Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers
A Methodology for Assessing the Sustainability of Hydrogen Production from Solid Fuels
May 2010
Publication
A methodology for assessing the sustainability of hydrogen production using solid fuels is introduced in which three sustainability dimensions (ecological sociological and technological) are considered along with ten indicators for each dimension. Values for each indicator are assigned on a 10-point scale based on a high of 1 and a low of 0 depending on the characteristic of the criteria associated with each element or process utilizing data reported in the literature. An illustrative example is presented to compare two solid fuels for hydrogen production: coal and biomass. The results suggest that qualitative sustainability indicators can be reasonably defined based on evaluations of system feasibility and that adequate flexibility and comprehensiveness is provided through the use of ten indicators for each of the dimensions for every process or element involved in hydrogen production using solid fuels. Also the assessment index values suggest that biomasses have better sustainability than coals and that it may be advantageous to use coals in combination with biomass to increase their ecological and social sustainability. The sustainability assessment methodology can be made increasingly quantitative and is likely extendable to other energy systems but additional research and development is needed to lead to a more fully developed approach.
Decarbonising UK Transport: Implications for Electricity Generation, Land Use and Policy
Dec 2022
Publication
To ensure the UK’s net zero targets are met the transition from conventionally fueled transport to low emission alternatives is necessary. The impact from increased decarbonised electricity generation on ecosystem services (ES) and natural capital (NC) are not currently quantified with decarbonisation required to minimise impacts from climate change. This study aims to project the future electric and hydrogen energy demand between 2020 and 2050 for car bus and train to better understand the land/sea area that would be required to support energy generation. In this work predictions of the geospatial impact of renewable energy (onshore/offshore wind and solar) nuclear and fossil fuels on ES and NC were made considering generation mix number of generation installations and energy density. Results show that electric transport will require ~136599 GWh for all vehicle types analysed in 2050 much less than hydrogen transport at ~425532 GWh. We estimate that to power electric transport at least 1515 km2 will be required for solar 1672 km2 for wind and 5 km2 for nuclear. Hydrogen approximately doubles this requirement. Results provide an approximation of the future demands from the transport sector on land and sea area use indicating that a combined electric and hydrogen network will be needed to accommodate a range of socio-economic requirements. While robust assessments of ES and NC impacts are critical in future policies and planning significant reductions in energy demands through a modal shift to (low emission) public transport will be most effective in ensuring a sustainable transport future.
Design and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power to Ammonia Production System in Nova Scotia
Dec 2022
Publication
Green ammonia has potential as a zero-emissions energy vector in applications such as energy storage transmission and distribution and zero-emissions transportation. Renewable energy such as offshore wind energy has been proposed to power its production. This paper designed and analyzed an on-land small-scale power-to-ammonia (P2A) production system with a target nominal output of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day which will use an 8 MW offshore turbine system off the coast of Nova Scotia Canada as the main power source. The P2A system consists of a reverse osmosis system a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser a hydrogen storage tank a nitrogen generator a set of compressors and heat exchangers an autothermal Haber-Bosch reactor and an ammonia storage tank. The system uses an electrical grid as a back-up for when the wind energy is insufficient as the process assumes a steady state. Two scenarios were analyzed with Scenario 1 producing a steady state of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day and Scenario 2 being one that switched production rates whenever wind speeds were low to 55% the nominal capacity. The results show that the grid connected P2A system has significant emissions for both scenarios which is larger than the traditional fossil-fuel based ammonia production when using the grid in provinces like Nova Scotia even if it is just a back-up during low wind power generation. The levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) was calculated to be at least 2323 CAD tonne−1 for both scenarios which is not cost competitive in this small production scale. Scaling up the whole system reducing the reliance on the electricity grid increasing service life and decreasing windfarm costs could reduce the LCOA and make this P2A process more cost competitive.
