Switzerland
A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System
Sep 2011
Publication
The storage of hydrogen poses inherent weight volume and safety obstacles. An innovative technology which allows for the storage of hydrogen in thin sealed glass capillaries ensures the safe infusion storage and controlled release of hydrogen gas under pressures up to 100 MPa. Glass is a non-flammable material which also guarantees high burst pressures. The pressure resistance of single and multiple capillaries has been determined for different glass materials. Borosilicate capillaries have been proven to have the highest pressure resistance and have therefore been selected for further series of advanced testing. The innovative storage system is finally composed of a variable number of modules. As such in the case of the release of hydrogen this modular arrangement allows potential hazards to be reduced to a minimum. Further advantage of a modular system is the arrangement of single modules in every shape and volume dependent on the final application. Therefore the typical locations of storage systems e.g. the rear of cars can be modified or shifted to places of higher safety and not directly involved in crashes. The various methods of refilling and releasing capillaries with compressed hydrogen the increase of burst pressures through pre-treatment as well as the theoretical analysis and experimental results of the resistance of glass capillaries will further be discussed in detail.
Seasonal Energy Storage for Zero-emissions Multi-energy Systems Via Underground Hydrogen Storage
Jan 2020
Publication
The deployment of diverse energy storage technologies with the combination of daily weekly and seasonal storage dynamics allows for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit energy provided. In particular the production storage and re-utilization of hydrogen starting from renewable energy has proven to be one of the most promising solutions for offsetting seasonal mismatch between energy generation and consumption. A realistic possibility for large-scale hydrogen storage suitable for long-term storage dynamics is presented by salt caverns. In this contribution we provide a framework for modelling underground hydrogen storage with a focus on salt caverns and we evaluate its potential for reducing the CO2 emissions within an integrated energy systems context. To this end we develop a first-principle model which accounts for the transport phenomena within the rock and describes the dynamics of the stored energy when injecting and withdrawing hydrogen. Then we derive a linear reduced order model that can be used for mixed-integer linear program optimization while retaining an accurate description of the storage dynamics under a variety of operating conditions. Using this new framework we determine the minimum-emissions design and operation of a multi-energy system with H2 storage. Ultimately we assess the potential of hydrogen storage for reducing CO2 emissions when different capacities for renewable energy production and energy storage are available mapping emissions regions on a plane defined by storage capacity and renewable generation. We extend the analysis for solar- and wind-based energy generation and for different energy demands representing typical profiles of electrical and thermal demands and different CO2 emissions associated with the electric grid.
Towards Climate Resilient Urban Energy Systems: A Review
Jun 2020
Publication
Climate change and increased urban population are two major concerns for society. Moving towards more sustainable energy solutions in the urban context by integrating renewable energy technologies supports decarbonizing the energy sector and climate change mitigation. A successful transition also needs adequate consideration of climate change including extreme events to ensure the reliable performance of energy systems in the long run. This review provides an overview of and insight into the progress achieved in the energy sector to adapt to climate change focusing on the climate resilience of urban energy systems. The state-of-the-art methodology to assess impacts of climate change including extreme events and uncertainties on the design and performance of energy systems is described and discussed. Climate resilience is an emerging concept that is increasingly used to represent the durability and stable performance of energy systems against extreme climate events. However it has not yet been adequately explored and widely used as its definition has not been clearly articulated and assessment is mostly based on qualitative aspects. This study reveals that a major limitation in the state-of-the-art is the inadequacy of climate change adaptation approaches in designing and preparing urban energy systems to satisfactorily address plausible extreme climate events. Furthermore the complexity of the climate and energy models and the mismatch between their temporal and spatial resolutions are the major limitations in linking these models. Therefore few studies have focused on the design and operation of urban energy infrastructure in terms of climate resilience. Considering the occurrence of extreme climate events and increasing demand for implementing climate adaptation strategies the study highlights the importance of improving energy system models to consider future climate variations including extreme events to identify climate resilient energy transition pathways.
