Applications & Pathways

Cruise ship decarbonisation was studied on a Mediterranean cruise profile. The analysis focused on ship energy flows fuel consumption carbon emissions ship CII and EEDI. A combination of technologies for reducing ship fuel consumption was simulated before introducing hydrogen fueled machinery for the ship. The studied technologies included ultrasound antifouling shore power battery hybrid machinery waste heat recovery and air lubrication. Their application on the selected operational profile led to combined fuel savings of 187%. When the same technologies were combined to a hydrogen machinery the ship total energy consumption compared to baseline was reduced by 25%. The cause of this was the synergies in the ship energy system such as ship auxiliary powers heat consumption and machinery efficiency. The proposed methodology of ship energy analysis is important step in starting to evaluate new fuels for ships and in preliminary technology screening prior to integrating them in the ship design.

The world is experiencing the effects of climate change at an increasing rate including rising average global temperature caused primarily by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Energy-intensive industries (EIIs) are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. The pulp and paper industry (PPI) is among the top five most energyintensive industries and it accounts for approximately 6 % of global industrial energy use and 2 % of direct industrial CO2 emissions. Therefore it is important to decarbonize this industrial sector to achieve the climate policy goal of achieving net-zero emissions as per the Paris Agreement. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the decarbonization options also known as decarbonization pathways for the pulp and paper industrial sector. These pathways are selected from available literature and they mainly include energy efficiency measures (EEMs) paper recycling switching to carbon-neutral fuels such as biomass and hydrogen electrification of heat supply and carbon capture & storage (CCS) among other emerging technologies. After identifying each decarbonization pathway is discussed in detail with its drivers and barriers to implementation. The Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP a multi-criteria decision-making MCDM technique is carried out to rank the decarbonization pathways on five distinct criteria: cost emission reduction potential technological readiness level (TRL) implementation time and scalability. The ranking is carried out in four distinct criteria weight regimes to present clear choices on different criterion weights. This review paper aims to add to the existing literature to provide clear indications in choosing the pathways toward the decarbonization effort in the pulp & paper industry under various strategic priorities.

The main motivation for this paper was the lack of studies and comparative analyses on the new generation of alternative fuels in the marine sector such as methane methanol ammonia and hydrogen. Firstly a review of international legislation and the status of these new fuels was carried out highlighting the current situation and the different existing alternatives for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition the status and evolution of the current order book for ships since the beginning of this decade were used for this analysis. Secondly each fuel and its impact on the geometry and operation of the engine were evaluated in a theoretical engine called MW-1. Lastly an economic analysis of the current situation of each fuel and its availability in the sector was carried out in order to select using the indicated methodology the most viable fuel at present to replace traditional fuels with a view to the decarbonization set for 2050.

The burgeoning adoption of photovoltaic and wind energy has limitations of volatility and intermittency which hinder their application. Electro-hydrogen coupling energy storage systems emerge as a promising solution to address this issue. This technology combines renewable energy power generation with hydrogen production through water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cell power generation effectively enabling the consumption and peak load management of renewable energy sources. This paper presents a power system with a 10 kW photovoltaic system and lithium battery energy storage system designed for hydrogen-electric coupled energy storage validated through the physical experiments. The results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in mitigating the impact of randomness and volatility in photovoltaic power generation. Moreover the energy management system can adjust bus power based on load demand. Testing the system in the absence of photovoltaic power generation reveals its capability to supply energy to the load for three hours with a minimum operating load power of 3 kW even under weather conditions unsuitable for photovoltaic power generation. These findings showed the potential of electro-hydrogen coupling energy storage systems in addressing the challenges associated with renewable energy integration paving the way for a reliable and sustainable energy supply.

Buildings are major energy consumers accounting for a significant portion of global energy consumption. Integrating hydrogen systems electrolyzers accumulation and fuel cells is proposed as a clean and efficient energy alternative to mitigate this impact and move toward a more sustainable future. This paper presents a systematic procedure for incorporating these technologies into buildings considering building engineers and stakeholders. First an in-depth analysis of buildings’ main energy consumption parameters is conducted identifying areas of energy need with the most significant optimization potential. Next a detailed review of the various opportunities for hydrogen applications in buildings is conducted evaluating their advantages and limitations. Performing a scientific review to find and understand the requirements of building engineers and the stakeholders has given notions of integration that emphasize the needs. As a result of the review process and identifying the needs to integrate hydrogen into buildings a flowchart is proposed to facilitate decision-making regarding integrating hydrogen systems into buildings. This flowchart is accompanied by a matrix of variables that considers the defined requirements allowing for combining the most suitable solution for each case. The results of this research contribute to advancing the adoption of hydrogen technologies in buildings thus promoting the transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy model.

