China, People’s Republic

Clean hydrogen (H2) is highly desirable for the sustainable development of society in the era of carbon neutrality. However the current capability of water electrolysis and steam methane (CH4) reforming to produce green and blue H2 is very limited mainly due to the high production cost difficult scale-up technology or operational risk. Here we propose the direct catalytic decomposition of diesel using a nano-Fe-based catalyst to produce the so-called ‘‘jadeite H2” while simultaneously fixing the carbon from the diesel in the form of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Efforts are made to understand the suppression mechanism of the CH4 byproduct such as by tuning the catalyst type space velocity and reaction time. The optimal green index (GI)—that is the molar ratio of H2/carbon in a gaseous state—of the proposed technology exceeds 42 which is far higher than those of any previously reported chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Moreover the carbon footprint (CFP) of the proposed technology is far lower than those of grey H2 blue H2 and other dehydrogenation technologies. Compared with most of the technologies mentioned above the energy consumption (per mole of H2) and reactor amplification of the proposed technology validate its high efficiency and great practical feasibility.

This paper presents QDQN-ThermoNet a novel Quantum-Driven Dual Deep Q-Network framework for intelligent thermal regulation in next-generation electric vehicles with hybrid energy systems. Our approach introduces a dual-agent architecture where a classical DQN governs solid-state battery thermal management while a quantumenhanced DQN regulates proton exchange membrane fuel cell dynamics both sharing a unified quantumenhanced experience replay buffer to facilitate cross-system information transfer. Hardware-in-the-Loop validation across diverse operational scenarios demonstrates significant performance improvements compared to classical methods including enhanced thermal stability (95.1 % vs. 82.3 %) faster thermal response (2.1 s vs. 4.7 s) reduced overheating events (0.3 vs. 3.2) and superior energy efficiency (22.4 % energy savings). The quantum-enhanced components deliver 38.7 % greater sample efficiency and maintain robust performance under sparse data conditions (33.9 % improvement) while material-adaptive control strategies leveraging MXeneenhanced phase change materials achieve a 50.3 % reduction in peak temperature rise during transients. Component lifetime analysis reveals a 33.2 % extension in battery service life through optimized thermal management. These results establish QDQN-ThermoNet as a significant advancement in AI-driven thermal management for future electric vehicle platforms effectively addressing the complex challenges of coordinating thermal regulation across divergent energy sources with different optimal operating temperatures.

Coal constitutes China’s most significant resource endowment at present. Utilizing coal resources for hydrogen production represents an early-stage pathway for China’s hydrogen production industry. The analysis of energy quality and carbon emissions in coal gasification-based hydrogen production holds practical significance. This paper integrates the exergy analysis methodology into the traditional LCA framework to evaluate the exergy and carbon emission scales of coal gasification-based hydrogen production in China considering the technical conditions of CCUS. This paper found that the life cycle exergic efficiency of the whole chain of gasification-based hydrogen production in China is accounted to be 38.8%. By analyzing the causes of exergic loss and energy varieties it was found that the temperature difference between the reaction of coal gasification and CO conversion unit and the pressure difference due to the compressor driven by the electricity consumption of the compression process in the variable pressure adsorption unit are the main causes of exergic loss. Corresponding countermeasures were suggested. Regarding decarbonization strategies the CCUS process can reduce CO2 emissions across the life cycle of coal gasification-based hydrogen production by 48%. This study provides an academic basis for medium-to-long-term forecasting and roadmap design of China’s hydrogen production structure.

This study presents a novel solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) design with variable channel widths to optimize thermal management and electrochemical performance for enhanced hydrogen production. Using high-fidelity computational modeling in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 five distinct channel width configurations were analyzed with a baseline model validated against experimental data. The simulations showed that modifying the channel geometry particularly in Scenario 2 significantly improved hydrogen production rates by 6.8% to 29% compared to a uniform channel design with the effect becoming more pronounced at higher voltages. The performance enhancement was found to be primarily due to improved fluid velocity regulation which increased reactant residence time and enhanced mass transport rather than a significant thermal effect as temperature distribution remained largely uniform across the cell. Additionally the inclusion of a dedicated heat transfer channel was shown to improve current density and overall efficiency particularly at lower voltages. While a small increase in voltage raised internal cell pressure the variable-width designs especially those with widening channels led to greater hydrogen output albeit with a corresponding increase in system energy consumption due to higher pressure. Overall the findings demonstrate that strategically designed variable-width channels offer a promising approach to optimizing SOEC performance for industrial-scale hydrogen production.