Combined Hydrogen Production and Electricity Storage using a Vanadium Manganese Redox Dual-flow Battery
Aug 2021
Publication
A redox dual-flow battery is distinct from a traditional redox flow battery (RFB) in that the former includes a secondary energy platform in which the pre-charged electrolytes can be discharged in external catalytic reactors through decoupled redox-mediated hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The concept offers several advantages over conventional electrolysis in terms of safety durability modularity and purity. In this work we demonstrate a vanadium-manganese redox-flow battery in which Mn3+/Mn2+ and V3+/V2+ respectively mediate the OER and the HER in Mo2C-based and RuO2-based catalysts. The flow battery demonstrates an average energy efficiency of 68% at a current density of 50 mA ⋅ cm−2 (cell voltage = 1.92 V) and a relative energy density 45% higher than the conventional all-vanadium RFB. Both electrolytes are spontaneously discharged through redox-mediated HER and OER with a faradic efficiency close to 100%.
The Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment, Flame-flame Interaction, Confinement, and Asymmetry on the Acoustic Response of a Model Can Combustor
Apr 2022
Publication
To maximise power density practical gas turbine combustion systems have several injectors which can lead to complex interactions between flames. However our knowledge about the effect of flame-flame interactions on the flame response the essential element to predict the stability of a combustor is still limited. The present study investigates the effect of hydrogen enrichment flame-flame interaction confinement and asymmetries on the linear and non-linear acoustic response of three premixed flames in a simple can combustor. A parametric study of the linear response characterised by the flame transfer function (FTF) is performed for swirling and non-swirling flames. Flame-flame interactions were achieved by changing the injector spacing and the level of hydrogen enrichment by power from 10 to 50%. It was found that the latter had the most significant effect on the flame response. Asymmetry effects were investigated by changing one of the flames by using a different bluff-body to alter both the flame shape and flow field. The global flame response showed that the asymmetric cases can be reconstructed using a superposition of the two symmetric cases where all three bluff-bodies and flames are the same. Overall the linear response characterised by the flame transfer function (FTF) showed that the effect of increasing the level of hydrogen enrichment is more pronounced than the effect of the injector spacing. Increasing hydrogen enrichment results in more compact flames which minimises flame-flame interactions. More compact flames increase the cut-off frequency which can lead to self-excited modes at higher frequencies. Finally the non-linear response was characterised by measuring the flame describing function (FDF) at a frequency close to a self-excited mode of the combustor for different injector spacings and levels of hydrogen enrichment. It is shown that increasing the hydrogen enrichment leads to higher saturation amplitude whereas the effect of injector spacing has a comparably smaller effect.
Decarbonizing Copper Production by Power-to-Hydrogen A Techno-Economic Analysis
Apr 2021
Publication
Electrifying energy-intensive processes is currently intensively explored to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through renewable electricity. Electrification is particularly challenging if fossil resources are not only used for energy supply but also as feedstock. Copper production is such an energy-intensive process consuming large quantities of fossil fuels both as reducing agent and as energy supply.
Here we explore the techno-economic potential of Power-to-Hydrogen to decarbonize copper production. To determine the minimal cost of an on-site retrofit with Power-to-Hydrogen technology we formulate and solve a mixed-integer linear program for the integrated system. Under current techno-economic parameters for Germany the resulting direct CO2 abatement cost is 201 EUR/t CO2-eq for Power-to-Hydrogen in copper production. On-site utilization of the electrolysis by-product oxygen has a substantial economic benefit. While the abatement cost vastly exceeds current European emission certificate prices a sensitivity analysis shows that projected future developments in Power-to-Hydrogen technologies can greatly reduce the direct CO2 abatement cost to 54 EUR/t CO2-eq. An analysis of the total GHG emissions shows that decarbonization through Power-to-Hydrogen reduces the global GHG emissions only if the emission factor of the electricity supply lies below 160 g CO2-eq/kWhel.
