Publications

This study presents a holistic technoeconomic analysis of solar photovoltaic-based green hydrogen production facilities assessing hydrogen output potential and cost structures under various facility configurations. Four system cases are defined based on the inclusion of new photovoltaic (PV) panels and hydrogen storage (HS) subsystems considering Southern Ontario solar data and a 30-year operational lifespan. Through a system level modeling we incorporate the initial costs of sub-systems (PV panels power conditioning devices electrolyser battery pack and hydrogen storage) operating and maintenance expenses and replacement costs to determine the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The results of this study indicate that including hydrogen storage significantly impacts optimal electrolyser sizing creating a production bottleneck around 400 kW for a 1 MWp PV system (yielding approximately 590 tons H2 over a period of 30 years) whereas systems without storage achieve higher yields (about 1080 tons of H2) with larger electrolysers (approximately 620 kW). The lifetime cost analysis reveals that operating and maintenance cost constitutes the dominant expenditure (68–76 %). Including hydrogen storage increases the minimum LCOH and sharply penalizes electrolyser oversizing relative to storage capacity. For a 1 MWp base system minimum LCOH ranged from approximately $3.50/kg (existing PV no HS) to $6/kg (existing PV with HS) $11–12/kg (new PV no HS) and $22–25/kg (new PV with HS). Leveraging existing PV infrastructure drastically reduces LCOH. Furthermore significant economies of scale are observed with increasing PV facility capacity potentially lowering LCOH below $2/kg at the 100 MWp scale. The study therefore underscores that there is a critical interplay between system configuration component sizing operating and maintenance management and facility scale in determining the economic viability of solar hydrogen production.

This review thoroughly examines the potential of water ultrasonication (US) for producing hydrogen. First it discusses ultrasonication reactor designs and techniques for measuring ultrasonication power and optimizing energy. Then it explores the results of hydrogen production via ultrasonication experiments focusing on the impact of processing factors such as ultrasonication frequency acoustic intensity dissolved gases pH temperature and static pressure on the process. Additionally it examines advanced ultrasonication techniques such as US/photolysis US/catalysis and US/photocatalysis emphasizing how these techniques could increase hydrogen production. Lastly to progress the efficacy and scalability of hydrogen generation through ultrasonication the review identifies existing challenges proposes solutions and suggests areas for future research.

Rapid socio-economic development has made energy application and environmental issues increasingly prominent. Hydrogen energy clean eco-friendly and highly synergistic with renewable energy has become a global research focus. This study using the EnergyPLAN model that includes the electricity transportation and industrial sectors takes Jinan City as the research object and explores how hydrogen penetration changes affect the decarbonization path of the urban integrated energy system under four scenarios. It evaluates the four hydrogen scenarios with the entropy weight method and technique placing them in an order of preference according to their similarity to the ideal solution considering comprehensive indicators like cost carbon emissions and sustainability. Results show the China Hydrogen Alliance potential scenario has better CO2 emission reduction potential and unit emission reduction cost reducing them by 7.98% and 29.39% respectively. In a comprehensive evaluation it ranks first with a score of 0.5961 meaning it is closest to the ideal scenario when cost environmental and sustainability indicators are comprehensively considered. The Climate Response Pioneer scenario follows with 0.4039 indicating that higher hydrogen penetration in terminal energy is not necessarily the most ideal solution. Instead appropriate hydrogen penetration scenarios should be selected based on the actual situation of different energy systems.

As hydrogen products emerge as a promising energy alternative in multiple sectors low carbon hydrogen supply chains require concerted efforts among a diverse array of stakeholders. Within an evolving energy transition landscape stakeholders’ competition and cooperation play a critical role in expediting the deployment of the hydrogen economy. In this review different strategies referred to as Hydrogen Competition Cooperation and Coopetition (H2CCC) dynamics are analyzed from the lenses of game theory. The study employs hybrid literature review methodology integrating both bibliometric and structured review approaches. The study reveals that competition and cooperation represent a contrasting but interconnected dynamics that drive the energy transition. Coopetition models are less common. Furthermore it is observed that Integrated Energy Systems are mainly used in cooperative and coopetitive approaches while H2 technologies and Hydrogen Supply Chains are more explored in competitive approaches. Industrial and mobility sectors are present in H2CCC dynamics with technological players more present than institutional entities. Maps definitions gaps and perspectives are developed. These insights may be valuable for policymakers industry stakeholders modelers and researchers. There remains a need for further empirical H2CCC case studies and applications of pure coopetitive games.