This research presents a hierarchically synchronized Multi-Energy System (MES) designed for regional communities incorporating a network of small-scale Integrated Energy Microgrids (IEMs) to augment efficiency and collective advantages. The MES framework innovatively integrates energy complementarity pairing algorithms with efficient iterative optimization processes significantly curtailing operational expenditures for constituent microgrids and bolstering both community-wide benefits and individual microgrid autonomy. The MES encompasses electricity hydrogen and heat resources while leveraging controllable assets such as battery storage systems fuel cell combined heat and power units and electric vehicles. A comparative study of six IEMs demonstrates an operational cost reduction of up to 26.72% and a computation time decrease of approximately 97.13% compared to traditional methods like ADMM and IDAM. Moreover the system preserves data privacy by limiting data exchange to aggregated energy information thus minimizing direct communication between IEMs and the MES. This synergy of multi-energy complementarity iterative optimization and privacy-aware coordination underscores the potential of the proposed approach for scalable community-centered energy systems.

Electric arc furnace slag is a major by-product of steelmaking yet its industrial utilization remains limited due to its complex chemical and mineralogical composition. This study presents a hydrogen-based approach to recover metallic components from EAF slag for potential reuse in steelmaking. Laboratory experiments were conducted by melting 50 g of industrial slag samples at 1600 ◦C and injecting hydrogen gas through a ceramic tube into the liquid slag. After cooling both the slag and the metallic phases were analyzed for their chemical and phase compositions. Additionally the reduction process was modeled using a combination of approaches including the thermochemical software FactSage 8.1 models for density surface tension and viscosity as well as a diffusion model. The injection of hydrogen resulted in the reduction of up to 40% of the iron oxide content in the liquid slag. In addition the fraction of reacted hydrogen gas was calculated.

The turbocharging of hydrogen fuel cell systems (FCSs) has recently become a prominent research area aiming to improve FCS efficiency to help decarbonise the energy and transport sectors. This work compares the performance of an electrically assisted variable-geometry turbocharger (VGT) with a fixed-geometry turbocharger (FGT) by optimising both the sizing of the components and their operating points ensuring both designs are compared at their respective peak performance. A MATLAB-Simulink reducedorder model is used first to identify the most efficient components that match the fuel cell air path requirements. Maps representing the compressor and turbines are then evaluated in a 1D flow model to optimise cathode pressure and stoichiometry operating targets for net system efficiency using an accelerated genetic algorithm (A-GA). Good agreement was observed between the two models’ trends with a less than 10.5% difference between their normalised e-motor power across all operating points. Under optimised conditions the VGT showed a less than 0.25% increase in fuel cell system efficiency compared to the use of an FGT. However a sensitivity study demonstrates significantly lower sensitivity when operating at non-ideal flows and pressures for the VGT when compared to the FGT suggesting that VGTs may provide a higher level of tolerance under variable environmental conditions such as ambient temperature humidity and transient loading. Overall it is concluded that the efficiency benefits of VGT are marginal and therefore not necessarily significant enough to justify the additional cost and complexity that they introduce.

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a promising energy carrier to decrease the climate impact of aviation. However the inevitable formation of hydrogen boil-off gas (BOG) is a main drawback of LH2. As the venting of BOG reduces the overall efficiency and implies a safety risk at the airport means for capturing and re-using should be implemented. Metal hydrides (MHs) offer promising approaches for BOG recovery as they can directly absorb the BOG at ambient pressures and temperatures. Hence this study elaborates a design concept for such an MH-based BOG recovery system at hydrogen-ready airports. The conceptual design involves the following process steps: identify the requirements establish a functional structure determine working principles and combine the working principles to generate a promising solution.

