Policy & Socio-Economics
The Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Industry-academia-government Action Plan to Realize a “Hydrogen Society”
Mar 2019
Publication
The fourth Strategic Energy Plan adopted in April 2014 stated ""a road map toward realization of a “hydrogen society” will be formulated and a council which comprises representatives of industry academia and government and which is responsible for its implementation will steadily implement necessary measures while progress is checked". Then the Council for a Strategy for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells which was held in June in the same year as a conference of experts from industry academia and government compiled a Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (hereinafter referred to as ""the Roadmap"") presenting efforts to be undertaken by concerned parties from the public/private sector aimed at building a hydrogen-based society.<br/>The Roadmap was revised in March 2016 in response to the progress of the efforts to include the schedule and quantitative targets to make the fuel cells for household use (Ene-Farm) fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and hydrogen stations self-reliant. In April 2017 the first Ministerial Council on Renewable Energy Hydrogen and Related Issues was held. The Council decided to establish--by the end of the year--a basic strategy that would allow the government to press on with the measures in an integrated manner to realize a hydrogen-based society for the first time in the world. The second Ministerial Council on Renewable Energy Hydrogen and Related Issues was then held in December of that year to establish the Basic Hydrogen Strategy. The Strategy was positioned as a policy through which the whole government would promote relevant measures and proposed that hydrogen be another new carbon-free energy option. By setting a target to be achieved by around 2030 the Strategy provides the general direction and vision that the public and private sectors should share with an eye on 2050.<br/>Furthermore the fifth Strategic Energy Plan was adopted in July 2018. In order for hydrogen to be available as another new energy option in addition to renewable energy the Plan showed the correct direction of hydrogen energy in the energy policy specifically reducing the hydrogen procurement/supply cost to a level favorably comparable with that of existing energies while taking the calculated environmental value into account.
An Analysis of Emerging Renewable Hydrogen Policy through an Energy Democracy Lens: The Case of Australia
Mar 2024
Publication
As part of reducing carbon emissions governments across the world are working on measures to transition sectors of the economy away from fossil fuels. The socio-technical regimes being constructed around the energy transition can encourage energy centralisation and constrain actor engagement without proper policy and planning. The energy transition is liable to have significant impacts across all of society but less attention has been given to the role of democratic participation and decision-making in the energy system during this time. Using the energy democracy framework developed by Kacper Szulecki we employ content analysis to investigate how Australia’s renewable hydrogen strategies at the Commonwealth and state levels engage with the broader objective of democratising energy systems. Based on our findings we recommend ways to support a renewable hydrogen regime in Australia in line with the principles of energy democracy such as community engagement built-in participation popular sovereignty community-level agency and civic ownership. This study provides a perspective on the energy transition that is often overlooked and a reminder to policymakers that the topology of an energy transition can take many forms.
Political, Economic and Environmental Concerns: Discussion
Jun 2017
Publication
This session concerned the political economic and environmental impact on the hydrogen economy due to hydrogen embrittlement.
This article is a transcription of the recorded discussion of ‘Political economic and environmental concerns’ at the Royal Society Scientific Discussion Meeting Challenges of Hydrogen and Metals 16–18 January 2017. The text is approved by the contributors. G.C.G.S. transcribed the session and F.F.D. assisted in the preparation of the manuscript.
Link to document download on Royal Society Website
This article is a transcription of the recorded discussion of ‘Political economic and environmental concerns’ at the Royal Society Scientific Discussion Meeting Challenges of Hydrogen and Metals 16–18 January 2017. The text is approved by the contributors. G.C.G.S. transcribed the session and F.F.D. assisted in the preparation of the manuscript.