Hydrogen-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies can have multi-sector benefits and are considered necessary to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Assessments of hydrogen scale-up have not included long-term implications for water resources. This work aims to fill this knowledge gap through a long-term integrated assessment of the water consumption GHG emissions and costs of conventional and low-carbon hydrogen scenarios to the year 2050. A framework was developed and 120 long-term scenarios were assessed for the large-scale deployment of low-carbon hydrogen in a hydrogen-intensive economy. This study considered 15 different natural gas- and electrolysis-based hydrogen production technologies. A case study for Alberta a western Canadian province and a fossil fuel-intensive region was carried out. The results obtained project a cumulative mitigation of 9 to 162 million tonnes of carbon emissions between 2026 and 2050 through the implementation of low-carbon hydrogen production scenarios compared to the business-as-usual scenario. However cumulative water consumption increases considerably with the large-scale deployment of low-carbon hydrogen reaching 8 to 3815 million cubic meters. The adoption of green hydrogen technologies increases water consumption significantly. Depending on the jurisdiction of analysis and its water bodies this increase may or may not be a long-term issue. Low-carbon hydrogen scenarios start becoming cost-effective as the carbon price rises to $170/tCO2e. The developed integrated framework can be used globally to assess long-term hydrogen implementation with appropriate adjustments in data.

Hydrogen is gaining interest as a clean energy source from both governments and fossil fuel companies. For hydrogen projects to succeed securing public acceptability is crucial with trust in the implementing actors playing a central role. Drawing from reputation management and attribution theory we experimentally evaluated whether people’s perceptions of energy companies wanting to start producing hydrogen for sustainability reasons differ based on two features of hydrogen production. Specifically we examined the influence of (1) the type of hydrogen (blue versus green) and (2) the energy company’s history in energy production (fossil fuels versus renewables) on perceptions about the companies’ reputation management efforts —that is the belief that companies adopt hydrogen primarily to improve their public image— as well as on levels of trust both overall and specifically in terms of integrity and competence. We further explored whether perceived reputation management explains the effects on trust and whether these factors also shape public acceptability of hydrogen production itself. Results indicated that people perceived the company with a history of working with fossil fuels as trying to improve its reputation more than one associated with renewables and trusted it less. Furthermore perceived reputation management explained the lower (general and integrity-based) trust people had in companies with a past in fossil fuels. For public acceptability of hydrogen the company’s history was not relevant with green hydrogen being more acceptable than blue regardless of which company produced it. We discuss these findings in relation to the literature on public perceptions of hydrogen.

The future is bright for hydrogen as a clean mobile energy source to replace petroleum products. This paper examines new and emerging technologies for hydrogen production storage and conversion and highlights recent commercialization efforts to realize its potential. Also the paper presents selected notable patents issued within the last few years. There is no shortage of inventions and innovations in hydrogen technologies in both academia and industry. While metal hydrides and functionalized carbon-based materials have improved tremendously as hydrogen storage materials over the years storing gaseous hydrogen in underground salt caverns has also become feasible in many commercial projects. Production of “blue hydrogen” is rising as a method of producing hydrogen in large quantities economically. Although electric/battery powered vehicles are dominating the green transport today innovative hydrogen fuel cell technologies are knocking at the door because of their lower refueling time compared to EV charging time. However the highest impact of hydrogen technologies in trans portation might be seen in the aviation industry. Hydrogen is expected to play a key role and provides hope in transforming aviation into a zero-carbon emission transportation over the next few decades.

Green hydrogen is a promising energy vector for replacing fossil fuels in hard-to-abate sectors but its cost hinders widespread deployment. This research develops an exact MILP model to optimize the design of integrated green energy projects minimizing the total annual cost between different power configurations. The model is applied to a case study in regional Victoria Australia which supports a fleet of nine fuel cell electric buses requiring 1160 kg of hydrogen per week. The optimal system includes a 453 kW electrolyzer 212 kg of storage in compressed hydrogen vessels 704 kW of solar PV and 635 kW of wind power firmed with grid electricity. The LCOH is 14.8 A$/kg which is higher than other estimates in the literature for Australia. This is arguably due to the idle capacities resulting from intermittent hydrogen demand. Producing additional hydrogen with surplus or low-priced electricity could reduce LCOH to 12.4 A$/kg. Sensitivity analyzes confirm the robustness of the system to variations in key parameter costs resource availability and estimated energy supply and demand.

Hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICEs) have gained significant attention as a promising solution for achieving zero-carbon emissions in the transportation sector. This study investigates the conversion of a 2 L Diesel ICE into a lean hydrogen-powered ICE focusing on key challenges such as hydrogen mixing pre-ignition combustion flame development and NOx emissions. The novelty of this research lies in the specific modifications made to optimize engine performance and reduce emissions while utilizing the existing Diesel engine infrastructure. The study identifies several important design changes for the successful conversion of a Diesel engine to hydrogen including the following: Intake port design: transitioning from a swirl to a tumble design to enhance hydrogen mixing; Injection and spark plug configuration: using a lateral injection system combined with a central spark plug to improve combustion; Piston design: employing a lenticular piston shape with adaptable depth to enhance mixing; Mitigating Coanda effect: preventing hydrogen issues at the spark plug using deflectors or caps; and Head design: maintaining a flat head design for efficient mixing while ensuring adequate cooling to avoid pre-ignition. These findings highlight the importance of specific modifications for converting Diesel engines to hydrogen providing a solid foundation for further research in hydrogen-powered ICEs which could contribute to carbon emission reduction and a more sustainable energy transition.

Hydrogen has attracted widespread attention due to its zero emissions and high energy density and hydrogen-fueled power systems are gradually emerging. This paper combines the advantages of the high conversion efficiency of fuel cells and strong engine power to propose a hydrogen hybrid energy system architecture based on a mixture of fuel cells and engines in order to improve the conversion efficiency of the energy system and reduce its fuel consumption rate. Firstly according to the topology of the hydrogen hybrid energy system and the circuit model of its core components a state-space model of the hydrogen hybrid energy system is established using the Kirchhoff node current principle laying the foundation for the control and management of hydrogen hybrid energy systems. Then based on the state-space model of the hydrogen hybrid system and Pontryagin’s minimum principle a hydrogen hybrid system management strategy based on adaptive equivalent fuel consumption minimum strategy (A-ECMS) is proposed. Finally a hydrogen hybrid power system model is established using the AVL Cruise simulation platform and a control strategy is developed using matlab 2021b/Simulink to analyze the output power and fuel economy of the hybrid energy system. The results show that compared with the equivalent fuel consumption minimum strategy (ECMS) the overall fuel economy of A-ECMS could improve by 10%. Meanwhile the fuel consumption of the hydrogen hybrid energy system is less than half of that of traditional engines.

The present work aims to develop a uniquely designed experimental test rig for hydrogen (H2) production from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and perform performance tests. The experimental activity focuses on the FeCl3 hybrid process for H2S cracking followed by H2S absorption sulfur purification and electrolysis for efficient H2 production. Hydrogen production is studied using KOH and FeCl3 electrolytes under varying temperatures between 20-80 ◦C. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed to characterize the electrochemical cell under potentiostatic (0.5-2.0 V) and galvanostatic (0-0.5 mA) modes to analyze the system’s electrochemical response. The study results showed that hydrogen production increased by over 426 % from 20 ◦C to 80 ◦C. EIS analysis under potentiostatic mode showed Nyquist semicircle diameter reduced as the applied voltage increased from 0.5 V to 1.5 V and phase angle shifted from -5.59◦ to -1.27◦ confirming enhanced conductivity. Under galvanostatic mode the impedance dropped from ~25 Ω to ~21 Ω as current increased demonstrating improved kinetics for efficient H2 production.

Effective water management is crucial for the optimal performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in automotive applications. Conventional techniques like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) face challenges in accurately measuring high-frequency resistance (HFR) impedance during dynamic vehicle operations. This study proposes a novel stack water management stability control and vehicle energy control method to address these limitations. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate improved system and powertrain efficiency extended stack lifespan and optimized hydrogen consumption. These findings contribute to advancing robust water management strategies supporting the transition toward sustainable zero-emission fuel cell vehicles.

As the need to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and dependence on fossil fuels grows new vehicle concepts are emerging as sustainable solutions for urban mobility. Beyond evaluating tailpipe emissions indirect emissions associated with energy and hydrogen production as vehicle manufacturing must be accounted offering a holistic Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) perspective. This study compares Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (H2ICEVs) and hybrid H2ICEVs analyzing energy efficiency and GHG emissions in urban environment across the European Union. Future scenarios (2030 2050) are examined as well with evolving energy mixes and manufacturing impacts. Findings show BEVs as the most efficient configuration with the lowest GHG emissions in 2024 while FCVs become the best option in future scenarios due to greener hydrogen production and improved manufacturing. This study emphasizes the need for tailored strategies to achieve sustainable urban mobility providing insights for policymakers and stakeholders.

