulator (CNMC) to define the methodology for remunerating gas distribution and transmission networks and LNG regasification terminals. Their proposals would reduce significantly the remuneration of these activities. Bearing in mind the objective of decarbonization this paper analyzes key features of the proposals and concludes with recommendations. We suggest:
Link to document on OIES website
Renewable electricity and electrification are the key drivers but are not sufficient on their own to meet the targets. A number of countries expect decarbonized gas (e.g. renewable hydrogen and biomethane) to be part of a future decarbonized energy system.
Within that context this paper examines proposals recently issued by Spain’s energy regulator (CNMC) to define the methodology for remunerating gas distribution and transmission networks and LNG regasification terminals. Their proposals would reduce significantly the remuneration of these activities. Bearing in mind the objective of decarbonization this paper analyzes key features of the proposals and concludes with recommendations. We suggest:
- Adoption of a common methodology for remunerating new investment in gas and electricity infrastructure assets. The Regulatory Asset Base (RAB) approach is a suitable methodology especially for high-risk investment to integrate hydrogen.
- CNMC reconsideration of its proposals for existing assets. The aim should be to ensure that even if remuneration is reduced to some extent investors will still be compensated adequately and that the companies will continue to support the investments needed to digitalize processes deliver natural gas and eventually deliver renewable gas where it is economic to do so. This is an important signal for current and future investors whose investments will be regulated by the CNMC.
- Clarification of the methodology for remunerating renewable gas facilities. If renewable gas (especially hydrogen) requires access to regulated gas networks the CNMC methodology must provide suitable incentives to invest in network expansion and upgrading as required as well as to maintain natural gas operations. Even if no decision is made in the short-term regarding hydrogen it would be prudent to leave the door open by making the regulation compatible with future decisions involving hydrogen development.
- Consideration of potentially stranded assets. The CNMC and the Government should coordinate over the remuneration of infrastructure assets when national policy decisions may lead to the stranding of these assets.
- Decarbonization of the energy system as a whole. The CNMC and the Government should consider how best to promote the decarbonization of the energy system as a whole rather than its individual parts and what role is to be played by regulated networks and by unregulated initiatives in competitive markets especially for the development of hydrogen systems.
Link to document on OIES website
Review of the Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell in Long-Term Operation: Main Influencing Parameters and Testing Protocols
Jul 2021
Publication
Durability is the most pressing issue preventing the efficient commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stationary and transportation applications. A big barrier to overcoming the durability limitations is gaining a better understanding of failure modes for user profiles. In addition durability test protocols for determining the lifetime of PEMFCs are important factors in the development of the technology. These methods are designed to gather enough data about the cell/stack to understand its efficiency and durability without causing it to fail. They also provide some indication of the cell/stack’s age in terms of changes in performance over time. Based on a study of the literature the fundamental factors influencing PEMFC long-term durability and the durability test protocols for both PEMFC stationary and transportation applications were discussed and outlined in depth in this review. This brief analysis should provide engineers and researchers with a fast overview as well as a useful toolbox for investigating PEMFC durability issues.
Combined Cooling and Power Management Strategy for a Standalone House Using Hydrogen and Solar Energy
May 2021
Publication
Tropical climate is characterized by hot temperatures throughout the year. In areas subject to this climate air conditioning represents an important share of total energy consumption. In some tropical islands there is no electric grid; in these cases electricity is often provided by diesel generators. In this study in order to decarbonize electricity and cooling production and to improve autonomy in a standalone application a microgrid producing combined cooling and electrical power was proposed. The presented system was composed of photovoltaic panels a battery an electrolyzer a hydrogen tank a fuel cell power converters a heat pump electrical loads and an adsorption cooling system. Electricity production and storage were provided by photovoltaic panels and a hydrogen storage system respectively while cooling production and storage were achieved using a heat pump and an adsorption cooling system respectively. The standalone application presented was a single house located in Tahiti French Polynesia. In this paper the system as a whole is presented. Then the interaction between each element is described and a model of the system is presented. Thirdly the energy and power management required in order to meet electrical and thermal needs are presented. Then the results of the control strategy are presented. The results showed that the adsorption cooling system provided 53% of the cooling demand. The use of the adsorption cooling system reduced the needed photovoltaic panel area the use of the electrolyzer and the use of the fuel cell by more than 60% and reduced energy losses by 7% (compared to a classic heat pump) for air conditioning.