Link to document download on Royal Society Website
Hydrogen Energy Demand Growth Prediction and Assessment (2021–2050) Using a System Thinking and System Dynamics Approach
Jan 2022
Publication
Adoption of hydrogen energy as an alternative to fossil fuels could be a major step towards decarbonising and fulfilling the needs of the energy sector. Hydrogen can be an ideal alternative for many fields compared with other alternatives. However there are many potential environmental challenges that are not limited to production and distribution systems but they also focus on how hydrogen is used through fuel cells and combustion pathways. The use of hydrogen has received little attention in research and policy which may explain the widely claimed belief that nothing but water is released as a by-product when hydrogen energy is used. We adopt systems thinking and system dynamics approaches to construct a conceptual model for hydrogen energy with a special focus on the pathways of hydrogen use to assess the potential unintended consequences and possible interventions; to highlight the possible growth of hydrogen energy by 2050. The results indicate that the combustion pathway may increase the risk of the adoption of hydrogen as a combustion fuel as it produces NOx which is a key air pollutant that causes environmental deterioration which may limit the application of a combustion pathway if no intervention is made. The results indicate that the potential range of global hydrogen demand is rising ranging from 73 to 158 Mt in 2030 73 to 300 Mt in 2040 and 73 to 568 Mt in 2050 depending on the scenario presented.
Potential Hydrogen Market: Value-Added Services Increase Economic Efficiency for Hydrogen Energy Suppliers
Apr 2022
Publication
Hydrogen energy is a clean zero-carbon long-term storage flexible and efficient secondary energy. Accelerating the development of the hydrogen energy industry is a strategic choice to cope with global climate change achieve the goal of carbon neutrality and realize high-quality economic and social development. This study aimed to analyze the economic impact of introducing valueadded services to the hydrogen energy market on hydrogen energy suppliers. Considering the network effect of value-added services this study used a two-stage game model to quantitatively analyze the revenue of hydrogen energy suppliers under different scenarios and provided the optimal decision. The results revealed that (1) the revenue of a hydrogen energy supplier increases only if the intrinsic value of value-added services exceeds a certain threshold; (2) the revenue of hydrogen energy suppliers is influenced by a combination of four key factors: the intrinsic value of value-added services network effects user scale and the sales strategies of rivals; (3) the model developed in this paper can provide optimal decisions for hydrogen energy suppliers to improve their economic efficiency and bring more economic investment to hydrogen energy market in the future.
Carbon Negative Transportation Fuels - A Techno-Economic-Environmental Analysis of Biomass Pathways for Transportation
Feb 2022
Publication
Global warming and fossil fuel depletion have necessitated alternative sources of energy. Biomass is a promising fuel source because it is renewable and can be carbon negative even without carbon capture and storage. This study considers biomass as a clean renewable source for transportation fuels. An Aspen Plus process simulation model was built of a biomass gasification biorefinery with Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis of liquid fuels. A GaBi life cycle assessment model was also built to determine the environmental impacts using a cradle-to-grave approach. Three different product pathways were considered: Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel hydrogen and electricity. An offgas autothermal reformer with a recycle loop was used to increase FT product yield. Different configurations and combinations of biorefinery products are considered. The thermal efficiency and cost of production of the FT liquid fuels are analyzed using the Aspen Plus process model. The greenhouse gas emissions profitability and mileage per kg biomass were compared. The mileage traveled per kilogram biomass was calculated using modern (2019-2021) diesel electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The overall thermal efficiency was found to be between 20-41% for FT fuels production between 58-61% for hydrogen production and around 25-26% for electricity production for this biorefinery. The lowest production costs were found to be $3.171/gal of FT diesel ($24.304/GJ) $1.860/kg of H2 ($15.779/GJ) and 13.332¢/kWh for electricity ($37.034/GJ). All configurations except one had net negative carbon emissions over the life cycle of the biomass. This is because carbon is absorbed in the trees initially and some of the carbon is sequestered in ash and unconverted char from the gasification process furthermore co-producing electricity while making transportation fuel offsets even more carbon emissions. Compared to current market rates for diesel hydrogen and electricity the most profitable biorefinery product is shown to be hydrogen while also having net negative carbon emissions. FT diesel can also be profitable but with a slimmer profit margin (not considering government credits) and still having net negative carbon emissions. However our biorefinery could not compete with current commercial electricity prices in the US. As oil hydrogen and electricity prices continue to change the economics of the biorefinery and the choice product will change as well. For our current biorefinery model hydrogen seems to be the most promising product choice for profit while staying carbon negative while FT diesel is the best choice for sequestering the most carbon and still being profitable. All code and data are given.