Assessing the Life-Cycle Performance of Hydrogen Production via Biofuel Reforming in Europe
Jun 2015
Publication
Currently hydrogen is mainly produced through steam reforming of natural gas. However this conventional process involves environmental and energy security concerns. This has led to the development of alternative technologies for (potentially) green hydrogen production. In this work the environmental and energy performance of biohydrogen produced in Europe via steam reforming of glycerol and bio-oil is evaluated from a life-cycle perspective and contrasted with that of conventional hydrogen from steam methane reforming. Glycerol as a by-product from the production of rapeseed biodiesel and bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of poplar biomass are considered. The processing plants are simulated in Aspen Plus® to provide inventory data for the life cycle assessment. The environmental impact potentials evaluated include abiotic depletion global warming ozone layer depletion photochemical oxidant formation land competition acidification and eutrophication. Furthermore the cumulative (total and non-renewable) energy demand is calculated as well as the corresponding renewability scores and life-cycle energy balances and efficiencies of the biohydrogen products. In addition to quantitative evidence of the (expected) relevance of the feedstock and impact categories considered results show that poplar-derived bio-oil could be a suitable feedstock for steam reforming in contrast to first-generation bioglycerol.
Can the Current EU Regulatory Framework Deliver Decarbonisation of Gas?
Jun 2020
Publication
This Energy Insight examines the current regulatory framework and challenges facing the natural gas industry (producers transporters suppliers and consumers) during the transition to a zero-carbon economy. The EU has declared its intention to be climate neutral by 2050 which means that the current level of natural gas usage will no longer be possible. However natural gas is a crucial component of energy supply representing 24 per cent of primary energy supply for the EU27+UK and 36 per cent of residential energy consumption. In some countries the use of natural gas is much higher – around 40 per cent of primary energy supply in Netherlands UK and Italy. The current framework impacting gas addresses two different market failures – natural monopolies for gas transportation and the externalities of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The framework will not deliver decarbonisation of gas as it does not stimulate either supply or demand for alternatives such as hydrogen nor create the conditions to enable gas networks to transition to a decarbonised future. Policy makers need to prioritise their objectives to take account of the trade-offs involved in designing a new framework. Exclusion of certain low carbon technologies risks driving away investors and reduces the chances of targets being met whilst “picking winners” involves risks because of the many uncertainties involved such as future costs and time required to build new value chains.
Link to Document on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies website
Link to Document on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies website
Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage: An Update on Business Models for Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage
Dec 2020
Publication
An update on the proposed commercial frameworks for transport and storage power and industrial carbon capture business models.
Recent Advances in Seawater Electrolysis
Jan 2022
Publication
Hydrogen energy as a clean and renewable energy has attracted much attention in recent years. Water electrolysis via the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode coupled with the oxygen evolution reaction at the anode is a promising method to produce hydrogen. Given the shortage of freshwater resources on the planet the direct use of seawater as an electrolyte for hydrogen production has become a hot research topic. Direct use of seawater as the electrolyte for water electrolysis can reduce the cost of hydrogen production due to the great abundance and wide availability. In recent years various high-efficiency electrocatalysts have made great progress in seawater splitting and have shown great potential. This review introduces the mechanisms and challenges of seawater splitting and summarizes the recent progress of various electrocatalysts used for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction in seawater electrolysis in recent years. Finally the challenges and future opportunities of seawater electrolysis for hydrogen and oxygen production are presented.
Materials for End to End Hydrogen Roadmap
Jun 2021
Publication
This report is commissioned by the Henry Royce Institute for advanced materials as part of its role around convening and supporting the UK advanced materials community to help promote and develop new research activity. The overriding objective is to bring together the advanced materials community to discuss analyse and assimilate opportunities for emerging materials research for economic and societal benefit. Such research is ultimately linked to both national and global drivers namely Transition to Zero Carbon Sustainable Manufacture Digital & Communications Circular Economy as well as Health & Wellbeing.