In Situ Neutron Radiography Investigations of Hydrogen Related Processes in Zirconium Alloys
Jun 2021
Publication
In situ neutron radiography experiments can provide information about diffusive processes and the kinetics of chemical reactions. The paper discusses requirements for such investigations. As examples of the zirconium alloy Zircaloy-4 the hydrogen diffusion the hydrogen uptake during high-temperature oxidation in steam and the reaction in nitrogen/steam and air/steam atmospheres results of in situ neutron radiography investigations are reviewed and their benefit is discussed.
Evaluation of Safety Measures of a Hydrogen Fueling Station Using Physical Modeling
Oct 2018
Publication
Hydrogen fueling stations are essential for operating fuel cell vehicles. If multiple safety measures in a hydrogen fueling station fail simultaneously it could lead to severe consequences. To analyze the risk of such a situation we developed a physical model of a hydrogen fueling station which when using the temperature pressure and flow rate of hydrogen could be simulated under normal and abnormal operating states. The physical model was validated by comparing the analytical results with the experimental results of an actual hydrogen fueling station. By combining the physical model with a statistical method we evaluated the significance of the safety measures in the event wherein multiple safety measures fail simultaneously. We determined the combinations of failures of safety measures that could lead to accidents and suggested a measure for preventing and mitigating the accident scenario.
Hydrogen-Rich Gas Production from Two-Stage Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine Sawdust with Nano-NiO/Al2O3 Catalyst
Feb 2022
Publication
Hydrogen production from biomass pyrolysis is economically and technologically attractive from the perspectives of energy and the environment. The two-stage catalytic pyrolysis of pine sawdust for hydrogen-rich gas production is investigated using nano-NiO/Al2O3 as the catalyst at high temperatures. The influences of residence time (0–30 s) and catalytic temperature (500–800 ◦C) on pyrolysis performance are examined in the distribution of pyrolysis products gas composition and gas properties. The results show that increasing the residence time decreased the solid and liquid products but increased gas products. Longer residence times could promote tar cracking and gas-phase conversion reactions and improve the syngas yield H2/CO ratio and carbon conversion. The nano-NiO/A12O3 exhibits excellent catalytic activity for tar removal with a tar conversion rate of 93% at 800 ◦C. The high catalytic temperature could significantly improve H2 and CO yields by enhancing the decomposition of tar and gas-phase reactions between CO2 and CH4 . The increasing catalytic temperature increases the dry gas yield and carbon conversion but decreases the H2/CO ratio and low heating value.
Hydrogen Dispersion and Ventilation Effects in Enclosures under Different Release Conditions
Apr 2021
Publication
Hydrogen is an explosive gas which could create extremely hazardous conditions when released into an enclosure. Full-scale experiments of hydrogen release and dispersion in the confined space were conducted. The experiments were performed for hydrogen release outflow of 63 × 10−3 m3/s through a single nozzle and multi-point release way optionally. It was found that the hydrogen dispersion in an enclosure strongly depends on the gas release way. Significantly higher hydrogen stratification is observed in a single nozzle release than in the case of the multi-point release when the gas concentration becomes more uniform in the entire enclosure volume. The experimental results were confirmed on the basis of Froud number analysis. The CFD simulations realized with the FDS code by NIST allowed visualization of the experimental hydrogen dispersion phenomenon and confirmed that the varied distribution of hydrogen did not affect the effectiveness of the accidental mechanical ventilation system applied in the tested room.