The hydrogen energy industry is rapidly developing positioning hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) as critical infrastructure for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Within these stations hydrogen compressors serve as the core equipment whose performance and reliability directly determine the overall system’s economy and safety. This article systematically reviews the working principles structural features and application status of mechanical hydrogen compressors with a focus on three prominent types based on reciprocating motion principles: the diaphragm compressor the hydraulically driven piston compressor and the ionic liquid compressor. The study provides a detailed analysis of performance bottlenecks material challenges thermal management issues and volumetric efficiency loss mechanisms for each compressor type. Furthermore it summarizes recent technical optimizations and innovations. Finally the paper identifies current research gaps particularly in reliability hydrogen embrittlement and intelligent control under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. It also proposes future technology development pathways and standardization recommendations aiming to serve as a reference for further R&D and the industrialization of hydrogen compression technology.

Integrated Energy Systems (IESs) which leverage the synergistic coordination of electricity heat and gas networks serve as crucial enablers for a low-carbon transition. Current research predominantly treats energy storage as a subordinate resource in dispatch schemes failing to simultaneously optimise IES economic efficiency and storage operators’ profit maximisation thereby overlooking their potential value as independent market entities. To address these limitations this study establishes an operator-autonomous management framework incorporating electrical thermal and hydrogen storage in IESs. We propose a joint optimal dispatch model for hybrid energy storage systems in low-carbon IES operation. The upper-level model minimises total system operation costs for IES operators while the lower-level model maximises net profits for independent storage operators managing various storage assets. These two levels are interconnected through power price and carbon signals. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by setting up multiple scenarios for example analysis.

Developing green hydrogen energy can alleviate the problem of CO2 emissions caused by excessive use of fossil fuels. In-situ capture of CO2 for enhanced H2 production in zero-carbon energy biomass-H2O gasification can achieve the dual effects of green H2 production and negative carbon. The study used red mud (RM) to modify CaO and prepare dual-functional materials (DFMs). And the in-situ CO2 capture enhanced H2 production and regeneration cycle performance of DFMs in biomass-H2O gasification were studied and the influence of biomass ash on the H2 production and low-temperature (650 ◦C) regeneration performance of DFMs in the cycle was analyzed. The results are as follows: In DFMs catalyzed biomass-H2O gasification due to the continuous deposition of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in biomass ash with increasing cycle times its catalytic effect increased H2 production by 27 % after twenty cycles and the pore structure degradation and cycle stability of DFMs decreased by 44.71 %. DFMs have demonstrated excellent catalytic performance and cycling stability in the catalytic removal of ash from biomass. After twenty cycles the production of H2 only decreased by 20.59 % and the performance of CaO decreased by 26.67 % demonstrating the enormous potential of DFMs for in-situ CO2 capture and enhanced H2 production.

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are zero-emission but face cost and power density challenges. To mitigate these limitations a novel 3D-ordered nano-structured self-supporting membrane electrode assembly (MEA) has been developed. This paper investigates the optimal component sizing of the battery and fuel cell in FCEVs equipped with 3D-ordered MEAs integrating the energy management. To explore the trade-offs between component cost operational cost and fuel cell degradation the sizing and energy management problem is formulated into a multi-objective optimisation problem. A Pareto frontier (PF) study is conducted using the decomposed multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA/D) for a more diverse distribution of feasible solutions. The modular design of fuel cells is derived from a scaled and stressed experiment. After executing MOEA/D across the three aggressive driving cycles power source configurations are selected from the corresponding PFs based on objective trade-offs ensuring robustness of the overall system. The optimisation performance of the MOEA/D is compared with that of the multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimisation. In addition the selected powertrain configurations are evaluated and compared through standard and realworld driving cycles in a simulation environment. This paper also performs a sensitivity analysis to reveal the influence of diverse component unit costs and hydrogen price. The results indicate that the mediumsized configuration consisting of a 63.31 kW fuel cell stack and a 52.15 kWh battery pack delivers the best overall performance. It achieves a 26.71% reduction in component cost and up to 12.76% savings in hydrogen consumption across various driving conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimisation of fuel cell systems for FCEVs.