Smart Systems and Heat: Decarbonising Heat for UK homes
Nov 2015
Publication
Around 20% of the nation’s carbon emissions are generated by domestic heating. Analysis of the many ways the energy system might be adapted to meet carbon targets shows that the elimination of emissions from buildings is more cost effective than deeper cuts in other energy sectors such as transport. This effectively means that alternatives need to be found for domestic natural gas heating systems. Enhanced construction standards are ensuring that new buildings are increasingly energy efficient but the legacy building stock of around 26 million homes has relatively poor thermal performance and over 90% are expected to still be in use in 2050. Even if building replacement was seen as desirable the cost is unaffordable and the carbon emissions associated with the construction would be considerable.
YouTube link to accompanying video
YouTube link to accompanying video
The Future of the UK Gas Network
Jun 2013
Publication
The UK has an extensive natural gas pipeline network supplying 84% of homes. Previous studies of decarbonisation pathways using the UK MARKAL energy system model have concluded that the low pressure gas networks should be mostly abandoned by 2050. yet most of the iron pipes near buildings are currently being replaced early for safety reasons. Our study suggests that this programme will not lock-in the use of gas in the long-term. We examine potential future uses of the gas network in the UK energy system using an improved version of UK MARKAL that introduces a number of decarbonisation options for the gas network including bio-methane hydrogen injection to the natural gas and conversion of the network to deliver hydrogen.<br/>We conclude that hydrogen conversion is the only gas decarbonisation option that might enable the gas networks to continue supplying energy to most buildings in the long-term from a cost-optimal perspective. There is an opportunity for the government to adopt a longt erm strategy for the gas distribution networks that either curtails the iron mains replacement programme or alters it to prepare the network for hydrogen conversion; both options could substantially reduce the long-term cost of supplying heat to UK buildings.
Green Hydrogen and Social Sciences: Issues, Problems, and Future Challenges
Dec 2022
Publication
The article presents a review of the research on green hydrogen from the social sciences identifying its main lines of research its problems and the relevant challenges due to the benefits and impacts that this energy vector has on energy transitions and climate change. The review analyzes a corpus of 78 articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS published between 1997 and 2022. The review identified three research areas related to green hydrogen and the challenges for the social sciences in the future: (a) risks socio-environmental impacts and public perception; (b) public policies and regulation and (c) social acceptance and willingness to use associated technologies. Our results show that Europe and Asia lead the research on green hydrogen from the social sciences. Also most of the works focus on the area of public policy and regulation and social acceptance. Instead the field of social perception of risk is much less developed. We found that little research from the social sciences has focused on assessments of the social and environmental impacts of hydrogen on local communities and indigenous groups as well as the participation of local authorities in rural locations. Likewise there are few integrated studies (technical and social) that would allow a better assessment of hydrogen and cleaner energy transitions. Finally the lack of familiarity with this technology in many cases constitutes a limitation when evaluating its acceptance.
Framing Policy on Low Emissions Vehicles in Terms of Economic Gains: Might the Most Straightforward Gain be Delivered by Supply Chain Activity to Support Refuelling?
May 2018
Publication
A core theme of the UK Government's new Industrial Strategy is exploiting opportunities for domestic supply chain development. This extends to a special ‘Automotive Sector Deal’ that focuses on the shift to low emissions vehicles (LEVs). Here attention is on electric vehicle and battery production and innovation. In this paper we argue that a more straightforward gain in terms of framing policy around potential economic benefits may be made through supply chain activity to support refuelling of battery/hydrogen vehicles. We set this in the context of LEV refuelling supply chains potentially replicating the strength of domestic upstream linkages observed in the UK electricity and/or gas industries. We use input-output multiplier analysis to deconstruct and assess the structure of these supply chains relative to that of more import-intensive petrol and diesel supply. A crucial multiplier result is that for every £1million of spending on electricity (or gas) 8 full-time equivalent jobs are supported throughout the UK. This compares to less than 3 in the case of petrol/diesel supply. Moreover the importance of service industries becomes apparent with 67% of indirect and induced supply chain employment to support electricity generation being located in services industries. The comparable figure for GDP is 42%.