This paper can be download from their website
This paper can be download from their website
Fuel Cell Industry Review 2019 - The Year of the Gigawatt
Jan 2020
Publication
E4tech’s 6th annual review of the global fuel cell industry is now available here. Using primary data straight from the main players and free to download it quantifies shipments by fuel cell type by application and by region of deployment and summarises industry developments over the year.
2019 saw shipments globally grow significantly to 1.1 GW. Numbers grew slightly to around 70000 units. The growth in capacity came mainly from cars Hyundai with its NEXO and Toyota with its Mirai together accounting for around two-thirds of shipments by capacity. Unit numbers are still dominated by Japan’s ene-Farm cogeneration appliances at around 45000 shipments. Large numbers of trucks and buses are now manufactured and shipped in China though numbers deployed are limited by the availability of refuelling infrastructure. But growth in China is uncertain as policy changes are under discussion.
2020 looks like it will be an even bigger year again dominated by Hyundai and Toyota. The Japanese fuel cell market is expected also to grow partly on the back of the Tokyo ‘Hydrogen Olympics’. Korea is another growth story buoyed by its latest roadmap which aims to shift large swathes of its economy to hydrogen energy by 2040. Elsewhere much of the supply chain development is in heavy duty vehicles and big supply chain players like Cummins Weichai and Michelin are making significant investments.
2019 saw shipments globally grow significantly to 1.1 GW. Numbers grew slightly to around 70000 units. The growth in capacity came mainly from cars Hyundai with its NEXO and Toyota with its Mirai together accounting for around two-thirds of shipments by capacity. Unit numbers are still dominated by Japan’s ene-Farm cogeneration appliances at around 45000 shipments. Large numbers of trucks and buses are now manufactured and shipped in China though numbers deployed are limited by the availability of refuelling infrastructure. But growth in China is uncertain as policy changes are under discussion.
2020 looks like it will be an even bigger year again dominated by Hyundai and Toyota. The Japanese fuel cell market is expected also to grow partly on the back of the Tokyo ‘Hydrogen Olympics’. Korea is another growth story buoyed by its latest roadmap which aims to shift large swathes of its economy to hydrogen energy by 2040. Elsewhere much of the supply chain development is in heavy duty vehicles and big supply chain players like Cummins Weichai and Michelin are making significant investments.
Reference Standard for Low Pressure Hydrogen Utilisation
May 2021
Publication
This standard has been created for the specific purposes of the Hy4Heat programme. The standard was commissioned in 2018 and this version was considered and approved by the relevant IGEM committees in May of 2020. This version of the standard was developed using the latest publicly available information at that time and may include some conservative requirements which further research may deem not necessary. The supplement will be updated regularly following the publication of new research into the application of hydrogen.
This Reference Standard aims to identify and discuss the principles required for the safety and integrity of Hydrogen installation and utilisation in premises.
This document intends to:
The standard is available to download through the IGEM website here.
This Reference Standard aims to identify and discuss the principles required for the safety and integrity of Hydrogen installation and utilisation in premises.
This document intends to:
- provide a point of reference for those requiring an understanding of the implications of using hydrogen as a distributed gas in properties
- detail the characteristics of Hydrogen
- detail the comparisons between hydrogen and Natural Gas (NG)
- discuss the safety implications of using hydrogen
- discuss the implications for materials when using hydrogen
- discuss the implications for the installation and use of using hydrogen in domestic & smaller commercial buildings.
The standard is available to download through the IGEM website here.