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as an element in the effort to decarbonize the energy sector. Within the development of large-scale supply chain the storage phase emerges as a significant challenge. This study reviews Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) literature focused exclusively on hydrogen as an energy vector aiming to identify areas for improvement highlight effective solutions and point out research gaps. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of hydrogen storage technologies from an environmental perspective. A systematic search was conducted in the SCOPUS database using a specific set of keywords resulting in the identification of 30 relevant studies. These works explore hydrogen storage across different scales and applications which were classified into five categories based on the type of storage application most of them related to stationary use. The majority of the selected studies focus on storing hydrogen in compressed gas tanks. Notably 33 % of the analyzed articles assess only greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 10 % evaluate only two environmental impact categories including GHGs. This reflects a limited understanding of broader environmental impacts with a predominant focus on CO₂eq emissions. When comparing different case studies storage methods associated with the lowest emissions include metal hydrides and underground hydrogen storage. Another important observation is the trend of decreasing CO₂eq emissions as the storage system scale increases. Future studies should adopt more comprehensive approaches by analyzing a wider range of hydrogen storage technologies and considering multiple environmental impact categories in LCA. Moreover it is crucial to integrate environmental economic and social dimensions of sustainability as multidimensional assessments are essential to support well-informed balanced decisions that align with the sustainable development of hydrogen storage systems.

Hydrogen injection (HI) is an emerging decarbonisation technology for ironmaking blast furnaces (BFs) yet its impact on the in-furnace phenomenon in the raceway of an industry BF remains unclear. In this study an industrialscale Reactive Computational Fluid Dynamic Discrete Element Method coupling model (rCFD-DEM) is developed to study the impacts of HI on the raceway dynamics and coke combustion inside an industrial-scale BF. To overcome the limit in previous CFD-DEM works this work considers the impact of top loading on the in-raceway reacting flow for the first time. The comparisons show that the raceway size is sensitive to the top loading ratio suggesting that the top loading should be considered in future raceway modelling. Then the quantitative effect of the HI rate is numerically evaluated. It is indicated that when the HI rate increases from zero to 8 kg/tHM the raceway height and depth increase by 95% and 81% respectively under the investigated conditions. The underlying mechanism is explored: the increase in HI rate leads to an increase in inter-phase drag force and interparticle collision and in the convection and radiation heat transfer rates by 33 and 32 times respectively. This study provides a cost-effective tool to understand and optimise HI in industrial-scale BFs for a lower carbon footprint empowering the steel industry with crucial insights.

Novel hydrogen-based aircraft concepts pose significant challenges for the system development process. This paper proposes a generic adaptable and multidisciplinary framework for integrated model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and model-based safety assessment (MBSA) for the conceptual design of complex systems. The framework employs a multi-granularity modelcentric approach whereby the architectural specification is utilized for design as well as query purposes as part of a qualitative and quantitative graphbased preliminary safety assessment. For the qualitative assessment design and safety rules based on existing standards and best practices are formalized in the model and applied to a graph-based architecture representation. Consequently the remaining architectures are quantitatively assessed using automated fault trees. This safety-integrated approach is applied to the conceptual design of a liquid hydrogen fuel system architecture as a novel uncertain and complex system with many unknown system interrelations. This paper illustrates the potential of a combined MBSE-MBSA framework to streamline complex early-stage system design and demonstrates that all qualitatively down-selected hydrogen system architecture variants also satisfy quantitative assessment. Furthermore it is shown that the design space of novel systems is also constrained by safety and certification requirements significantly reducing the number of actual feasible solutions.

This paper addresses public acceptance of a proposed sub-regional hydrogen– electric aviation service reporting initial empirical evidence from the UK HEART project. The objective was to assess public acceptance of a wide range of service features including hydrogen power electric motors and pilot assistance automation in the context of an ongoing realisable commercial plan. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection instruments were leveraged including focus groups and stakeholder interviews as well as the questionnaire-based Scottish National survey coupled with the advanced discretechoice modelling of the data. The results from each method are presented compared and contrasted focusing on the strength reliability and validity of the data to generate insights into public acceptance. The findings suggest that public concerns were tempered by an incomplete understanding of the technology but were interpretable in terms of key service elements. Respondents’ concerns and opinions centred around hydrogen as a fuel singlepilot automation safety and security disability and inclusion environmental impact and the perceived usefulness of novel service features such as terminal design automation and sustainability. The latter findings were interpreted under a joint framework of technology acceptance theory and the diffusion of innovation. From this we drew key insights which were presented alongside a discussion of the results.