Getting Net Zero Done- The Crucial Role of Decarbonised Gas and How to Support It
May 2020
Publication
The term ‘decarbonised gas’ refers to biogases hydrogen and carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS). This strategy paper sets out how decarbonised gas can help to get net zero done by tackling the hard-to-decarbonise sectors – industry heavy transport and domestic heating – which together account for around 40% of UK greenhouse gas emissions. It also illustrates the crucial importance of supportive public opinion and sets out in detail how decarbonised gas can help to ensure that net zero is achieved with public support. The report is based on extensive quantitative and qualitative opinion research on climate change in general net zero emissions in the UK and the specific decarbonised gas solutions in homes transport and industry. The full quantitative data is contained in the Supplements tab.<br/><a href="https://www.dgalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/DGA-Getting-Net-Zero-Done-final-May-2020.pdf"/><a href="https://www.dgalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/DGA-Getting-Net-Zero-Done-final-May-2020.pdf"/>
Forecasting the Hydrogen Demand in China: A System Dynamics Approach
Jan 2022
Publication
Many countries including China have implemented supporting policies to promote the commercialized application of green hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells. In this study a system dynamics (SD) model is proposed to study the evolution of hydrogen demand in China from the petroleum refining industry the synthetic ammonia industry and the vehicle market. In the model the impact from the macro-environment hydrogen fuel supply and construction of hydrogen facilities is considered to combine in incentives for supporting policies. To further formulate the competitive relationship in the vehicle market the Lotka–Volterra (LV) approach is adopted. The model is verified using published data from 2003 to 2017. The model is also used to forecast China’s hydrogen demand up to the year of 2030 under three different scenarios. Finally some forward-looking guidance is provided to policy makers according to the forecasting results.
Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation: The Hydrogen Factor
Jan 2022
Publication
As countries around the world rally behind net zero targets hydrogen is increasingly seen as a missing piece of the energy transformation puzzle to decarbonise harder-to-abate sectors. The possible pathway on which hydrogen might evolve still involves many uncertainties. With the growing momentum to establish a global hydrogen market comes the need for a deeper understanding of its broader effects including geopolitical aspects. IRENA has carried out an in-depth analysis of the geopolitics of hydrogen as part of the work of the Collaborative Framework on the Geopolitics of Energy Transformation (CF-GET). The report builds on IRENA’s substantial body of work in hydrogen and benefits from a wide range of expert input in the fields of energy and geopolitics.
This report considers whether and how hydrogen may disrupt future energy systems reflecting on many of the key themes discussed in the Global Commission’s report A New World – The Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation. The analysis offers insights into how countries and stakeholders can navigate the uncertainties and shape the development of hydrogen markets and outlines policy considerations to help mitigate the geopolitical risks and capitalise on opportunities. Some of the key findings of the report include:
This report considers whether and how hydrogen may disrupt future energy systems reflecting on many of the key themes discussed in the Global Commission’s report A New World – The Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation. The analysis offers insights into how countries and stakeholders can navigate the uncertainties and shape the development of hydrogen markets and outlines policy considerations to help mitigate the geopolitical risks and capitalise on opportunities. Some of the key findings of the report include:
- Hydrogen is part of a much bigger energy transition picture and its development and deployment strategies should not be considered in isolation.
- Setting the right priorities for hydrogen use will be essential for its rapid scale-up and long-term contribution to decarbonisation efforts.
- The 2020s could become the era of a big race for technology leadership as costs are likely to fall sharply with learning and scaling-up of needed infrastructure. Equipment manufacturing offers an opportunity to capture value in the coming years and decades.
- Hydrogen trade and investment flows will spawn new patterns of interdependence and bring shifts in bilateral relations.
- Countries with an abundance of low-cost renewable power could become producers of green hydrogen with commensurate geoeconomic and geopolitical consequences.
- Hydrogen could be an attractive avenue for fossil fuel exporters to help diversify their economies and develop new export industries.
- Supporting the advancement of renewable energy and green hydrogen in developing countries is critical for decarbonising the energy system and can contribute to global equity and stability.
- International co-operation will be necessary to devise a transparent hydrogen market with coherent standards and norms that contribute to climate change efforts meaningfully.