Comprehensive Review on Fuel Cell Technology for Stationary Applications as Sustainable and Efficient Poly-Generation Energy Systems
Aug 2021
Publication
Fuel cell technologies have several applications in stationary power production such as units for primary power generation grid stabilization systems adopted to generate backup power and combined-heat-and-power configurations (CHP). The main sectors where stationary fuel cells have been employed are (a) micro-CHP (b) large stationary applications (c) UPS and IPS. The fuel cell size for stationary applications is strongly related to the power needed from the load. Since this sector ranges from simple backup systems to large facilities the stationary fuel cell market includes few kWs and less (micro-generation) to larger sizes of MWs. The design parameters for the stationary fuel cell system differ for fuel cell technology (PEM AFC PAFC MCFC and SOFC) as well as the fuel type and supply. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of two main trends of research on fuel-cell-based poly-generation systems: tracking the market trends and performance analysis. In deeper detail the present review will list a potential breakdown of the current costs of PEM/SOFC production for building applications over a range of production scales and at representative specifications as well as broken down by component/material. Inherent to the technical performance a concise estimation of FC system durability efficiency production maintenance and capital cost will be presented.
Hydrogen Act Towards the creation of the European Hydrogen Economy
Apr 2021
Publication
It is time that hydrogen moves from an afterthought to a central pillar of the energy system and its key role in delivering climate neutrality means it merits a dedicated framework. It becomes paramount to allow hydrogen to express its full potential as the other leg of the energy mobility and industry transitions. The proposed “Hydrogen Act” is not a single piece of legislation it is intended to be a vision for an umbrella framework aimed at harmonising and integrating all separate hydrogen-related actions and legislations. It focuses on infrastructure and market aspects describing three phases of development: the kick-start phase the ramp-up phase and the market-growth phase.
The Future Role of Gas in Transport
Mar 2021
Publication
This is a Network Innovation Allowance funded project overseen by a steering group comprising the UK and Ireland gas network operators (Cadent Gas Networks Ireland National Grid Northern Gas Networks SGN Wales and West). The project follows on from previous studies that modelled the role of green gases in decarbonising the GB economy. The role of this study is to understand the transition from the GB economy today to a decarbonised economy in 2050 focusing on how the transition is achieved and the competing and complementary nature of different low and zero emission fuels and technologies over time.
While the project covers the whole economy it focuses on transport especially trucks as an early adopter of green gases and as a key enabler of the transition. The study and resulting report are aimed at the gas industry and government and tries to build a green gas decarbonisation narrative supported by a wide range of stakeholders in order clarify the path ahead and thereby focus future efforts on delivering decarbonisation through green gases as quickly as possible.
The objectives of the study are:
Green gases
This report discusses the future role of ‘green gases’ which are biomethane and hydrogen produced from low- and zero-carbon sources each produced via two main methods:
Biomethane from Anaerobic Digestion (AD): A mature technology for turning biological material into a non-fossil form of natural gas (methane). AD plants produce biogas which must then be upgraded to biomethane.
Biomethane from Bio-Substitute Natural Gas (Bio-SNG): This technology is at an earlier stage of development than AD but has the potential to unlock other feedstocks for biomethane production such as waste wood and residual household waste.
Blue Hydrogen: Hydrogen from reformation of natural gas which produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 90-95% of the carbon is captured and stored making this a low-carbon form of hydrogen.
Green Hydrogen: Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis using electricity generated by renewables. No carbon emissions are produced so this is zero-carbon hydrogen."
While the project covers the whole economy it focuses on transport especially trucks as an early adopter of green gases and as a key enabler of the transition. The study and resulting report are aimed at the gas industry and government and tries to build a green gas decarbonisation narrative supported by a wide range of stakeholders in order clarify the path ahead and thereby focus future efforts on delivering decarbonisation through green gases as quickly as possible.
The objectives of the study are:
- Analyse the complete supply chain production distribution and use of electricity biomethane bio-SNG and hydrogen to understand the role of each fuel and the timeline for scaling up of their use.
- Develop a narrative based on these findings to show how the use of these fuels scales up over time and how they compete and complement one another.
Green gases
This report discusses the future role of ‘green gases’ which are biomethane and hydrogen produced from low- and zero-carbon sources each produced via two main methods:
Biomethane from Anaerobic Digestion (AD): A mature technology for turning biological material into a non-fossil form of natural gas (methane). AD plants produce biogas which must then be upgraded to biomethane.