China is developing renewable energy bases (REBs) in the desert and Gobi regions. However the intermittency of renewable energy and the temporal mismatch between peak renewable generation and peak load demand severely disrupt the power supply reliability of these REBs. Hydrogen storage technology characterized by high energy density and long-term storage capability is an effective method for enhancing the power supply reliability. Therefore this paper proposes a REB planning model in the desert and Gobi regions considering seasonal hydrogen storage introduction as well as electricity-carbon-hydrogen markets trading. Furthermore a combination scenario generation method considering extreme scenario optimization is proposed. Among which the extreme scenarios selected through an iterative selection method based on maximizing scenario divergence contain more incremental information providing data support for the proposed model. Finally the simulation was conducted in the desert and Gobi regions of Yinchuan Ningxia Province China primarily verifying that (1) the REB incorporating hydrogen storage can fully leverage hydrogen storage to achieve seasonal and long-term electricity transfer and utilization. The project has a payback period of 10 years with an internal rate of return of 13.30% and a return on investment of 16.34% thus showing significant development potential. (2) Compared to the typical battery-involved REB the hydrogen-involved energy storage facility achieved a 59.39% annual profit a 10.98% internal rate of return a 14.93% return on investment and a 1.51% improvement in power supply reliability by sacrificing a 52.49% increase in construction cost. (3) Compared to REB planning based only on typical scenarios the power supply reliability of REBs based on the proposed combination scenario generation method improved by 8.58%.

In northern China the long winter heating period is accompanied by severe wind curtailment. To address this issue a joint optimization scheduling strategy of electric vehicles (EVs) and electro–olefin–hydrogen electromagnetic energy supply device (EHED) is proposed to promote deep wind–solar integration. Firstly the feasibility analysis of EVs participating in scheduling is conducted and the operation models of dispatchable EVs and thermal energy storage EHEDs within the scheduling period are established. Secondly a control strategy for the joint optimization scheduling of wind–solar farms EVs EHEDs and power grid is constructed. Then an economic dispatch model for joint optimization of EVs and EHEDs is established to minimize the system operation cost within the scheduling period and the deep wind–solar integration of the joint optimization model is studied by considering EVs under different demand responses. Finally the proposed model is solved by CPLEX solver. The simulation results show that the established joint optimization economic dispatch model of EV-EHEDs can improve the enthusiasm of dispatchable EVs to participate in deep wind–solar integration reduce wind curtailment power and decrease the overall system operation cost.

Hydrogen leakage is a critical safety concern for high-pressure storage systems where orifice geometry significantly influences dispersion and risk. Previous studies on leakage and diffusion have mostly focused on closed or semi-closed environments while thorough exploration has been conducted on open and unshielded environments. This work compares three typical orifice types—circular slit and Y-type—through controlled experiments. Results show that circular orifices generate directional jets with steep gradients but relatively low concentrations with a 1 mm case reaching only 0.725% at the jet core. Slit orifices exhibit more uniform diffusion; at 1 mm concentrations ranged from 2.125% to 2.625%. Y-type orifices presented the highest hazard with 0.5 mm leaks producing 2.9% and 1 mm cases approaching the 4% lower flammability limit within 375 s. Equilibrium times increased with orifice size from 400–800 s for circular and slit leaks to up to 900 s for Y-type leaks some of which failed to stabilize. Response behavior also varied: Y-type leaks achieved rapid multi-point responses (as short as 10 s) while circular and slit leaks responded more slowly away from the jet core. Overall risk ranking was circular < slit < Y-type underscoring the urgent need for geometry-specific monitoring strategies sensor layouts and emergency thresholds to ensure safe hydrogen storage.

The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines battery with hydrogen storage exploits complementary power/energy characteristics but most studies optimize capacity and operation separately leading to suboptimal overall performance. To address this issue this paper proposes a bi-level co-optimization framework that integrates deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and mixed integer programming (MIP). The outer layer employs the TD3 algorithm for capacity configuration while the inner layer uses the Gurobi solver for optimal operation under constraints. On a standalone PV–wind–load-HESS system the method attains near-optimal quality at dramatically lower runtime. Relative to GA + Gurobi and PSO + Gurobi the cost is lower by 4.67% and 1.31% while requiring only 0.52% and 0.58% of their runtime; compared with a direct Gurobi solve the cost remains comparable while runtime decreases to 0.07%. Sensitivity analysis further validates the model’s robustness under various cost parameters and renewable energy penetration levels. These results indicate that the proposed DRL–MIP cooperation achieves near-optimal solutions with orders of magnitude speedups. This study provides a new DRL–MIP paradigm for efficiently solving strongly coupled bi-level optimization problems in energy systems.