Welsh Government’s Department for Economy, Skills & Natural Resources Briefing: Cardiff University’s Expertise to Help Address the Challenges to Creating a CO2 Circular Economy for Wales
Oct 2021
Publication
Through its “Reducing Carbon whilst Creating Social Value: How to get Started’ initiative Welsh Government is keen to explore whether a ‘circular economy’ (and industry) could be developed for Wales for CO2.<br/>Although most companies have targets to reduce their CO2 by 2030 Wales does not have the space to store or bury any excess with the current choice to ship or ‘move the problem’ elsewhere. Meanwhile other industry sectors in Wales are experiencing shortages of CO2 e.g. food production.<br/>Net Zero commitments will require dealing with CO2 emissions from agricultural and industrial sectors and from the production of blue and grey hydrogen during the transition time of switching to green hydrogen. Sequestration and shipping off of CO2 could be costly are not currently possible at large scale and are not sustainable. The use of CO2 by industry e.g. in construction materials and in food production processes can play a major role in addressing CO2 waste production from grey and blue hydrogen.<br/>In a Cradle-to-Cradle approach everything has a use. Is Wales missing out on creating and developing a new innovative industry around a CO2 circular economy?
Economic Impact Assessment: Hydrogen is Ready to Power the UK’s Green Recovery
Aug 2020
Publication
Hydrogen solutions have a critical role to play in the UK not only in helping the nation meet its net-zero target but in creating the economic growth and jobs that will kickstart the green recovery.
The Government must act now to ensure that the UK capitalises on the opportunity presented by hydrogen and builds a world-leading industry.
COVID-19 has caused significant economic upheaval across the country with unemployment expected to reach up to 14.8 per cent by the end of 20201. The UK must identify those areas of the economy which have significant economic growth potential and can deliver long-term and sustainable increases in GVA and jobs. It will be important to consider regional factors and ensure that investment is targeted in those areas that have been hardest hit by the crisis.
Many major economies have identified hydrogen as a key part of both decarbonisation and economic recovery. As part of its stimulus package Germany announced a €9billion investment in green hydrogen solutions aiming to deploy 5GW by 2030. The Hydrogen Council estimates a future hydrogen and equipment market worth $2.5 trillion globally by 2050 supporting 30 million new jobs.
Hydrogen offers the UK a pathway to deep cost-effective decarbonisation while delivering economic growth and job creation. It should therefore be at the heart of the Government’s green recovery programme ensuring that the UK builds back better and greener.
The Government must act now to ensure that the UK capitalises on the opportunity presented by hydrogen and builds a world-leading industry.
COVID-19 has caused significant economic upheaval across the country with unemployment expected to reach up to 14.8 per cent by the end of 20201. The UK must identify those areas of the economy which have significant economic growth potential and can deliver long-term and sustainable increases in GVA and jobs. It will be important to consider regional factors and ensure that investment is targeted in those areas that have been hardest hit by the crisis.
Many major economies have identified hydrogen as a key part of both decarbonisation and economic recovery. As part of its stimulus package Germany announced a €9billion investment in green hydrogen solutions aiming to deploy 5GW by 2030. The Hydrogen Council estimates a future hydrogen and equipment market worth $2.5 trillion globally by 2050 supporting 30 million new jobs.
Hydrogen offers the UK a pathway to deep cost-effective decarbonisation while delivering economic growth and job creation. It should therefore be at the heart of the Government’s green recovery programme ensuring that the UK builds back better and greener.
You can download the whole document from the Hydrogen Taskforce website at the following links
- Economic Impact Assessment Summary
- Economic impact Assessment Methodology
- Economic impact Assessment of the Hydrogen Value Chain of the UK infographic
- Imperial College Consultants Review of the EIA.
Prospects and Challenges for Green Hydrogen Production and Utilization in the Philippines
Apr 2022
Publication
The Philippines is exploring different alternative sources of energy to make the country less dependent on imported fossil fuels and to reduce significantly the country's CO2 emissions. Given the abundance of renewable energy potential in the country green hydrogen from renewables is a promising fuel because it can be utilized as an energy carrier and can provide a source of clean and sustainable energy with no emissions. This paper aims to review the prospects and challenges for the potential use of green hydrogen in several production and utilization pathways in the Philippines. The study identified green hydrogen production routes from available renewable energy sources in the country including geothermal hydropower wind solar biomass and ocean. Opportunities for several utilization pathways include transportation industry utility and energy storage. From the analysis this study proposes a roadmap for a green hydrogen economy in the country by 2050 divided into three phases: green hydrogen as industrial feedstock green hydrogen as fuel cell technology and commercialization of green hydrogen. On the other hand the analysis identified several challenges including technical economic and social aspects as well as the corresponding policy implications for the realization of a green hydrogen economy that can be applied in the Philippines and other developing countries.