Biomethane from Bio-Substitute Natural Gas (Bio-SNG): This technology is at an earlier stage of development than AD but has the potential to unlock other feedstocks for biomethane production such as waste wood and residual household waste.
Blue Hydrogen: Hydrogen from reformation of natural gas which produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 90-95% of the carbon is captured and stored making this a low-carbon form of hydrogen.
Green Hydrogen: Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis using electricity generated by renewables. No carbon emissions are produced so this is zero-carbon hydrogen."
Hydrogen Refuelling Reference Station Lot Size Analysis for Urban Sites
Mar 2020
Publication
Hydrogen Fuelling Infrastructure Research and Station Technology (H2FIRST) is a project initiated by the DOE in 2015 and executed by Sandia National Laboratories and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to address R&D barriers to the deployment of hydrogen fuelling infrastructure. One key barrier to the deployment of fuelling stations is the land area they require (i.e. ""footprint""). Space is particularly a constraint in dense urban areas where hydrogen demand is high but space for fuelling stations is limited. This work presents current fire code requirements that inform station footprint then identifies and quantifies opportunities to reduce footprint without altering the safety profile of fuelling stations. Opportunities analyzed include potential new methods of hydrogen delivery as well as alternative placements of station technologies (i.e. rooftop/underground fuel storage). As interest in heavy-duty fuelling stations and other markets for hydrogen grows this study can inform techniques to reduce the footprint of heavy-duty stations as well.
This work characterizes generic designs for stations with a capacity of 600 kg/day hydrogen dispensed and 4 dispenser hoses. Three base case designs (delivered gas delivered liquid and on-site electrolysis production) have been modified in 5 different ways to study the impacts of recently released fire code changes colocation with gasoline refuelling alternate delivery assumptions underground storage of hydrogen and rooftop storage of hydrogen resulting in a total of 32 different station designs. The footprints of the base case stations range from 13000 to 21000 ft2.
A significant focus of this study is the NFPA 2 requirements especially the prescribed setback distances for bulk gaseous or liquid hydrogen storage. While the prescribed distances are large in some cases these setback distances are found to have a nuanced impact on station lot size; considerations of the delivery truck path traffic flow parking and convenience store location are also important. Station designs that utilize underground and rooftop storage can reduce footprint but may not be practical or economical. For example burying hydrogen storage tanks underground can reduce footprint but the cost savings they enable depend on the cost of burial and the cost land. Siting and economic analysis of station lot sizes illustrate the benefit of smaller station footprints in the flexibility and cost savings they can provide. This study can be used as a reference that provides examples of the key design differences that fuelling stations can incorporate the approximate sizes of generic station lots and considerations that might be unique to particular designs.
This work characterizes generic designs for stations with a capacity of 600 kg/day hydrogen dispensed and 4 dispenser hoses. Three base case designs (delivered gas delivered liquid and on-site electrolysis production) have been modified in 5 different ways to study the impacts of recently released fire code changes colocation with gasoline refuelling alternate delivery assumptions underground storage of hydrogen and rooftop storage of hydrogen resulting in a total of 32 different station designs. The footprints of the base case stations range from 13000 to 21000 ft2.
A significant focus of this study is the NFPA 2 requirements especially the prescribed setback distances for bulk gaseous or liquid hydrogen storage. While the prescribed distances are large in some cases these setback distances are found to have a nuanced impact on station lot size; considerations of the delivery truck path traffic flow parking and convenience store location are also important. Station designs that utilize underground and rooftop storage can reduce footprint but may not be practical or economical. For example burying hydrogen storage tanks underground can reduce footprint but the cost savings they enable depend on the cost of burial and the cost land. Siting and economic analysis of station lot sizes illustrate the benefit of smaller station footprints in the flexibility and cost savings they can provide. This study can be used as a reference that provides examples of the key design differences that fuelling stations can incorporate the approximate sizes of generic station lots and considerations that might be unique to particular designs.