The results suggest that decarbonization of copper production by Power-to-Hydrogen could become economically and environmentally beneficial over the next decades due to cheaper and more efficient Power-to-Hydrogen technology rising GHG emission certificate prices and further decarbonization of the electricity supply.
Here we explore the techno-economic potential of Power-to-Hydrogen to decarbonize copper production. To determine the minimal cost of an on-site retrofit with Power-to-Hydrogen technology we formulate and solve a mixed-integer linear program for the integrated system. Under current techno-economic parameters for Germany the resulting direct CO2 abatement cost is 201 EUR/t CO2-eq for Power-to-Hydrogen in copper production. On-site utilization of the electrolysis by-product oxygen has a substantial economic benefit. While the abatement cost vastly exceeds current European emission certificate prices a sensitivity analysis shows that projected future developments in Power-to-Hydrogen technologies can greatly reduce the direct CO2 abatement cost to 54 EUR/t CO2-eq. An analysis of the total GHG emissions shows that decarbonization through Power-to-Hydrogen reduces the global GHG emissions only if the emission factor of the electricity supply lies below 160 g CO2-eq/kWhel.
The results suggest that decarbonization of copper production by Power-to-Hydrogen could become economically and environmentally beneficial over the next decades due to cheaper and more efficient Power-to-Hydrogen technology rising GHG emission certificate prices and further decarbonization of the electricity supply.
Electrolyzer Modeling and Real-time Control for Optimized Production of Hydrogen Gas
Oct 2020
Publication
We present a method that operates an electrolyzer to meet the demand of a hydrogen refueling station in a cost-effective manner by solving a model-based optimal control problem. To formulate the underlying problem we first conduct an experimental characterization of a Siemens SILYZER 100 polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer with 100 kW of rated power. We run experiments to determine the electrolyzer’s conversion efficiency and thermal dynamics as well as the overload-limiting algorithm used in the electrolyzer. The resulting detailed nonlinear models are used to design a real-time optimal controller which is then implemented on the actual system. Each minute the controller solves a deterministic receding-horizon problem which seeks to minimize the cost of satisfying a given hydrogen demand while using a storage tank to take advantage of time-varying electricity prices and photovoltaic inflow. We illustrate in simulation the significant cost reduction achieved by our method compared to others in the literature and then validate our method by demonstrating it in real-time operation on the actual system.
Optimisation-based System Designs for Deep Offshore Wind Farms including Power to Gas Technologies
Feb 2022
Publication
A large deployment of energy storage solutions will be required by the stochastic and non-controllable nature of most renewable energy sources when planning for higher penetration of renewable electricity into the energy mix. Various solutions have been suggested for dealing with medium- and long-term energy storage. Hydrogen and ammonia are two of the most frequently discussed as they are both carbon-free fuels. In this paper the authors analyse the energy and cost efficiency of hydrogen and ammonia-based pathways for the storage transportation and final use of excess electricity from an offshore wind farm. The problem is solved as a linear programming problem simultaneously optimising the size of each problem unit and the respective time-dependent operational conditions. As a case study we consider an offshore wind farm of 1.5 GW size located in a reference location North of Scotland. The energy efficiency and cost of the whole chain are evaluated and compared with competitive alternatives namely batteries and liquid hydrogen storage. The results show that hydrogen and ammonia storage can be part of the optimal solution. Moreover their use for long-term energy storage can provide a significant cost-effective contribution to an extensive penetration of renewable energy sources in national energy systems.