This study introduces an effective analysis framework for exploring the complex interrelation between the renewable energy factor (REF) and the economic dimensions of a PV-driven microgrid featuring a dual-level storage system that incorporates both hydrogen and electrical energy storage. By establishing a coupled model that integrates dynamic simulations with a statistical multi-objective optimization algorithm the research aims to achieve optimal component sizing—a critical step in assessing the hybrid system across various REF levels—while effectively reducing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Using the analysis outcomes of a case study a comprehensive techno-economic assessment facilitates a nuanced evaluation of the interplay between the REF system economics across various equipment cost quartiles and grid tariffs addressing the feasibility of the proposed solution for a sustainable energy transition. The results highlight how grid tariffs and REF jointly influence LCOE values across cost quartiles impacting hybrid system design and decision-making. An exponential correlation is observed between life cycle cost (LCC) and REF with the increase in annual operating costs being marginal compared to the initial cost rise. For the net-zero energy case the LCOE ranges from 0.0380 to 0.1873 $/kWh while at REF = 0.6 it spans from 0.0461 to 0.1334 $/kWh reflecting a 71 % larger difference (range). A sensitivity analysis indicates that each 5 % increase in REF leads to an average 20.7 % rise in payback period (PBP) for a given grid tariff.

To enable hydrogen-powered aircraft operations liquid hydrogen infrastructure has to be planned well in advance. This study analyses the transition pathway of liquid hydrogen supply infrastructure from the initial development phase to market penetration optimizing the design and dispatch of the system. The findings reveal that the single-year approach used in previous studies significantly underestimates the costs associated with supply infrastructure. During the transition phase substantial investments are required in specific years leading to high supply costs particularly in the early years. Off-take agreements could be used to achieve a more balanced cost distribution. For the considered location of a generic airport on-site liquid hydrogen supply costs range between 3.83 and 5.03 USD/kgH2 assuming a long-term supply agreement. At a less favourable airport supply costs are 29% higher compared to a favourable location. However costs could be reduced by up to 12% if hydrogen is imported via vessels or the European Hydrogen Backbone. The primary factors influencing supply costs are the availability of renewable energy resources and the distances to the nearest port as well as hydrogen production hubs. Therefore the optimal supply chain must be assessed individually for each airport. Overall this study provides insights and a methodology that can support the development of future liquid hydrogen infrastructure roadmaps for hydrogen-powered aviation.

The long term and large-scale energy storage operations require quick response time and round-trip efficiency which is not feasible with conventional battery systems. To address this issue while endorsing high energy density long term storage and grid adaptability the hydrogen energy storage (HES) is preferred. This proposed work makes a comprehensive review on HES while synthesizing recent research on energy storage technologies and integration into renewable energy (RE) applications. The proposed research also identifies critical challenges related to system optimization energy management strategies and economic viability while featuring emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for energy management. The proposed survey also discusses key advancements in battery technologies (lithium-ion Ni-Cd Ni/MH and flow batteries) which are examined alongside innovations in HES methods. The proposed survey utilizes an extensive list of publications to date in the open literature to canvass and portray various developments in this area.

China has emerged as a global leader in promoting new energy vehicles; however the impact of these efforts on the commercial vehicle sector remains limited. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are crucial for improving the environmental performance of commercial vehicles in China. This study evaluates the effectiveness of China’s Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle policies. Firstly an evaluation index system for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle policies is established quantifying the policy through two key metrics: policy comprehensiveness and policy synergy. Subsequently city-level data from 84 municipalities (2018-2022) are analyzed to assess policy impacts on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles adoption. The results show that both policy comprehensiveness and synergy significantly drive hydrogen fuel cell vehicle sales growth. Early sales figures also strongly influence current trends. Therefore promoting growth in hydrogen fuel cell vehicle sales can further enhance policy efforts while also accounting for the cumulative effects of initial promotional activities.

This study evaluates the potential of hydrogen as a clean additive to conventional diesel fuel. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine under half- and full-load conditions across engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 3000 rpm. Hydrogen produced on site via a proton exchange membrane electrolyser was supplied to the engine at a constant flow rate of 0.5 L/min. Compared to pure diesel the hydrogen–diesel blend reduced specific fuel consumption by 10% and increased brake thermal efficiency by 10% at full load. Emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide decreased by 13% and 17% respectively at half load. Additionally nitrogen oxide emissions dropped by 17%. These results highlight the potential of hydrogen to improve combustion efficiency while significantly mitigating emissions offering a viable transitional solution for cleaner power generation using existing diesel infrastructure.