This study investigates the performance degradation of X70 steel weld material in highpressure natural gas pipelines in the Sichuan-Chongqing region and its impact on pipeline safety by investigating their behavior under multiphysics environments including varying gas media (nitrogen methane hydrogen-blended) pressure conditions (0.1–10 MPa) and material regions (base metal vs. weld). A key novelty of this work is the introduction of a “degradation rate” metric to quantitatively assess the deterioration of weld mechanical properties. A key novelty of this work is the explicit introduction of a “degradation rate” metric to quantitatively assess the deterioration of weld mechanical properties. Slow strain rate tensile tests combined with fracture morphology and microstructure analysis reveal that welds exhibit inferior mechanical properties due to microstructural inhomogeneity and residual stresses including a yield stress reduction of 15.2–18.7%. The risk of brittle fracture was highest in the hydrogen-blended environment while nitrogen exhibited the most benign effect. Material region changes were identified as the most significant factor affecting degradation. This research provides crucial data and theoretical support for pipeline safety design and material performance optimization.

Hydrogen is widely regarded as a promising carbon-free alternative fuel. However the development of low-emission marine gas turbine combustion systems has been hindered by the associated risks of combustion instability also termed as thermoacoustic oscillations. Although there is sufficient literature on hydrogen fuel and combustion instability systematic reviews addressing the manifestations and mechanisms of these instabilities remain limited. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive review of combustion instabilities in hydrogen-enriched marine gas turbines with a particular focus on elucidating the characteristics and underlying mechanisms. The review begins with a concise overview of recent progress in understanding the fundamental combustion properties of hydrogen and then details various instability phenomena in hydrogen-enriched methane flames. The mechanisms by which hydrogen enrichment affects combustion instabilities are extensively discussed particularly in relation to the feedback loop in thermoacoustic combustion systems. The paper concludes with a summary of the key combustion instability challenges associated with hydrogen addition to methane flames and offers prospects for future research. In summary the review highlights the interaction between hydrogenenriched methane flames and thermoacoustic phenomena providing a foundation for the development of stable low-emission combustion systems in industrial marine applications incorporating hydrogen enrichment.

The development of durable and efficient catalysts capable of driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is essential for advancing sustainable hydrogen production through overall water electrolysis. In this study we developed a corrosion-mediated approach where Ni ions originate from the self-corrosion of the nickel foam (NF) substrate to construct Pt-modified NiFe layered double hydroxide (Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH) under ambient conditions. The obtained catalyst exhibits a hierarchical architecture with abundant defect sites which favor the uniform distribution of Pt clusters and optimized electronic configuration. The Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH catalyst constructed through the interaction between Pt sites and defective NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) demonstrates remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity delivering an overpotential as low as 29 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 and exhibiting a small tafel slope of 34.23 mV·dec−1 in 1 M KOH together with excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance requiring only 252 mV to reach 100 mA·cm−2 . Moreover the catalyst demonstrates outstanding activity and durability in alkaline seawater maintaining stable operation over long-term tests. The Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH electrode when integrated into a two-electrode system demonstrates operating voltages as low as 1.42 and 1.51 V for current densities of 10 and 100 mA·cm−2 respectively and retains outstanding stability under concentrated alkaline conditions (6 M KOH 70 ◦C). Overall this work establishes a scalable and economically viable pathway toward high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts and deepens the understanding of Pt-LDH interfacial synergy in promoting water-splitting catalysis.

During the critical period of energy transition the collaborative optimization of the electricity-hydrogentransportation coupling system is of vital importance for achieving efficient energy utilization and sustainable development.This paper proposes a collaborative operation mechanism of Distributed Robust Optimization (DRO) considering carbon emissions. Firstly a Stackelberg game dynamic pricing strategy is constructed for the integrated energy station (IES) and the electricity-hydrogen hybrid charging station (HRS) where the upper-level IES optimizes the electricity price setting strategy and the lower-level HRS dynamically adjusts the electricity purchase-hydrogen production plan. Secondly the Wasserstein distance is used to describe the uncertainties of hydrogen vehicle loads and wind-solar power generation and a bisection algorithm-column constraint generation (BA-C&CG) hybrid algorithm is designed to solve the model. Finally the numerical example verification shows that the daily operation cost of HRS under the proposed mechanism is as low as 1108.53 EUR which is 10.58 % and 7.38 % lower than that of the commonly used stochastic optimization (SO) and robust optimization (RO) respectively. The variance analysis (F = 536.05P < 0.001) confirms that the cost advantage is statistically significant. In terms of carbon emission reduction effect the DRO-Stackelberg game model has the lowest daily carbon cost (6.98EUR). This mechanism effectively balances the economic and robustness of the system and the single dispatch calculation time is only 112.09 s meeting the real-time operation requirements of engineering. It provides technical support for the low-carbon collaborative operation of the electricity-hydrogen-transportation coupling system.