Horizon 2020 Impact Assessment Report
Nov 2011
Publication
Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever with nearly €80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014 to 2020) – in addition to the private investment that this money will attract. It promises more breakthroughs discoveries and world-firsts by taking great ideas from the lab to the market.<br/>Horizon 2020 is the financial instrument implementing the Innovation Union a Europe 2020 flagship initiative aimed at securing Europe's global competitiveness.<br/><br/>Seen as a means to drive economic growth and create jobs Horizon 2020 has the political backing of Europe’s leaders and the Members of the European Parliament. They agreed that research is an investment in our future and so put it at the heart of the EU’s blueprint for smart sustainable and inclusive growth and jobs.<br/><br/>By coupling research and innovation Horizon 2020 is helping to achieve this with its emphasis on excellent science industrial leadership and tackling societal challenges. The goal is to ensure Europe produces world-class science removes barriers to innovation and makes it easier for the public and private sectors to work together in delivering innovation.<br/><br/>Horizon 2020 is open to everyone with a simple structure that reduces red tape and time so participants can focus on what is really important. This approach makes sure new projects get off the ground quickly – and achieve results faster.<br/><br/>The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation will be complemented by further measures to complete and further develop the European Research Area. These measures will aim at breaking down barriers to create a genuine single market for knowledge research and innovation.
Enabling Efficient Networks For Low Carbon Futures: Options for Governance and Regulation
Sep 2015
Publication
This report summarises key themes emerging from the Energy Technologies Institute’s (ETI) project ‘Enabling efficient networks for low carbon futures’. The project aimed to explore the options for reforming the governance and regulatory arrangements to enable major changes to and investment in the UK’s energy network infrastructures. ETI commissioned four expert perspectives on the challenges and options facing the UK.
OIES Podcast – Hydrogen: Current Challenges in Creating Viable Business Cases
Apr 2022
Publication
In this podcast David Ledesma talks to Martin Lambert Head of OIES Hydrogen Research about the key messages from the recent European Hydrogen Conference and how they fit with the ongoing research in OIES. In particular they cover the heightened energy security concerns following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and hydrogen ambitions in the REPowerEU document published by the European Commission in early March 2002. They then go on to talk about the growing realism about where hydrogen is more likely to play a role and some of the key challenges to be overcome. Addressing the challenges of creating business cases for use of hydrogen in specific sectors and for transporting it to customers the conversation also addresses the importance of hydrogen storage and the recognition that this area needs more focus both technically and commercially. Finally they talk about the geopolitics of hydrogen and how energy security concerns may influence future development pathways.
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Post COVID-19 and the Hydrogen Sector - A Hydrogen Europe Analysis
May 2020
Publication
Following the unprecedented Covid-19 outbreak currently unfolding Hydrogen Europe is publishing its latest paper: "Post COVID-19 and the Hydrogen Sector - A Hydrogen Europe Analysis"<br/><br/>On the long-term climate and environmental challenges remain the major threat to our planet and to humanity as a whole. The economic crisis following the Covid-19 pandemic may cause a significant delay to the adoption and commercial roll-out of clean hydrogen. It may even permanently endanger the capacity of the clean hydrogen sector to take-up its role as the missing link in the energy transition.<br/><br/>A swift decisive and coordinated action is necessary to address the risks and at least dampen the negative impact that they may have on the deployment of clean hydrogen technologies and on our transition to a net carbon yet powerful and wealthy economy.<br/><br/>Our document outlines the need for and rationale behind rapid action as a result of the Covid-19 impact. Please find here below a short summary of what you will find in it:<br/><br/>Is there a need to take action? – describing why the current pandemic will result in significantly jeopardising the hydrogen sector if no action is taken.<br/><br/>Why should action be taken? – underlining the importance of the hydrogen sector to EU’s decarbonisation efforts as well as its long-term potential to support sustainable economic growth of the EU. <br/><br/>What can be done? – outlining several potential options for supporting the industry starting from most obvious monetary support but including also no less important policy actions that can be taken to restore investors’ confidence.<br/><br/>How much will it cost? – containing an estimation of the value of the monetary support needed in order to retain the high skilled workforce and the sector’s investment portfolio followed by an estimation of what will be the impact of the action.
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