Analysing Long-term Opportunities for Offshore Energy System Integration in the Danish North Sea
Aug 2021
Publication
This study analyzes future synergies between the Oil and Gas (O&G) and renewables sectors in a Danish context and explores how exploiting these synergies could lead to economic and environmental benefits. We review and highlight relevant technologies and related projects and synthesize the state of the art in offshore energy system integration. All of these preliminary results serve as input data for a holistic energy system analysis in the Balmorel modeling framework. With a timeframe out to 2050 and model scope including all North Sea neighbouring countries this analysis explores a total of nine future scenarios for the North Sea energy system. The main results include an immediate electrification of all operational Danish platforms by linking them to the shore and/or a planned Danish energy island. These measures result in cost and CO2 emissions savings compared to a BAU scenario of 72% and 85% respectively. When these platforms cease production this is followed by the repurposing of the platforms into hydrogen generators with up to 3.6 GW of electrolysers and the development of up to 5.8 GW of floating wind. The generated hydrogen is assumed to power the future transport sector and is delivered to shore in existing and/or new purpose-built pipelines. The contribution of the O&G sector to this hydrogen production amounts to around 19 TWh which represents about 2% of total European hydrogen demand for transport in 2050. The levelized costs (LCOE) of producing this hydrogen in 2050 are around 4 €2020/kg H2 which is around twice those expected in similar studies. But this does not account for energy policies that may incentivize green hydrogen production in the future which would serve to reduce this LCOE to a level that is more competitive with other sources.
A Manganese Hydride Molecular Sieve for Practical Hydrogen Storage Under Ambient Conditions
Dec 2018
Publication
A viable hydrogen economy has thus far been hampered by the lack of an inexpensive and convenient hydrogen storage solution meeting all requirements especially in the areas of long hauls and delivery infrastructure. Current approaches require high pressure and/or complex heat management systems to achieve acceptable storage densities. Herein we present a manganese hydride molecular sieve that can be readily synthesized from inexpensive precursors and demonstrates a reversible excess adsorption performance of 10.5 wt% and 197 kgH2 m-3 at 120 bar at ambient temperature with no loss of activity after 54 cycles. Inelastic neutron scattering and computational studies confirm Kubas binding as the principal mechanism. The thermodynamically neutral adsorption process allows for a simple system without the need for heat management using moderate pressure as a toggle. A storage material with these properties will allow the DOE system targets for storage and delivery to be achieved providing a practical alternative to incumbents such as 700 bar systems which generally provide volumetric storage values of 40 kgH2 m-3 or less while retaining advantages over batteries such as fill time and energy density. Reasonable estimates for production costs and loss of performance due to system implementation project total energy storage costs roughly 5 times cheaper than those for 700 bar tanks potentially opening doors for increased adoption of hydrogen as an energy vector.
Spin Pinning Effect to Reconstructed Oxyhydroxide Layer on Ferromagnetic Oxides for Enhanced Water Oxidation
Jun 2021
Publication
Producing hydrogen by water electrolysis suffers from the kinetic barriers in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that limits the overall efficiency. With spin-dependent kinetics in OER to manipulate the spin ordering of ferromagnetic OER catalysts (e.g. by magnetization) can reduce the kinetic barrier. However most active OER catalysts are not ferromagnetic which makes the spin manipulation challenging. In this work we report a strategy with spin pinning effect to make the spins in paramagnetic oxyhydroxides more aligned for higher intrinsic OER activity. The spin pinning effect is established in oxideFM/oxyhydroxide interface which is realized by a controlled surface reconstruction of ferromagnetic oxides. Under spin pinning simple magnetization further increases the spin alignment and thus the OER activity which validates the spin effect in rate-limiting OER step. The spin polarization in OER highly relies on oxyl radicals (O∙) created by 1st dehydrogenation to reduce the barrier for subsequent O-O coupling.