Mapping Australia's Hydrogen Future and release of the Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool
Apr 2021
Publication
Hydrogen can be used for a variety of domestic and industrial purposes such as heating and cooking (as a replacement for natural gas) transportation (replacing petrol and diesel) and energy storage (by converting intermittent renewable energy into hydrogen). The key benefit of using hydrogen is that it is a clean fuel that emits only water vapour and heat when combusted.
To support implementation of the National Hydrogen Strategy Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University are releasing the Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT). HEFT is a free online tool designed to support decision making by policymakers and investors on the location of new infrastructure and development of hydrogen hubs in Australia. It considers both hydrogen produced from renewable energy and from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage.
This seminar demonstrates HEFT’s capabilities its potential to attract worldwide investment into Australia’s hydrogen industry and what’s up next for hydrogen at Geoscience Australia.
You can use the Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) on the Website of the Australian government at the link here
To support implementation of the National Hydrogen Strategy Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University are releasing the Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT). HEFT is a free online tool designed to support decision making by policymakers and investors on the location of new infrastructure and development of hydrogen hubs in Australia. It considers both hydrogen produced from renewable energy and from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage.
This seminar demonstrates HEFT’s capabilities its potential to attract worldwide investment into Australia’s hydrogen industry and what’s up next for hydrogen at Geoscience Australia.
You can use the Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) on the Website of the Australian government at the link here
Contrasting European Hydrogen Pathways: An Analysis of Differing Approaches in Key Markets
Mar 2021
Publication
European countries approach the market ramp-up of hydrogen very differently. In some cases the economic and political starting points differ significantly. While the probability is high that some countries such as Germany or Italy will import hydrogen in the long term other countries such as United Kingdom France or Spain could become hydrogen exporters. The reasons for this are the higher potential for renewable energies but also a technology-neutral approach on the supply side.
Prediction of Gaseous Products from Refuse Derived Fuel Pyrolysis Using Chemical Modelling Software - Ansys Chemkin-Pro
Nov 2019
Publication
There can be observed global interest in waste pyrolysis technology due to low costs and availability of raw materials. At the same time there is a literature gap in forecasting environmental effects of thermal waste treatment installations. In the article was modelled the chemical composition of pyrolysis gas with main focus on the problem in terms of environmental hazards. Not only RDF fuel was analysed but also selected waste fractions included in its composition. This approach provided comprehensive knowledge about the chemical composition of gaseous pyrolysis products which is important from the point of view of the heterogeneity of RDF fuel. The main goal of this article was to focus on the utilitarian aspect of the obtained calculation results. Final results can be the basis for estimating ecological effects both for existing and newly designed installations.
Pyrolysis process was modelled using Ansys Chemkin-Pro software. The investigation of the process were carried out for five different temperatures (700 750 800 850 and 900 °C). As an output the mole fraction of H2 H2O CH4 C2H2C2H4 C3H6 C3H8 CO CO2 HCl and H2S were presented. Additionally the reaction pathways for selected material were presented.
Based on obtained results it was established that the residence time did not influenced on the concentration of products contrary to temperature. The chemical composition of pyrolytic gas is closely related to wastes origin. The application of Chemkin-Pro allowed the calculation of formation for each products at different temperatures and formulation of hypotheses on the reaction pathways involved during pyrolysis process. Further based on the obtained results confirmed the possibilities of using pyrolysis gas from RDF as a substitute for natural gas in energy consumption sectors. Optimization of the process can be conducted with low financial outlays and reliable results by using calculation tools. Moreover it can be predicted negative impact of obtained products on the future installation.
