Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers

Since the Industrial Revolution humanity has heavily depended on fossil fuels. Recognizing the negative environmental impacts of the unmoderated consumption of fossil fuels including global warming and consequent climate change new plans and initiatives have been established to implement renewable and sustainable energy sources worldwide. This has led to a rapid increase in the installed solar and wind energy capacity. However considering the fluctuating nature of these renewable energy sources green hydrogen has been proposed as a suitable energy carrier to improve the efficiency of energy production and storage. Thus green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis using renewable electricity is a promising solution for the future energy market. Moreover it has the potential to be used for the decarbonization of the heavy industry and transportation sectors. Research and development (R&D) on green hydrogen has grown considerably over the past few decades aiming to maximize production and expand its market share. The present work uses a SWOT (strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats) analysis to evaluate the current status of the green hydrogen market. The external and internal factors that affect its market position are assessed. The results show that green hydrogen is on the right track to becoming a competitive alternative to fossil fuels soon. Supported by environmental benefits government incentives and carbon taxes roadmaps to position green hydrogen on the energy map have been outlined. Nevertheless increased investments are required for further R&D as costs must be reduced and policies enforced. These measures will gradually decrease global dependency on fossil fuels and ensure that roadmaps are followed through.

Developing low-cost and high-performance transition metal-based electro-catalysts is crucial for realizing sustainable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)in alkaline media. Here a cooperative boron and vanadium co-doped nickelphosphide electrode (B V-Ni2P) is developed to regulate the intrinsic elec-tronic configuration of Ni2P and promote HER processes. Experimental andtheoretical results reveal that V dopants in B V-Ni2P greatly facilitate the dis-sociation of water and the synergistic effect of B and V dopants promotes thesubsequent desorption of the adsorbed hydrogen intermediates. Benefitingfrom the cooperativity of both dopants the B V-Ni2P electrocatalyst requires alow overpotential of 148 mV to attain a current density of −100 mA cm−2 withexcellent durability. The B V-Ni2P is applied as the cathode in both alkalinewater electrolyzers (AWEs) and anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers(AEMWEs). Remarkably the AEMWE delivers a stable performance to achieve500 and 1000 mA cm−2 current densities at a cell voltage of 1.78 and 1.92 Vrespectively. Furthermore the developed AWEs and AEMWEs also demon-strate excellent performance for overall seawater electrolysis.

Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport in addition to fuel cell vehicles it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The characteristics and properties of hydrogen make ensuring the safe operation of these facilities a crucial element for their successful deployment and implementation. This paper shows the outcomes of an analysis of hydrogen incidents and accidents considering their potential application to HRSs. For this purpose the HIAD 2.0 was reviewed and a total of 224 events that could be repeated in any of the major industrial processes related to hydrogen refueling stations were analyzed. This analysis was carried out using a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative techniques considering the following hydrogen value chain: production storage delivery and industrial use. The results provide general information segmented by event frequency damage classes and failure typology. The analysis shows the main processes of the value chain allow the identification of key aspects for the safety management of refueling facilities.

Hydrogen is expected to play a critical role in future energy systems projected to have an annual demand of 401–660 Mt by 2050. With large-scale green hydrogen projects advancing in water-scarce regions like Australia Chile and the Middle East and North Africa understanding water requirements for large-scale green hydrogen production is crucial. Meeting this future hydrogen demand will necessitate 4010 to 6600 GL of demineralised water annually for electrolyser feedwater if dry cooling is employed or an additional 6015 to 19800 GL for cooling water per year if evaporative cooling is employed. Using International Panel of Climate Change 2050 climate projections this work evaluated the techno-economic implications of dry vs. evaporative cooling for large-scale electrolyser facilities under anticipated higher ambient temperatures. The study quantifies water demands costs and potential operational constraints showing that evaporative cooling is up to 8 times cheaper to implement than dry cooling meaning that evaporative cooling can be oversized to accommodate increased cooling demand of high temperature events at a lower cost. Furthermore of the nations analysed herein Chile emerged as having the lowest cost of hydrogen owing to the lower projected ambient temperatures and frequency of high temperature events.

Demand for hydrogen has grown and continues to rise as a versatile energy carrier. Hydrogen can be produced from renewable and non-renewable energy sources. A wide range of technologies to produce hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way have been developed. As the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach has become popular recently including in the hydrogen energy system this paper comprehensively reviews the LCA of hydrogen production technology. A subdivision based on the trends in the LCA studies hydrogen production technology goal and scope definition system boundary and environmental performance of hydrogen production is discussed in this review. Thermochemical hydrogen production is the most studied technology in LCA. However utilizing natural resources especially wind power in the electrolysis process stands out as an environmentally preferable solution when compared to alternative production processes. It is crucial to rethink reactors and other production-related equipment to improve environmental performance and increase hydrogen production efficiency. Since most of the previous LCA studies were conducted in developed countries and only a few were from developing countries a way forward for LCA application on hydrogen in developing countries was also highlighted and discussed. This review provides a comprehensive insight for further research on hydrogen production technology from an LCA perspective.