Technology Investment Roadmap First Low Emissions Technology Statement – 2020 Global Leadership in Low Emissions Technologies
Sep 2020
Publication
Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap is a strategy to accelerate development and commercialisation of low emissions technologies.
Annual low emissions statements are key milestones of the roadmap process. These statements prioritise low emissions technologies with potential to deliver the strongest economic and emissions reduction outcomes for Australia. They focus government investment on new and emerging technologies.
In this Statement
The first Low Emissions Technology Statement presents a vision of a prosperous Australia recognised as a global low emissions technology leader
Annual low emissions statements are key milestones of the roadmap process. These statements prioritise low emissions technologies with potential to deliver the strongest economic and emissions reduction outcomes for Australia. They focus government investment on new and emerging technologies.
In this Statement
The first Low Emissions Technology Statement presents a vision of a prosperous Australia recognised as a global low emissions technology leader
- priority technologies and economic stretch goals
- Australia’s big technology challenges and opportunities
- Technology Investment Framework
- monitoring transparency and impact evaluation
Synergistic Hybrid Marine Renewable Energy Harvest System
Mar 2024
Publication
This paper proposes a novel hybrid marine renewable energy-harvesting system to increase energy production reduce levelized costs of energy and promote renewable marine energy. Firstly various marine renewable energy resources and state-of-art technologies for energy exploitation and storage were reviewed. The site selection criteria for each energy-harvesting approach were identified and a scoring matrix for site selection was proposed to screen suitable locations for the hybrid system. The Triton Knoll wind farm was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scoring matrix. An integrated energy system was designed and FE modeling was performed to assess the effects of additional energy devices on the structural stability of the main wind turbine structure. It has been proven that the additional energy structures have a negligible influence on foundation/structure deflection.
Critical Review of Models for H2-permeation Through Polymers with Focus on the Differential Pressure Method
May 2021
Publication
To reduce loss of hydrogen in storage vessels with high energy-to-weight-ratio new materials especially polymers have to be developed as barrier materials. Very established methods for characterization of barrier materials with permeation measurements are the time-lag and flow rate method along with the differential pressure method which resembles the nature of hydrogen vessel systems very well. Long measurement durations are necessary to gain suitable measurement data for these evaluation methods and often restrictive conditions have to be fulfilled. For these reasons common models for hydrogen permeation through single-layer and multi-layer membranes as well as models for hydrogen gas properties were collected and reviewed. Using current computer power together with these models can reduce measurement time for characterization of the barrier properties of materials while additional information about the quality of the measurement results is obtained.
A Review of Decarbonization Options for the Glass Industry
May 2021
Publication
The glass industry is part of the energy-intensive industry posing a major challenge to fulfill the CO2 reduction targets of the Paris Climate Agreement. The segments of the glass industry e.g. container or flat glass are quite diverse and attribute to different glass products with different requirements to product quality and various process options. To address the challenge of decarbonizing the glass industry firstly an inventory of current glass products processes and applied technologies in terms of energy efficiency and CO2 emissions is conducted. Secondly decarbonization options are identified and structured according to fuel substitution waste heat recovery and process intensification. Due to the high share of energy-related CO2 emissions electrical melting and hydrogen combustion or a combination of both are the most promising options to decarbonize the glass industry but further research design adjustments and process improvements are necessary. Furthermore electricity and hydrogen prices have to decrease or fossil fuels must become more expensive to be cost-competitive relative to fossil fuels and respective infrastructures have to be constructed or adjusted. Various heat recovery options have great potential for CO2 savings but can be technically challenging or have not yet been considered for techno-economic reasons.