Evaluation of Sorbents for High Temperature Removal of Tars, Hydrogen Sulphide, Hydrogen Chloride and Ammonia from Biomass-derived Syngas by Using Aspen Plus
Jan 2020
Publication
Biomass gasification is a promising technology to produce secondary fuels or heat and power offering considerable advantages over fossil fuels. An important aspect in the usage of producer gas is the removal of harmful contaminants from the raw syngas. Thus the object of this study is the development of a simulation model for a gasifier including gas clean-up for which a fluidized-bed gasifier for biomass-derived syngas production was considered based on a quasi-equilibrium approach through Gibbs free energy minimisation and including an innovative hot gas cleaning constituted by a combination of catalyst sorbents inside the gasification reactor catalysts in the freeboard and subsequent sorbent reactors by using Aspen Plus software. The gas cleaning chain simulates the raw syngas clean-up for several organic and inorganic contaminants i.e. toluene benzene naphthalene hydrogen sulphide hydrogen chloride and ammonia. The tar and inorganic contaminants final values achieved are under 1 g/Nm3 and 1 ppm respectively.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Evaluation of Micro Alloyed Steels by Means of J-Integral Curve
Jun 2019
Publication
The aim of this work is the evaluation of the hydrogen effect on the J-integral parameter. It is well-known that the micro alloyed steels are affected by Hydrogen Embrittlement phenomena only when they are subjected at the same time to plastic deformation and hydrogen evolution at their surface. Previous works have pointed out the absence of Hydrogen Embrittlement effects on pipeline steels cathodically protected under static load conditions. On the contrary in slow strain rate tests it is possible to observe the effect of the imposed potential and the strain rate on the hydrogen embrittlement steel behavior only after the necking of the specimens. J vs. Δa curves were measured on different pipeline steels in air and in aerated NaCl 3.5 g/L solution at free corrosion potential or under cathodic polarization at −1.05 and −2 V vs. SCE. The area under the J vs. Δa curves and the maximum crack propagation rate were taken into account. These parameters were compared with the ratio between the reduction of area in environment and in air obtained by slow strain rate test in the same environmental conditions and used to rank the different steels.
Design and Cost Considerations for Practical Solar-hydrogen Generators
Oct 2014
Publication
Solar-hydrogen generation represents a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the large-scale implementation of a clean-fuel transportation infrastructure. A significant amount of research resources has been allocated to the development of photoelectrochemical components (i.e. photovoltaic and water splitting catalysts) that are able to spontaneously split water in the presence of solar irradiation which has led to major advances in the solar-fuels field. At the same time only limited attention has been given to understanding the key aspects that drive economically viable solar-fuel generators. This study presents a generalized approach to understand the economic factors behind the design of solar-hydrogen generators composed of photovoltaic components integrated with water electrolyzers. It evaluates the underpinning effects of the material selection for the light absorption and water splitting components on the cost of the generated fuel ($ per Kg of H2). The results presented in this work provide insights into important engineering aspects related to the sizing of devices and the use of light concentration components that when optimized can lead to costs below $2.90 per kilogram of hydrogen after compression and distribution. Most significantly the analysis demonstrates that the cost of hydrogen is defined primarily by the light-absorbing component (up to 97% of the cost) while the material selection for the electrolysis components has to a large extent minor effects. The findings presented here can help direct research and development efforts towards the fabrication of deployable solar-hydrogen generators that are cost competitive with commercial energy sources.
