Korea, Republic of

Hydrogen gas storage place has been increasing daily because of its consumption. Hydrogen gas is a dream fuel of the future with many social economic and environmental benefits to its credit. However many hydrogen storage tanks exploded accidentally and significantly lost the economy infrastructure and living beings. In this study a protection wall under a worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas tank was analyzed with commercial software LS-DYNA. TNT equivalent method was used to calculate the weight of TNT for Hydrogen. Reinforced concrete and composite protection wall under TNT explosion was analyzed with a different distance of TNT. The initial dimension of the reinforced concrete protection wall was taken from the Korea gas safety code book (KGS FP217) and studied the various condition. H-beam was used to make the composite protection wall. Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulation from LS-DYNA and ConWep pressure had a good agreement. Used of the composite structure had a minimum displacement than a normal reinforced concrete protection wall. During the worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas 300 kg storage tank the minimum distance between the hydrogen gas tank storage and protection wall should be 3.6 m.

The increasing global residential energy demand causes carbon emissions and ecological impacts necessitating cleaner efficient solutions. This study presents an innovative hybrid energy system integrating wind power and gas turbines for a four-story 16-unit residential building. The system generates electricity heating cooling and hydrogen using a Proton Exchange Membrane electrolyzer and a compression chiller. Integrating the electrolyzer enables hydrogen production and demonstrates hydrogen’s potential as a versatile clean energy carrier for systems contributing to advancements in hydrogen utilization. Simulations with Engineering Equation Solver software coupled with neural network-based multi-objective optimization fine-tuned parameters such as gas turbine efficiency wind turbine count and gas turbine inlet temperature to enhance exergy efficiency and reduce operational costs. The optimized system achieves an energy efficiency of 33.69% and an exergy efficiency of 36.95% and operates at $446.04 per hour demonstrating economic viability. It produces 51061 MWh annually exceeding the building’s energy demands and allowing surplus energy use elsewhere. BEopt simulations confirm the system meets residential needs by providing 2.52 GWh of electricity 3.36 GWh of heating and 5.11 GWh of cooling annually. This system also generates 10 kg of hydrogen per hour and achieves a CO₂ reduction of 10416 tons/year. The wind farm (25 turbines) provides most of the energy at 396.7 dollars per hour while the gas turbine operates at 80% efficiency. By addressing the challenges of intermittent renewable energy in residential Zero-Energy Buildings this research offers a scalable and environmentally friendly solution contributing to sustainable urban living and advancing hydrogen energy applications.

This study aims to elucidate the behavior of diffusible hydrogen and delayed fracture in martensitic steel with 1500 MPa strength during automotive painting process and under vehicle service conditions. A sequential process of automotive pretreatment line and vehicle service environment is simulated to evaluate the hydrogen pick up in each process. In case of the automotive painting line the absorption of hydrogen is within the common range in the process of phosphating treatment and electrodeposition. The baking process plays an effective role for desorbing the diffusible hydrogen absorbed during the automotive pre-treatment such as zinc-phosphating and electrodeposition process. In case of the corrosion environment under the automotive driving conditions hydrogen induced delayed fracture is accelerated as the exposure time increases. Further it is clarified that severe plastic deformation are the significant factors for hydrogen induced delayed fracture under with low pH value and present of chloride ion in a chemical solution parameter. In summary hydrogen is transported constantly during electrodeposition sequential line process of automobile manufacturing below the hydrogen content of 0.5 ppm which is not critical value for leading to hydrogen delayed fracture based on results of slow strain rate tensile tests. However exposure to extreme conditions under service environment of vehicle such as acidic solution and chloride chemistry solution that result in high level of hydrogen absorption severe plastic deformation in the sheared edge and constantly applied internal or external stresses can cause the hydrogen induced delayed fracture in the fully martensitic steels.

Rapid industrialization is consuming too much energy and non-renewable energy resources are currently supplying the world’s majority of energy requirements. As a result the global energy mix is being pushed towards renewable and sustainable energy sources by the world’s future energy plan and climate change. Thus hydrogen has been suggested as a potential energy source for sustainable development. Currently the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels is dominant in the world and its utilization is increasing daily. As discussed in the paper a large amount of hydrogen is used in rocket engines oil refining ammonia production and many other processes. This paper also analyzes the environmental impacts of hydrogen utilization in various applications such as iron and steel production rocket engines ammonia production and hydrogenation. It is predicted that all of our fossil fuels will run out soon if we continue to consume them at our current pace of consumption. Hydrogen is only ecologically friendly when it is produced from renewable energy. Therefore a transition towards hydrogen production from renewable energy resources such as solar geothermal and wind is necessary. However many things need to be achieved before we can transition from a fossil-fuel-driven economy to one based on renewable energy

The depletion of reliable energy sources and the environmental and climatic repercussions of polluting energy sources have become global challenges. Hence many countries have adopted various renewable energy sources including hydrogen. Hydrogen is a future energy carrier in the global energy system and has the potential to produce zero carbon emissions. For the non-fossil energy sources hydrogen and electricity are considered the dominant energy carriers for providing end-user services because they can satisfy most of the consumer requirements. Hence the development of both hydrogen production and storage is necessary to meet the standards of a “hydrogen economy”. The physical and chemical absorption of hydrogen in solid storage materials is a promising hydrogen storage method because of the high storage and transportation performance. In this paper physical hydrogen storage materials such as hollow spheres carbon-based materials zeolites and metal– organic frameworks are reviewed. We summarize and discuss the properties hydrogen storage densities at different temperatures and pressures and the fabrication and modification methods of these materials. The challenges associated with these physical hydrogen storage materials are also discussed.