The escalating climate crisis and unsustainable waste management practices necessitate integrated approaches that simultaneously address energy security and environmental degradation. Hydrogen with its high energy density and zero-carbon combustion is a key vector for decarbonization; however conventional production methods are fossildependent and carbon-intensive. This systematic review explores biowaste-to-hydrogen (WtH) technologies as dual-purpose solutions converting organic waste to clean hydrogen while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and landfill reliance. A comprehensive analysis of different conversion pathways including thermochemical (gasification pyrolysis hydrothermal and partial oxidation (POX)) biochemical (dark fermentation photofermentation and sequential fermentation) and electrochemical methods (MECs) is presented assessing their hydrogen yields feedstock compatibilities environmental impacts and technological readiness. Systematic literature review methods were employed using databases such as Scopus and Web of Science with strict inclusion criteria focused on recent peerreviewed studies. This review highlights hydrothermal gasification and dark fermentation as particularly promising for wet biowaste streams like food waste. Comparative environmental analyses reveal that bio-based hydrogen pathways offer significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions energy use and pollutant outputs than conventional methods. Future research directions emphasize process integration catalyst development and lifecycle assessment. The findings aim to inform technology selection policymaking and strategic investment in circular low-carbon hydrogen production.

High-temperature electrolysis offers a solution for industry decarbonisation by high-efficiency hydrogen production. This study presents a system based on Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) fed by photovoltaic and waste heat recovery for hydrogen blending with natural gas in industrial burners. The aim of this work is to assess techno-economic feasibility of the proposed configuration investigating hydrogen blending limits Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) and decarbonisation cost. LCOH values below 6 €/kgH2 cannot be achieved at current SOEC costs. The system can be applied without significant burner modifications since maximum hydrogen volumetric fractions are less than 20 %. Higher efficiency and emission reduction potential in comparison to alkaline electrolysers can be achieved but they are offset by higher LCOH and carbon abatement costs. Forthcoming reduction in SOEC costs can improve the cost-effectiveness and high natural gas prices experienced during the energy crisis make the decarbonisation cost competitive with the emission trading system.

Japan and other industrialized countries rely on the import of green hydrogen (H2 ) as they lack the resources to meet their own demand. In contrast countries such as Australia have the potential to produce hydrogen and its derivatives using wind and solar energy. Solar energy can be harnessed to produce electricity using photovoltaic systems or to generate thermal energy by concentrating solar irradiation. Thus thermal and electrical energy can be used in a solid oxide electrolysis process for low-cost hydrogen production. The operation of a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) stack integrated with solar energy is experimentally investigated and further analyzed using a validated simulation model. Furthermore a techno-economic assessment is conducted to estimate the hydrogen production costs including the expenses associated with liquefaction and transportation from Australia to Japan. High conversion efficiencies and low-cost SOECs are projected to result in production costs below 4 USD/kg.

Against the backdrop of ever‑increasing energy demand and growing awareness of en‑ vironmental protection the research and optimization of hydrogen‑related multi‑energy systems have become a key and hot issue due to their zero‑carbon and clean characteristics. In the scheduling of such multi‑energy systems a typical problem is how to describe and deal with the uncertainties of multiple types of energy. Scenario‑based methods and ro‑ bust optimization methods are the two most widely used methods. The first one combines probability to describe uncertainties with typical scenarios and the second one essentially selects the worst scenario in the uncertainty set to characterize uncertainties. The selection of these scenarios is essentially a trade‑off between the economy and robustness of the so‑ lution. In this paper to achieve a better balance between economy and robustness while avoiding the complex min‑max structure in robust optimization we leverage artificial in‑ telligence (AI) technology to generate enough scenarios from which economic scenarios and feasible scenarios are screened out. While applying a simple single‑layer framework of scenario‑based methods it also achieves both economy and robustness. Specifically first a Transformer architecture is used to predict uncertainty realizations. Then a Gener‑ ative Adversarial Network (GAN) is employed to generate enough uncertainty scenarios satisfying the actual operation. Finally based on the forecast data the economic scenar‑ ios and feasible scenarios are sequentially screened out from the large number of gener‑ ated scenarios and a balance between economy and robustness is maintained. On this ba‑ sis a multi‑energy collaborative optimization method is proposed for a hydrogen‑based multi‑energy microgrid with consideration of the coupling relationships between energy sources. The effectiveness of this method has been fully verified through numerical exper‑ iments. Data show that on the premise of ensuring scheduling feasibility the economic cost of the proposed method is 0.67% higher than that of the method considering only eco‑ nomic scenarios. It not only has a certain degree of robustness but also possesses good economic performance.