Environmental Degradation Effect of High-Temperature Water and Hydrogen on the Fracture Behavior of Low-Alloy Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels
Dec 2019
Publication
Structural integrity of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in light water reactors (LWR) is of highest importance regarding operation safety and lifetime. The fracture behaviour of low-alloy RPV steels with different dynamic strain aging (DSA) & environmental assisted cracking (EAC) susceptibilities in simulated LWR environments was evaluated by elastic plastic fracture mechanics tests (EPFM) and by metallo- and fractographic post-test analysis. Exposure to high temperature water (HTW) environments at LWR temperatures revealed only moderated reductions in the fracture initiation and tearing resistance of low alloy RPV steels with high DSA or EAC susceptibility accompanied with a moderate but clear change in fracture morphology which indicates the potential synergies of hydrogen/HTW embrittlement with DSA and EAC under suitable conditions. The most pronounced degradation effects occurred in a) RPV steels with high DSA susceptibility where the fracture initiation and tearing resistance reduction increased with decreasing loading rate and were most pronounced in hydrogenated HTW and b) high sulphur steels with high EAC susceptibility in aggressive occluded crevice environment and with preceding fast EAC crack growth in oxygenated HTW. The moderate effects are due to the low hydrogen availability in HTW together with high density of fine-dispersed hydrogen traps in RPV steels. Stable ductile transgranular tearing by microvoid coalescence was the dominant failure mechanism in all environments with additional varying few % of secondary cracks macrovoids and quasi-cleavage in HTW. The observed behavior suggests a combination of plastic strain localisation by the Hydrogen-enhanced Local Plasticity (HELP) mechanism in synergy with DSA and Hydrogen-enhanced Strain-induced Vacancies (HESIV) mechanism with additional minor contributions of Hydrogen-enhanced Decohesion Embrittlement (HEDE) mechanism.
Model-based Determination of Hydrogen System Emissions of Motor Vehicles Using Climate-Chamber Test Facilities
Sep 2007
Publication
Because of air quality problems the problem of CO2 related greenhouse gas emissions and shortage of fossil fuels many vehicles with gaseous fuels (CNG biogas hydrogen etc.) are under research and development. Such vehicles have to prove that as well as their exhaust emissions their overall system emissions (including running loss) remain below certain safety limits before they can be used in practice. This paper presents a cost-effective way of monitoring such system emissions from hydrogen or other gaseous fuel powered vehicles within an air-conditioned chassis dynamometer test cell as commonly used for low ambient emission tests on gasoline vehicles. The only additional equipment needed is a low-concentration sensor for the gas of interest (e.g hydrogen). The method is based on concentration measurements and a dynamic mass balance model. This method is based on the fact that atoms cannot vanish. Applied to a room containing a gas mixture this means that the change of mass of a gaseous matter (called gas G subsequently) inside the chamber is the difference of all mass of G flowing into the chamber and all mass of G flowing out of the chamber. This assumes that no chemical reactions of the gas in mind with other matter take place. By measuring the flow rates and concentrations of ventilation-in flow and ventilation-out flow as well as room concentration the emissions of G of a source i.e. the vehicle to be tested can be calculated. These concentrations need to be measured as functions of time to be able to give values of emissions per time unit. It is shown by a real experiment that very low emissions can be recorded. Additionally error bounds and sensitivities on different parameters such as air exchange ratio are quantified.
Hydrogen Storage in Glass Capillary Arrays for Portable and Mobile Systems
Sep 2009
Publication
A crucial problem of new hydrogen technologies is the lightweight and also safe storage of acceptable amounts of hydrogen for portable or mobile applications. A new and innovative technology based on capillary arrays has been developed. These systems ensure safe infusion storage and controlled release of hydrogen gas although storage pressures up to 1200 bar are applied. This technology enables the storage of a significantly greater amount of hydrogen than other approaches. In storage tests with first capillary arrays a gravimetric storage capacity of about 33% and a volumetric capacity of 28% was determined at a comparative low pressure of only 400 bar. This is much more than the actual published storage capacities which are to find for other storage systems. This result already surpassed the US Department of Energy's 2010 target and it is expected to meet the DOE's 2015 target in the near future.<br/>Different safety aspects have been evaluated. On the one hand experiments with single capillaries or arrays of them have been carried out. The capillaries are made of quartz and other glasses. Especially quartz has a three times higher strength than steel. At the same time the density is about three times lower which means that much less material is necessary to reach the same pressure resistance. The pressure resistance of single capillaries has been determined in dependence of capillary materials and dimensions wall thickness etc. in order to find out optimal parameters for the “final” capillaries. In these tests also the sudden release of hydrogen was tested in order to observe possible spontaneous ignitions. On the other hand a theoretical evaluation of explosion hazards was done. Different situations were analyzed e.g. release of hydrogen by diffusion or sudden rupture.
Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Aug 2003
Publication
Hydrogen storage is a materials science challenge because for all six storage methods currently being investigated materials with either a strong interaction with hydrogen or without any reaction are needed. Besides conventional storage methods i.e. high pressure gas cylinders and liquid hydrogen the physisorption of hydrogen on materials with a high specific surface area hydrogen intercalation in metals and complex hydrides and storage of hydrogen based on metals and water are reviewed.
Application of Hydrides in Hydrogen Storage and Compression: Achievements, Outlook and Perspectives
Feb 2019
Publication
José Bellosta von Colbe,
Jose-Ramón Ares,
Jussara Barale,
Marcello Baricco,
Craig Buckley,
Giovanni Capurso,
Noris Gallandat,
David M. Grant,
Matylda N. Guzik,
Isaac Jacob,
Emil H. Jensen,
Julian Jepsen,
Thomas Klassen,
Mykhaylo V. Lototskyy,
Kandavel Manickam,
Amelia Montone,
Julian Puszkiel,
Martin Dornheim,
Sabrina Sartori,
Drew Sheppard,
Alastair D. Stuart,
Gavin Walker,
Colin Webb,
Heena Yang,
Volodymyr A. Yartys,
Andreas Züttel and
Torben R. Jensen
Metal hydrides are known as a potential efficient low-risk option for high-density hydrogen storage since the late 1970s. In this paper the present status and the future perspectives of the use of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage are discussed. Since the early 1990s interstitial metal hydrides are known as base materials for Ni – metal hydride rechargeable batteries. For hydrogen storage metal hydride systems have been developed in the 2010s [1] for use in emergency or backup power units i. e. for stationary applications.<br/>With the development and completion of the first submarines of the U212 A series by HDW (now Thyssen Krupp Marine Systems) in 2003 and its export class U214 in 2004 the use of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage in mobile applications has been established with new application fields coming into focus.<br/>In the last decades a huge number of new intermetallic and partially covalent hydrogen absorbing compounds has been identified and partly more partly less extensively characterized.<br/>In addition based on the thermodynamic properties of metal hydrides this class of materials gives the opportunity to develop a new hydrogen compression technology. They allow the direct conversion from thermal energy into the compression of hydrogen gas without the need of any moving parts. Such compressors have been developed and are nowadays commercially available for pressures up to 200 bar. Metal hydride based compressors for higher pressures are under development. Moreover storage systems consisting of the combination of metal hydrides and high-pressure vessels have been proposed as a realistic solution for on-board hydrogen storage on fuel cell vehicles.<br/>In the frame of the “Hydrogen Storage Systems for Mobile and Stationary Applications” Group in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Hydrogen Task 32 “Hydrogen-based energy storage” different compounds have been and will be scaled-up in the near future and tested in the range of 500 g to several hundred kg for use in hydrogen storage applications.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): The Way Forward
Mar 2018
Publication
Mai Bui,
Claire S. Adjiman,
André Bardow,
Edward J. Anthony,
Andy Boston,
Solomon Brown,
Paul Fennell,
Sabine Fuss,
Amparo Galindo,
Leigh A. Hackett,
Jason P. Hallett,
Howard J. Herzog,
George Jackson,
Jasmin Kemper,
Samuel Krevor,
Geoffrey C. Maitland,
Michael Matuszewski,
Ian Metcalfe,
Camille Petit,
Graeme Puxty,
Jeffrey Reimer,
David M. Reiner,
Edward S. Rubin,
Stuart A. Scott,
Nilay Shah,
Berend Smit,
J. P. Martin Trusler,
Paul Webley,
Jennifer Wilcox and
Niall Mac Dowell
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets delivering low carbon heat and power decarbonising industry and more recently its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture transport utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.
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