The article presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of hydrogen as gaseous fuel on the combustion process parameters of a single-cylinder diesel engine operating in dual-fuel mode. The study is conducted at an average engine speed of n = 2000 min⁻ 1 four engine load levels and two different diesel fuel injection timing angles. Indicator diagrams are recorded for each operating mode at varying hydrogen mass fractions in the total fuel supplied to the engine. The data from the indicator diagrams are processed using a developed software that enables the determination of combustion process parameters. The analysis of the experimental results focuses on changes in cylinder temperature the coefficients of total and active heat release the rate of heat release the duration of the combustion process phases and other parameters as a function of the hydrogen mass fraction in the total fuel mixture.

Hydrogen as fuel in civil aviation gas turbines is promising due to its no-carbon content and higher net specific energy. For an entry-level market and cost-saving strategy it is advisable to consider reusing existing engine components whenever possible and retrofitting existing engines with hydrogen. Feasible strategies of retrofitting state-of-theart Jet A-1 fuelled turbofan engines with hydrogen while applying minimum changes to hardware are considered in the present study. The findings demonstrate that hydrogen retrofitted engines can deliver advantages in terms of core temperature levels and efficiency. However the engine operability assessment showed that retrofitting with minimum changes leads to a ~5% increase in the HP spool rotational speed for the same thrust at take-off which poses an issue in terms of certification for the HP spool rotational speed overspeed margin.

Even if the aviation sector only accounts for 2% of global energy-related CO2 emissions and is the most challenging sector to decarbonize. As aviation demand grows and the need for sustainable jet fuels becomes urgent green hydrogen could substitute conventional fossil fuels thereby enabling carbon-free flights. This study investigates a techno-economic analysis of onsite versus off-site green hydrogen supply chains. A case study at the Toulouse-Blagnac airport (Europe’s first station for the production and distribution of renewable hydrogen) in France is developed to meet commercial aviation's hydrogen fuel demand between 2025 and 2050. Demand of hydrogen is projected based on the trend of jet fuel consumption. First the cost of solar-based renewable electricity is estimated at the two green hydrogen production sites using levelized cost of electricity production. Second levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is evaluated for three value chain scenarios: one on-site (Toulouse airport) and two off-site (Marseille) for gaseous and cryogenic transportation of liquid hydrogen (LH2). A relative cost advantage is shown for the off-site case with cryogenic truck transportation at LCOH of €9.43/kg.LH2. This study also reveals the importance of electricity price investment costs operation costs economies of scale and transportation distance in different scenarios.

In the pursuit of establishing a sustainable fuel cell (FC) energy system this review highlights the necessity of examining the operational principles technical details environmental consequences and economic concerns collectively. By adopting an integrated approach the review research into various fuel cells types extending their applications beyond transportation and evaluating their potential for seamless integration into sustainable practices. A detailed analysis of the technical aspects including FC membranes performance and applications is presented. The environmental impact of hydrogen generation through fuel cell/electrolyzer is quantitatively assessed emphasizing a comparative emission footprint against traditional hydrogen generation methods. Economic considerations of fuel cell technology adoption are explored through an extensive examination of market growth and forecasts and investments into the FC systems. Some flagship commercial projects of FC technology are also discussed along with their future prospective. The article concludes with a thorough analysis of challenges associated with FC adoption encompassing membrane research performance hurdles infrastructure development and application-specific challenges. This all-round review serves as an indispensable tool for academicians and policymakers providing a directed and comprehensive FC perspective.