The Role of Electrofuels under Uncertainties for the Belgian Energy Transition
Jul 2021
Publication
Wind and solar energies present a time and space disparity that generally leads to a mismatch between the demand and the supply. To harvest their maximum potentials one of the main challenges is the storage and transport of these energies. This challenge can be tackled by electrofuels such as hydrogen methane and methanol. They offer three main advantages: compatibility with existing distribution networks or technologies of conversion economical storage solution for high capacity and ability to couple sectors (i.e. electricity to transport to heat or to industry). However the level of contribution of electric-energy carriers is unknown. To assess their role in the future we used whole-energy system modelling (EnergyScope Typical Days) to study the case of Belgium in 2050. This model is multi-energy and multi-sector. It optimises the design of the overall system to minimise its costs and emissions. Such a model relies on many parameters (e.g. price of natural gas efficiency of heat pump) to represent as closely as possible the future energy system. However these parameters can be highly uncertain especially for long-term planning. Consequently this work uses the polynomial chaos expansion method to integrate a global sensitivity analysis in order to highlight the influence of the parameters on the total cost of the system. The outcome of this analysis points out that compared to the deterministic cost-optimum situation the system cost accounting for uncertainties becomes higher (+17%) and twice more uncertain at carbon neutrality and that electrofuels are a major contribution to the uncertainty (up to 53% in the variation of the costs) due to their importance in the energy system and their high uncertainties their higher price and uncertainty.
Hy4Heat Safety Assessment: Conclusions Report (Incorporating Quantitative Risk Assessment) - Work Package 7
May 2021
Publication
The Hy4Heat Safety Assessment has focused on assessing the safe use of hydrogen gas in certain types of domestic properties and buildings. The summary reports (the Precis and the Safety Assessment Conclusions Report) bring together all the findings of the work and should be looked to for context by all readers. The technical reports should be read in conjunction with the summary reports. While the summary reports are made as accessible as possible for general readers the technical reports may be most accessible for readers with a degree of technical subject matter understanding. All of the safety assessment reports have now been reviewed by the HSE.<br/><br/>A comparative risk assessment of natural gas versus hydrogen gas including a quantitative risk assessment; and identification of control measures to reduce risk and manage hydrogen gas safety for a community demonstration.
EUA- Bringing Hydrogen Alive
Apr 2021
Publication
The UK is on course to become a global leader in hydrogen technology. Over £3bn is ready to be invested into hydrogen today. The pace of activity is rapid and the opportunities are vast.
Join us at our free to attend event where you will gain unique insights into how the Hydrogen industry is progressing together with exclusive access to future plans.
The dynamic and lively session will demonstrate the viability of hydrogen as a key component to achieve Net Zero.
Confirmed contributors include:
Join us at our free to attend event where you will gain unique insights into how the Hydrogen industry is progressing together with exclusive access to future plans.
The dynamic and lively session will demonstrate the viability of hydrogen as a key component to achieve Net Zero.
Confirmed contributors include:
- National Grid Gas Transmission
- Cadent
- Chris Train Previous CEO Cadent
- DNV
- Worcester Bosch
- ITM Power
- Northern Gas Networks
- Decarbonising Heat in Buildings - New Research Findings from the Gas Distribution Networks
Transportation in a 100% Renewable Energy System
Jan 2018
Publication
A 100% renewable economy would give a lasting solution to the challenges raised by climate change energy security sustainability and pollution. The conversion of the present transport system appears to be one of the most difficult aspects of such renewable transition. This study reviews the technologies and systems that are being proposed or proven as alternative to fossil-fuel based transportation and their prospects for their entry into the post-carbon era from both technological and energetic viewpoints. The energetic cost of the transition from the current transportation system into global 100% renewable transportation is estimated as well as the electrical energy required for the operation of the new renewable transportation sector. A 100% renewable transport providing the same service as global transport in 2014 would demand about 18% less energy. The main reduction is expected in road transport (69%) but the shipping and air sectors would notably increase their consumptions: 163% and 149% respectively. The analysis concludes that a 100% renewable transportation is feasible but not necessarily compatible with indefinite increase of resources consumption. The major material and energy limitations and obstacles of each transport sector for this transition are shown.
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