Urban transportation systems particularly public buses contribute significantly to global pollution creating an urgent need for sustainable solutions. Alternative fuel buses and other disruptive technological advancements in this field are essential to resolve these problems. The absence of studies on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of hydrogen-fueled buses along with comparative analyses of alternative-fueled buses makes this research particularly timely. This study develops a comprehensive LCA framework to measure the economic and environmental impact of using different technologies (i.e. hydrogen-fueled electric and diesel buses). Different fuel production methods were examined considering operational factors such as energy consumption across various routes. This study contributes to enhancing the LCA methodology for public bus operations by using machine learning algorithms to cluster routes and identify optimal demonstration routes for analysis. The results highlight the impact of fuel production methods for hydrogen-fueled buses in the significant pollutant reductions (e.g. CO2 and NO ) despite their high life cycle costs. The proposed framework is validated with real data from Halifax Canada and expanded to assess public bus networks in cities with varying routes topology and population levels. The paper’s analyses consider future technological advances to lower costs aligning them with electric buses over time. This study helps policymakers choose the best public bus alternatives to improve the economic environmental and social sustainability of urban transportation.

A tool for parametric finite element modeling and analysis of LH2 tanks for aviation is developed. Passively insulated cryogenic composite sandwich pressure vessels are investigated as they conjugate simplicity effectiveness and lightweight design for aeronautical applications. Several parametric analyses are performed with the aim of gaining both general and case-specific understanding of how particular design choices may impact the tank mechanical and thermal performance. Differently from most of previous studies multiple design choices including tank walls thicknesses constraints for airframe integration strategies as well as the presence position and integration of refuelling cutouts and anti-sloshing bulkheads are considered. The thermo-mechanical analyses are performed considering first a simple reference configuration with the aim of evaluating possible directions for performance enhancement. Results indicate how different design features affect the gravimetric and thermal efficiency of the tank without compromising structural integrity if the walls thicknesses are suitably sized. The effects of different constraints and geometric discontinuities which reflect specific fuselage integration choices must be carefully assessed as they reduce safety margins. Ultimately a vessel model including features necessary for safe operation is presented as it serves as a baseline for further optimization.

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier in the future which can help improve air quality and enhance energy security. Hydrogen production mainly relies on fossil fuels (natural gas and coal). Hydrogen production from fossil fuels can result in the significant emissions of carbon dioxide aggravating the global greenhouse effect. At the same time fossil fuels are non-renewable and the use of fossil fuels to produce hydrogen further exacerbates the crisis of fossil fuel shortages. Fortunately water as a carbon-free and hydrogen-rich renewable resource offers one of the best solutions to replace hydrogen production from fossil fuels through its decomposition. Furthermore hydrogen production by decomposition of water is vital for the realization of the sustainable development. In this paper we review the current mainstream technologies (electrolysis pyrolysis and photolysis) for hydrogen production by decomposing water. The principles processes advantages and disadvantages and the latest progresses of these technologies are also discussed. At last this paper provides a summary and outlook on water decomposition for hydrogen production and thinks that the yield energy efficiency and cost of hydrogen production from water decomposition are largely dependent on the development of new materials and the improvement of existing materials. Moreover utilizing renewable energy to decompose water for hydrogen production offers the possibility of achieving the hydrogen economy.

This study explores hydrogen’s potential as a sustainable energy source for Brunei given the nation’s reliance on fossil fuels and associated environmental concerns. Specifically it evaluates two hydrogen production technologies; steam methane reforming (SMR) and alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) through a techno-economic framework that assesses life cycle cost (LCC) efficiency scalability and environmental impact. SMR the most widely used technique is cost-effective but carbon-intensive producing considerable carbon dioxide emissions unless combined with carbon capture to yield “blue hydrogen”. On the other hand AWE particularly when powered by renewable energy offers a cleaner alternative despite challenges in efficiency and cost. The assessment revealed that AWE has a significantly higher LCC than SMR making AWE the more economically viable hydrogen production method in the long term. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to determine the main cost factors affecting the LCC providing insights into the long term viability of each technology from an operational and financial standpoint. AWE’s economic viability is mostly driven by the high electricity and feedstock costs while SMR relies heavily on feedstock costs. However Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) indicates that AWE produces significantly higher carbon dioxide emissions than SMR which emits approximately 9100 metric tons of carbon dioxide annually. Nevertheless findings suggest that AWE remains the more sustainable option due to its higher LCC costs and compatibility with renewable energy especially in regions with access to low-cost renewable electricity