With the IMO’s 2050 decarbonization target hydrogen is a key zero-carbon fuel for shipping but the lack of systematic risk assessment methods for hydrogen-powered marine propulsion systems (under harsh marine conditions) hinders its large-scale application. To address this gap this study proposes an integrated risk evaluation framework by fusing Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) with the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)—resolving the limitation of traditional single evaluation tools and adapting to the dynamic complexity of marine environments. Scientific findings from this framework confirm that hydrogen leakage high-pressure storage tank valve leakage and inverter overload are the three most critical failure modes with hydrogen leakage being the primary risk source due to its high severity and detection difficulty. Further hazard matrix analysis reveals two key risk mechanisms: one type of failure (e.g. insufficient hydrogen concentration) features “high severity but low detectability” requiring real-time monitoring; the other (e.g. distribution board tripping) shows “high frequency but controllable impact” calling for optimized operations. This classification provides a theoretical basis for precise risk prevention. Targeted improvement measures (e.g. dual-sealed valves redundant cooling circuits AI-based regulation) are proposed and quantitatively validated reducing the system’s overall risk value from 4.8 (moderate risk) to 1.8 (low risk). This study’s core contribution lies in developing a universally applicable scientific framework for marine hydrogen propulsion system risk assessment. It not only fills the methodological gap in traditional evaluations but also provides a theoretical basis for the safe promotion of hydrogen shipping supporting the scientific realization of the IMO’s decarbonization goal.

As a key zero-carbon energy carrier the accurate measurement of liquid hydrogen flow in its industrial chain is crucial. However the ultra-low temperature ultra-low density and other properties of liquid hydrogen can introduce calibration errors. To enhance the measurement accuracy and reliability of liquid hydrogen flow this study investigates the heat and mass transfer within a 1 m3 non-vented storage tank during the calibration process of a liquid hydrogen flow standard device that integrates combined dynamic and static gravimetric methods. The vertical tank configuration was selected to minimize the vapor–liquid interface area thereby suppressing boil-off gas generation and enhancing pressure stability which is critical for measurement accuracy. Building upon research on cryogenic flow standard devices as well as tank experiments and simulations this study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with Fluent 2024 software to numerically simulate liquid hydrogen flow within a non-vented tank. The thermophysical properties of hydrogen crucial for the accuracy of the phase-change simulation were implemented using high-fidelity real-fluid data from the NIST Standard Reference Database as the ideal gas law is invalid under the cryogenic conditions studied. Specifically the Lee model was enhanced via User-Defined Functions (UDFs) to accurately simulate the key phasechange processes involving coupled flash evaporation and condensation during liquid hydrogen refueling. The simulation results demonstrated good agreement with NASA experimental data. This study systematically examined the effects of key parameters including inlet flow conditions and inlet liquid temperature on the flow characteristics of liquid hydrogen entering the tank and the subsequent heat and mass transfer behavior within the tank. The results indicated that an increase in mass flow rate elevates tank pressure and reduces filling time. Conversely a decrease in the inlet liquid hydrogen temperature significantly intensifies heat and mass transfer during the initial refueling stage. These findings provide important theoretical support for a deeper understanding of the complex physical mechanisms of liquid hydrogen flow calibration in non-vented tanks and for optimizing calibration accuracy.

The transport of natural gas blended with hydrogen is a key strategy for the low-carbon energy transition. However the influence mechanism of its thermo-physical property variations on centrifugal compressor performance remains insufficiently understood. This study systematically investigates the effects of the hydrogen blending ratio (HBR 0–30%) inlet temperature and rotational speed on key compressor parameters (pressure ratio polytropic efficiency and outlet temperature) through numerical simulations. In order to evaluate the influence of hydrogen blending on the performance and stability of centrifugal compressors a three-dimensional model of the compressor was established and the simulation conducted was verified with the experimental data. Results indicate that under constant inlet conditions both the pressure ratio and outlet temperature decrease with increasing HBR while polytropic efficiency remains relatively stable. Hydrogen blending significantly expands the surge margin shifting both surge and choke lines downward and consequently reducing the stable operating range by 27.11% when hydrogen content increases from 0% to 30%. This research provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for optimizing hydrogen-blended natural gas centrifugal compressor design and operational control.