Pyrolysis process was modelled using Ansys Chemkin-Pro software. The investigation of the process were carried out for five different temperatures (700 750 800 850 and 900 °C). As an output the mole fraction of H2 H2O CH4 C2H2C2H4 C3H6 C3H8 CO CO2 HCl and H2S were presented. Additionally the reaction pathways for selected material were presented.
Based on obtained results it was established that the residence time did not influenced on the concentration of products contrary to temperature. The chemical composition of pyrolytic gas is closely related to wastes origin. The application of Chemkin-Pro allowed the calculation of formation for each products at different temperatures and formulation of hypotheses on the reaction pathways involved during pyrolysis process. Further based on the obtained results confirmed the possibilities of using pyrolysis gas from RDF as a substitute for natural gas in energy consumption sectors. Optimization of the process can be conducted with low financial outlays and reliable results by using calculation tools. Moreover it can be predicted negative impact of obtained products on the future installation.
Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production and Consumption in an Isolated Territory
Apr 2018
Publication
Hydrogen produced from renewables works as an energy carrier and as energy storage medium and thus hydrogen can help to overcome the intermittency of typical renewable energy sources. However there is no comprehensive environmental performance study of hydrogen production and consumption. In this study detailed cradle to grave life cycle analyses are performed in an isolated territory. The hydrogen is produced on-site by Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) water electrolysis based on electricity from wind turbines that would otherwise have been curtailed and subsequently transported with gas cylinder by road and ferry. The hydrogen is used to provide electricity and heat through fuel cell stacks as well as hydrogen fuel for fuel cell vehicles. In order to evaluate the environmental impacts related to the hydrogen production and utilisation this work conducts an investigation of the entire life cycle of the described hydrogen production transportation and utilisation. All the processes related to the equipment manufacture operation maintenance and disposal are considered in this study.
Hydrogen in the Gas Distribution Networks: A Kickstart Project as an Input into the Development of a National Hydrogen Strategy for Australia
Nov 2019
Publication
The report investigates a kickstart project that allows up to 10% hydrogen into gas distribution networks. It reviews the technical impacts and standards to identify barriers and develop recommendations.
You can see the full report on the Australian Government website here
This report is developed in support of Australia's National Hydrogen Strategy
You can see the full report on the Australian Government website here
This report is developed in support of Australia's National Hydrogen Strategy
The European Green Deal
Dec 2019
Publication
Climate change and environmental degradation are an existential threat to Europe and the world. To overcome these challenges Europe needs a new growth strategy that will transform the Union into a modern resource-efficient and competitive economy where
The European Green Deal is our plan to make the EU's economy sustainable. We can do this by turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities and making the transition just and inclusive for all
The European Green Deal provides an action plan to
The EU aims to be climate neutral in 2050. We proposed a European Climate Law to turn this political commitment into a legal obligation.
Reaching this target will require action by all sectors of our economy including
The EU will also provide financial support and technical assistance to help those that are most affected by the move towards the green economy. This is called the Just Transition Mechanism. It will help mobilise at least €100 billion over the period 2021-2027 in the most affected regions.
- there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050
- economic growth is decoupled from resource use
- no person and no place is left behind
The European Green Deal is our plan to make the EU's economy sustainable. We can do this by turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities and making the transition just and inclusive for all
The European Green Deal provides an action plan to
- boost the efficient use of resources by moving to a clean circular economy
- restore biodiversity and cut pollution
The EU aims to be climate neutral in 2050. We proposed a European Climate Law to turn this political commitment into a legal obligation.
Reaching this target will require action by all sectors of our economy including
- investing in environmentally-friendly technologies
- supporting industry to innovate
- rolling out cleaner cheaper and healthier forms of private and public transport
- decarbonising the energy sector
- ensuring buildings are more energy efficient
- working with international partners to improve global environmental standards
The EU will also provide financial support and technical assistance to help those that are most affected by the move towards the green economy. This is called the Just Transition Mechanism. It will help mobilise at least €100 billion over the period 2021-2027 in the most affected regions.
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