This study presents a method for predicting nozzle surface temperature and the timing of frost formation during hydrogen refueling using machine learning. A continuous refueling system was implemented based on a simulation model that was developed and validated in previous research. Data were collected under various boundary conditions and eight regression models were trained and evaluated for their predictive performance. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using random search to enhance model performance. The final models were validated by applying boundary conditions not used during model development and comparing the predicted values with simulation results. The comparison revealed that the maximum error rate occurred after the second refueling with a value of approximately 4.79%. Currently nitrogen and heating air are used for defrosting and frost reduction which can be costly. The developed machine learning models are expected to enable prediction of both frost formation and defrosting timings potentially allowing for more cost-effective management of defrosting and frost reduction strategies.

Hydrogen refueling stations rely on pressure vessels capable of withstanding pressures up to 90 MPa while mitigating concerns related to hydrogen embrittlement. However a gap exists in understanding the long-term fatigue behavior of these vessels under real operational conditions. This study focuses on evaluating the safety of SA372 pressure vessels using operational data from a hydrogen refueling station in Pyeongtaek South Korea. A predictive reinspection methodology is proposed based on this evaluation. Parameters including hydrogen-induced stress intensity factor (KIH) initial crack size (a0 c0) and pressure vessel specifications are considered to assess critical crack depth (ac) critical usage cycles (Nc) and allowable usage cycles (Nallowed). Leveraging operational data collected between August and November 2023 fatigue analysis and Rainflow counting inform reinspection schedules. Results indicate a need for mid-bank vessel reinspection within the second year high-bank vessel reinspection every 20 years and low-bank vessel reinspection every 143 years in accordance with safety regulations. Additionally a revised refueling logic is proposed to optimize vehicle charging methods and pressure ranges enhancing operational safety. This study serves as a preliminary investigation highlighting the need for broader data collection and analysis to generalize findings across multiple stations.

Recently major problems related to fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have arisen in the transportation sector. Therefore developing transportation modes powered by alternative fuels has become one of the main targets for car manufacturers and governments around the world. This study aimed to investigate the economic prospects of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets in Westbank. For this purpose a model that could predict the number of taxis was developed and the expected economic implications of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets were determined based on the expected future fuel consumption and future fuel cost. After analysis of the results it was concluded that a slight annual increase in the number of taxis in Palestine is expected in the future due to the government restrictions on issuing new taxi permits in order to get this sector organized. Furthermore using hydrogen fuel cells in taxi fleets is expected to become more and more feasible over time due to the expected future increase in oil price and the expected significant reduction in hydrogen cost as a result of the new technologies that are expected to be used in the production and handling of hydrogen.

To meet the global climate goals agreed upon regarding the Paris Agreement governments and institutions around the world are investigating various technologies to reduce carbon emissions and achieve a net-negative energy system. To this end integrated solutions that incorporate carbon utilization processes as well as promote the transition of the fossil fuel-based energy system to carbon-free systems such as the hydrogen economy are required. One of the possible pathways is to utilize CO2 as the base chemical for producing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) using CO2 as a mediating chemical for delivering H2 to the site of usage since gaseous and liquid H2 retain transportation and storage problems. Formic acid is a probable candidate considering its high volumetric H2 capacity and low toxicity. While previous studies have shown that formic acid is less competitive as an LOHC candidate compared to other chemicals such as methanol or toluene the results were based on out-of-date process schemes. Recently advances have been made in the formic acid production and dehydrogenation processes and an analysis regarding the recent process configurations could deem formic acid as a feasible option for LOHC. In this study the potential for using formic acid as an LOHC is evaluated with respect to the state-of-the-art formic acid production schemes including the use of heterogeneous catalysts during thermocatalytic and electrochemical formic acid production from CO2 . Assuming a hydrogen distribution system using formic acid as the LOHC each of the production transportation dehydrogenation and CO2 recycle sections are separately modeled and evaluated by means of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Realistic scenarios for hydrogen distribution are established considering the different transportation and CO2 recovery options; then the separate scenarios are compared to the results of a liquefied hydrogen distribution scenario. TEA results showed that while the LOHC system incorporating the thermocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid is more expensive than liquefied H2 distribution the electrochemical CO2 reduction to formic acid system reduces the H2 distribution cost by 12%. Breakdown of the cost compositions revealed that reduction of steam usage for thermocatalytic processes in the future can make the LOHC system based on thermocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid to be competitive with liquefied H2 distribution if the production cost could be reduced by 23% and 32% according to the dehydrogenation mode selected. Using formic acid as a LOHC was shown to be less competitive compared to liquefied H2 delivery in terms of LCA but producing formic acid via electrochemical CO2 reduction was shown to retain the lowest global warming potential among the considered options.

Renewable hydrogen production has an opportunity to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation and industrial sectors. This method generates hydrogen utilizing renewable energy sources such as the sun wind and hydropower lowering the number of greenhouse gases released into the environment. In recent years considerable progress has been made in the production of sustainable hydrogen particularly in the disciplines of electrolysis biomass gasification and photoelectrochemical water splitting. This review article figures out the capacity efficiency and cost-effectiveness of hydrogen production from renewable sources effectively comparing the conventionally used technologies with the latest techniques which are getting better day by day with the implementation of the technological advancements. Governments investors and industry players are increasingly interested in manufacturing renewable hydrogen and the global need for clean energy is expanding. It is projected that facilities for manufacturing renewable hydrogen as well as infrastructure to support this development would expand hastening the transition to an environment-friendly and low-carbon economy