Clean energy technologies offer promising pathways for low-carbon transitions yet their feasibility remains uncertain particularly in rapidly developing regions. This study develops a Factorial Multi-Stochastic Optimization-driven Equilibrium (FMOE) model to assess the economic and environmental impacts of clean power deployment. Using Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in Guangdong China as a case study the model reveals that SMRs can reduce system costs and alleviate GDP losses supporting provincial-level Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). If offshore wind capital costs fall to 40 % of SMRs’ SMR deployment may no longer be necessary after 2030. Otherwise SMRs could supply 22 % of capacity by 2040. The FMOE model provides a robust adaptable framework for evaluating emerging technologies under uncertainty and supports sustainable power planning across diverse regional contexts. This study offers valuable insights into the resource and economic implications of clean energy strategies contributing to global carbon neutrality and efficient energy system design.

The Yangtze River as the world’s largest clean energy corridor links key economic regions and plays a crucial role in inland waterway transportation. However few studies have comprehensively evaluated the potential of the Yangtze River for cross-regional hydrogen transport. Here we develop a comprehensive integrated power and hydrogen supply chain (IPHSC) optimization model to evaluate the potential of cross-regional hydrogen transport via the Yangtze River. The IPHSC optimization model covers the entire hydrogen production-storage-transportation-utilization chain through cross-sector modeling of energy transportation water scheduling and environmental protection. Results show that in the 2060 carbon neutrality scenario the deployment of 62.2 kilotons of 574 differentiated liquid hydrogen (LH2) carrier ships could enable the transportation of 5018 kilotons (1512 million ton-km) of hydrogen annually meeting nearly 20% of the total electrolytic hydrogen demand across eight riverine provinces. Unlike west-to-east electricity transmission in China the central Yangtze River region is expected to become the main hub for hydrogen exports in the future. Compared with alternative methods such as transmission lines or pipelines LH2 carrier ships offer the lowest energy supply costs at 3 US cents/kWh for electricity and 5 US cents/kWh for hydrogen. Additionally a full-parameter attribution analysis of over 40 factors is conducted to assess variations in supply costs. Our study offers a thorough evaluation of the feasibility and economic benefits of hydrogen transportation via inland waterways providing a comprehensive multi-sectoral coupling assessment framework for regions with well-established inland waterway networks such as Europe and the United States.

Aiming at the problems of poor transient characteristics of converter output DC voltage and large DC current ripple caused by alkaline electrolyzer (AEL) switching operation in the wind power-hydrogen coupled integrated system this paper proposes an interleaved parallel VDCM control method to improve the stable operation of the system. Firstly a refined mathematical-physical model of the wind power-hydrogen coupled integrated system including HD-PMSG interleaved parallel buck and AEL is constructed. Then the VDCM control strategy is introduced into the interleaved parallel buck converter which provides reliable inertia and damping support for the output voltage of the hydrogen production system by simulating the DC motor power regulation characteristics and effectively improving the current ripple of the output current. Meanwhile the influence of rotational inertia and the damping coefficient on the dynamic stability of the system in the control strategy is analyzed based on the small signal method. Finally the proposed method is validated through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation experiments and RCP + HIL hardware-in-the-loop experiments. The results show that the proposed method can improve the dynamic stability of the wind power-hydrogen coupled integrated system effectively.

This paper proposes a hybrid-mode operation strategy for an offshore hydrogen-producing wind turbine (OHP-WT) capable of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) operation under both normal and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) conditions. Unlike conventional centralized wind-to-hydrogen (W2H) schemes the proposed turbine-level architecture integrates W2H converters directly into the DC link of a three-level neutral-point-clamped converter. A supervisory power-sharing and mode-switch layer is developed above established GFL and GFM controls to coordinate active and reactive power regulation DC-link balancing and hydrogen-load management according to grid conditions. The proposed strategy is validated through detailed PLECS simulations and real-time hardware-in-the-loop experiments using identical parameters. Results show that the GFL mode achieves accurate power dispatch and shallow-fault LVRT compliance while the GFM mode maintains voltage and frequency stability under weak grid and severe-fault conditions. In all cases maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) is preserved and hydrogen production continuously absorbs surplus power to stabilize the DC link. The findings demonstrate that the hybrid-mode OHP-WT enables transition between grid support and hydrogen production effectively reducing wind-power curtailment and enhancing offshore grid resilience.