In the transition to sustainable public transportation with zero-emission buses hydrogen fuel cell electric buses have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional diesel buses. However assessing their economic viability is crucial for widespread adoption. This study carries out a comprehensive examination encompassing both sensitivity and probabilistic analyses to assess the total cost of ownership (TCO) for the bus fleet and its corresponding infrastructure. It considers various hydrogen supply options encompassing on-site electrolysis on-site steam methane reforming and off-site hydrogen procurement with both gaseous and liquid delivery methods. The analysis covers critical cost elements encompassing bus acquisition costs infrastructure capital expenses and operational and maintenance costs for both buses and infrastructure. This paper conducted two distinct case studies: one involving a current small bus fleet of five buses and another focusing on a larger fleet set to launch in 2028. For the current small fleet the off-site gray hydrogen purchase with a gaseous delivery option is the most cost-effective among hydrogen alternatives but it still incurs a 26.97% higher TCO compared to diesel buses. However in the case of the expanded 2028 fleet the steam methane-reforming method without carbon capture emerges as the most likely option to attain the lowest TCO with a high probability of 99.5%. Additionally carbon emission costs were incorporated in response to the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability. The findings indicate that although diesel buses currently represent the most economical option in terms of TCO for the existing small fleet steam methane reforming with carbon capture presents a 69.2% likelihood of being the most cost-effective solution suggesting it is a strong candidate for cost efficiency for the expanded 2028 fleet. Notably substantial investments are required to increase renewable energy integration in the power grid and to enhance electrolyzer efficiency. These improvements are essential to make the electrolyzer a more competitive alternative to steam methane reforming. Overall the findings in this paper underscore the substantial impact of the hydrogen supply chain and carbon emission costs on the TCO of zero-emission buses.

The global push for sustainable energy has heightened the demand for green hydrogen which is crucial for decarbonizing heavy industry. However current electrolysis plant capacities are insufficient. This research addresses the challenge through optimizing large-scale electrolysis construction via standardization modularization process optimization and automation. This paper introduces H2Giga a project for mass-producing electrolyzers and HyPLANT100 investigating largescale electrolysis plant structure and construction processes. Modularizing electrolyzers enhances production efficiency and scalability. The integration of AutomationML facilitates seamless information exchange. A digital twin concept enables simulations optimizations and error identification before assembly. While construction site automation provides advantages tasks like connection technologies and handling cables tubes and hoses require pre-assembly. This study identifies key tasks suitable for automation and estimating required components. The Enapter Multicore electrolyzer serves as a case study showcasing robotic technology for tube fittings. In conclusion this research underscores the significance of standardization modularization and automation in boosting the electrolysis production capacity for green hydrogen contributing to ongoing efforts in decarbonizing the industrial sector and advancing the global energy transition.

This paper presents a review of a number of works devoted to the studies of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). As is known HEAs represent a new class of materials that have attracted the attention of scientists due to their unique properties and prospects of application in hydrogen power engineering. The peculiarity of HEAs is their high entropy of mixing which provides phase stability and flexibility in developing materials with given characteristics. The main focus of this paper is on the application of HEAs for solid-state hydrogen storage their physicochemical and mechanical properties and synthesis technologies. Recent advances in the hydrogen absorption properties of HEAs are analyzed including their ability to efficiently absorb and desorb hydrogen at moderate temperatures and pressures. Prospects for their use in the development of environmentally safe and efficient hydrogen storage systems are considered. The work also includes a review of synthesis methods aimed at optimizing the properties of HEAs for hydrogen energy applications.

The UK government plans to phase out pure diesel trains by 2040 and fully decarbonize railways by 2050. Hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) trains electrified trains using pantographs (Electrified Trains) and battery electric multiple unit (BEMU) trains are considered the main solutions for decarbonizing railways. However the range of these decarbonization options’ line upgrade cost advantages is unclear. This paper analyzes the upgrade costs of three types of trains on different lines by constructing a cost model and using particle swarm optimization (PSO) including operating costs and fixed investment costs. For the case of decarbonization of the London St. Pancras to Leicester line the electrified train option is more cost-effective than the other two options under the condition that the service period is 30 years. Then the traffic density range in which three new energy trains have cost advantages on different line lengths is calculated. For route distances under 100 km and with a traffic density of less than 52 trips/day BEMU trains have the lowest average cost while electrified trains are the most costeffective in other ranges. For route distances over 100 km the average cost of HFC trains is lower than that of electrified trains at traffic densities below about 45 trips/day. In addition if hydrogen prices fall by 26 % the cost advantage range of HFC trains will increase to 70 trips per day. For route distances under 100 km BEMU trains still maintain their advantages in terms of lower traffic density.

At present most fuel cell engines are single-stack systems and high-power single-stack systems have bottlenecks in meeting the power requirements of heavy-duty trucks mainly because the increase in the single active area and the excessive number of cells will lead to poor distribution uniformity of water gas and heat in the stack which will cause local attenuation and reduce the performance of the stack. This paper introduces the design concept of internal combustion engine takes three-stack fuel cell engine as an example designs multi-stack fuel cell system scheme and serialized high-voltage scheme. Through Intelligent control technology of independent hydrogen injection based on multi-stack coupling the hydrogen injection inflow of each stack is controlled online according to the real-time anode pressure to achieve accurate fuel injection of a single stack and ensure the consistency between multiple stacks. proves the performance advantage of multi-stack fuel cell engine through theoretical designintelligent control and test verification and focuses on analyzing the key technical problems that may exist in multi-stack consistency. The research results provide a reference for the design of multi-stack fuel cell engines and have important reference value for the powertrain design of long-distance heavy-duty and high-power fuel cell trucks.