An experimental study was devised to assess the technical environmental and economic impact of incorporating hydrogen into natural gas. The experimental tests were conducted on a GUNT ET 792 demonstration unit characterized by operating on a gas cycle in a twin-shaft configuration. The equipment was adapted to accommodate natural gas and mixtures of natural gas with hydrogen in volumetric fractions of 5% 10% and 20%. The tests carried out ensured the viability of using these mixtures from a safety perspective. On the other hand it was possible to evaluate the main differences in the use of these fuel gases in terms of the temperatures and pressures that characterize the main points of the gas cycle fuel injection pressures air/fuel ratios excess air power output overall cycle efficiencies NOX and CO2 emissions and operational cost.

As global energy demand increases and reliance on fossil fuels becomes unsustainable hydrogen presents a promising clean energy alternative due to its high energy density and potential for significant CO2 emission reductions. However current hydrogen production methods largely depend on fossil fuels contributing to considerable CO2 emissions and underscoring the need to transition to renewable energy sources and improved production technologies. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is essential for evaluating and optimizing hydrogen production by assessing environmental impacts such as Global Warming Potential (GWP) energy consumption toxicity and water usage. The key findings indicate that energy sources and feedstocks heavily influence the environmental impacts of hydrogen production. Hydrogen production from renewable energy sources particularly wind solar and hydropower demonstrates significantly lower environmental impacts than grid electricity and fossil fuel-based methods. Conversely hydrogen production from grid electricity primarily derived from fossil fuels shows a high GWP. Furthermore challenges related to data accuracy economic analysis integration and measuring mixed gases are discussed. Future research should focus on improving data accuracy assessing the impact of technological advancements and exploring new hydrogen production methods. Harmonizing assessment methodologies across different production pathways and standardizing functional units such as “1 kg of hydrogen produced “ are critical for enabling transparent and consistent sustainability evaluations. Techniques such as stochastic modelling and Monte Carlo simulations can improve uncertainty management and enhance the reliability of LCA results.

Against the backdrop of high investment costs in distributed energy storage systems this paper proposes a bi-level energy management model based on shared multi-type energy storage to enhance system economics and resource utilization efficiency. First an electricity–heat–hydrogen coupled shared storage architecture is developed incorporating hydrogen-blended gas turbines gas boilers and hydrogen loads to achieve deep coupling between the power grid and natural gas network. Then a bi-level game model is formulated with the upper-level objective of minimizing the storage operator’s cost and the lower-level objective of minimizing the cost of the integrated energy microgrid (IEM) aggregator. A cooperative game mechanism is introduced within the microgrids to support peer-to-peer energy trading. Nash bargaining theory is applied to determine benefit allocation and dynamic pricing strategies among microgrids. The model is solved using a genetic algorithm (GA) and the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Simulation results validate the proposed strategy’s effectiveness and feasibility in reducing system costs improving overall benefits and achieving fair benefit allocation.

Supplying the growing energy demand of emerging economies by utilizing available biogenic streams will be a key challenge in the coming years. Hydrogen is a promising alternative energy carrier to support the transition of the energy sector and other industries. In recent years the use of biomass as a renewable energy source for bio-based hydrogen production has gained significant attention due to its potential to reduce environmental impact. Among the various thermochemical processes biomass pyrolysis can be used to produce hydrogen though the current use of this process is limited. Reforming the volatile fraction of biomass pyrolysis products has been only marginally explored differently from gasification; the reforming of pyrogasses can then be seen as a viable method to enhance hydrogen yield. This review explores the key factors influencing hydrogen yield including operating conditions and the role of catalysts. It is noteworthy that most of the studies evaluated in this review are in the laboratory and pilot scales and the focus of this study is on the slow pyrolysis process in the first stage. Findings indicate that hydrogen production can be significantly improved with the proper choice of catalysts with metal-based and nonmetal-based catalysts among the most effective. The outcomes of this review highlight the key effect of increasing the reforming temperature and steam-to-biomass ratio to enhance hydrogen production.