In the context of “dual carbon” in order to promote the consumption of renewable energy and improve energy utilization efficiency a low-carbon economic dispatch model of an integrated energy system containing carbon capture power plants and multiple utilization of hydrogen energy is proposed. First introduce liquid storage tanks to transform traditional carbon capture power plants and at the same time build a multi-functional hydrogen utilization structure including two-stage power-to-gas hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen storage tanks and hydrogen-doped cogeneration to fully exploit hydrogen. It can utilize the potential of collaborative operation with carbon capture power plants; on this basis consider the transferability and substitutability characteristics of electric heating gas load and construct an electric heating gas comprehensive demand response model; secondly consider the mutual recognition relationship between carbon quotas and green certificates Propose a green certificate-carbon trading mechanism; finally establish an integrated energy system with the optimization goal of minimizing the sum of energy purchase cost demand response compensation cost wind curtailment cost carbon storage cost carbon purchase cost carbon trading cost and green certificate trading compensation. Optimize scheduling model. The results show that the proposed model can effectively reduce the total system cost and carbon emissions improve clean energy consumption and energy utilization and has significant economical and low-carbon properties.

Hydrogen-fueled Internal Combustion Engines (H2-ICEs) are typically operated with lean mixtures to minimize NOx emissions and reduce the risk of abnormal combustion events. Due to hydrogen’s low Lewis number premixed hydrogen-air flames in lean conditions exhibit strong thermodiffusive instabilities which make the numerical simulation of the combustion process particularly challenging. Indeed the intensity of these instabilities is significantly influenced by thermodynamic parameters – such as mixture temperature pressure and dilution rate – resulting in substantial variations in combustion behaviour across different operating conditions. Therefore they have to be properly considered not only to ensure model robustness but also to improve model accuracy over a wider range of operations. In this study the combustion process in a Direct Injection H2-ICE was analyzed using 3D-CFD simulations relying on a flamelet-based combustion model. Two sets of lookup flame speed maps were defined: laminar flame speed (SL) maps derived from standard 1D-CFD simulations in homogeneous reactor and freely propagating flame speed (SM) maps which account for the effects of thermodiffusive instabilities. The model that uses SL maps required the recalibration of some combustion model parameters when changing the dilution rate to ensure consistency with experimental data. Instead the model relying on SM maps featured a noticeable accuracy across different air-to-fuel ratios without the need for recalibration any combustion model parameter highlighting the key role of thermodiffusive flame instabilities on the combustion process. Based on these findings the impact of such instabilities was evaluated throughout the entire combustion process from both global and local perspectives. The relevance of thermodiffusive instabilities was observed to increase with the air-to-fuel ratio thereby enhancing combustion speed in leaner mixtures. Additionally the implementation of thermodiffusive instabilities was found to affect also preferred direction of flame propagation as stronger instabilities were identified in the leanest and low-temperature portions of the flame front. Novelty and significance This study addresses a critical knowledge gap regarding the role of thermodiffusive flame instabilities in accurately replicating the combustion process of a direct-injection internal combustion engine within a RANS simulation framework. Indeed while these instabilities have been shown to significantly enhance the mixture consumption rate in quiescent environments at low to moderate pressures and temperatures particularly in lean mixtures their impact on the burn rate under engine-like conditions has not yet been systematically investigated to the best of the authors’ knowledge. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the significance of these instabilities in the combustion process of a direct-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine. The analysis is conducted from both a global perspective assessing their overall influence on the combustion process and a local perspective examining how they alter flame front characteristics when incorporated into the model.

Research into the off-grid hybrid energy system to provide reliable electricity to a remote community has extensively been done. However simultaneous meeting electric freshwater and gas demands from the off-grid hybrid energy sources are very scarce in literature. Power- to-X (PtX) is gaining attention in recent days in the energy transition scenarios to generate green hydrogen the primary product of the process as an energy carrier which is deemed to replace conventional fuels to reach absolute carbon neutrality. In this study renew able–based hybrid energy is developed to simultaneously meet the electricity freshwater and gas (cooking gas via methanation process) demands for a remote Island in Bangladesh. In this process an energy management strategy has been developed to use the excess energy to generate both freshwater and the hydrogen where hydrogen is then converted to natural gas via methanation process. The PV wind turbine diesel generator battery and fuel cell have been optimized using non-dominating sorting algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to offer reliable cost-effective solutions of electricity freshwater and cooking gas for the end users. Results reported that the PV/ WT/DG/Batt configuration has been found the most economic configuration with the lowest COE (0.1724 $/kWh) which is 9 % lower than PV/WT/Batt configuration which has the second lowest COE. The cost of water (COW) and cost of gas (COG) of the PV/WT/DG/Batt system are also the lowest among all the four configurations and have been found 1.185 $/m3 and 3.978 $/m3 respectively.