Poland
Experimental Study of Hot Inert Gas Jet Ignition of Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixture
Sep 2005
Publication
Experiments were performed to investigate the diffusion ignition process that occurs when hot inert gas (argon or nitrogen) is injected into the stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture at the test section. Detonation wave initiated by spark plug in the driver section in stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen mixture At P=0.5 MPa and room temperature propagates as incident shockwave in the driven section through inert gas after bursting the diaphragm separating the sections. At the end wall of driver section the inert gas is heated behind the reflected shock wave and then injected in to the test section with the stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture through the hole 8mm in diameter. An increase of the initial pressure of the combustible mixture in the test section from 0.2 to 0.6MPa resulted in decrease of the minimum temperature of injected gas causing ignition from 1650K to 850K. At the same time the induction time for ignition process has increased from 190 to 320μs when hot argon was injected. For the injection of hot nitrogen an increase of the initial pressure of the combustible mixture from 0.2 to 0.4 MPa resulted in decrease of the minimum temperature of injected inert gas giving ignition from 1150K to 850Kand an increase of the induction time from 170 to 240μs.The results of experiments indicate that ignition occurs when the static enthalpy of injected mass of inert gas exceeds some critical value. The mechanism of ignition process was also studied by schlieren photography.
An Intercomparison Exercise on the Capabilities of CFD Models to Predict Distribution and Mixing of H2 in a Closed Vessel.
Sep 2005
Publication
This paper presents a compilation and discussion of the results supplied by HySafe partners participating in the Standard Benchmark Exercise Problem (SBEP) V1 which is based on an experiment on hydrogen release mixing and distribution inside a vessel. Each partner has his own point of view of the problem and uses a different approach to the solution. The main characteristics of the models employed for the calculations are compared. The comparison between results together with the experimental data when available is made. Relative deviations of each model from the experimental values are also included. Explanations and interpretations of the results are presented together with some useful conclusions for future work.
An Inter-Comparison Exercise on the Capabilities of CFD Models to Predict the Short and Long Term Distribution and Mixing of Hydrogen in a Garage
Sep 2007
Publication
Alexandros G. Venetsanos,
E. Papanikolaou,
J. García,
Olav Roald Hansen,
Matthias Heitsch,
Asmund Huser,
Wilfried Jahn,
Jean-Marc Lacome,
Thomas Jordan,
H. S. Ledin,
Dmitry Makarov,
Prankul Middha,
Etienne Studer,
Andrei V. Tchouvelev,
Franck Verbecke,
M. M. Voort,
Andrzej Teodorczyk and
M. A. Delichatsios
The paper presents the results of the CFD inter-comparison exercise SBEP-V3 performed within the activity InsHyde internal project of the HYSAFE network of excellence in the framework of evaluating the capability of various CFD tools and modelling approaches in predicting the physical phenomena associated to the short and long term mixing and distribution of hydrogen releases in confined spaces. The experiment simulated was INERIS-TEST-6C performed within the InsHyde project by INERIS consisting of a 1 g/s vertical hydrogen release for 240 s from an orifice of 20 mm diameter into a rectangular room (garage) of dimensions 3.78x7.2x2.88 m in width length and height respectively. Two small openings at the front and bottom side of the room assured constant pressure conditions. During the test hydrogen concentration time histories were measured at 12 positions in the room for a period up to 5160 s after the end of release covering both the release and the subsequent diffusion phases. The benchmark was organized in two phases. The first phase consisted of blind simulations performed prior to the execution of the tests. The second phase consisted of post calculations performed after the tests were concluded and the experimental results made available. The participation in the benchmark was high: 12 different organizations (2 non-HYSAFE partners) 10 different CFD codes and 8 different turbulence models. Large variation in predicted results was found in the first phase of the benchmark between the various modelling approaches. This was attributed mainly to differences in turbulence models and numerical accuracy options (time/space resolution and discretization schemes). During the second phase of the benchmark the variation between predicted results was reduced.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Spontaneous Ignition of Hydrogen-methane Jets in Air
Sep 2013
Publication
This paper is an investigation of the spontaneous ignition process of high-pressure hydrogen and hydrogen-methane mixtures injected into air. The experiments were conducted in a closed channel filled with air where the hydrogen or hydrogen–methane mixture depressurised through different tubes (diameters d = 6 10 and 14 mm and lengths L = 10 25 40 50 75 and 100 mm). The methane addition to the mixture was 5% and 10% vol. The results showed that only 5% methane addition may increase even 2.67 times the pressure at which the mixture may ignite in comparison to the pressure of the pure hydrogen flow. The 10% of methane addition did not provide an ignition for burst pressures up to 15.0 MPa in the geometrical configuration with the longest tube (100 mm). Additionally the simulations of the experimental configuration with pure hydrogen were performed with the use of KIVA numerical code with full kinetic reaction mechanism.
Impact of Hydrogen Injection on Natural Gas Measurement
Dec 2021
Publication
Hydrogen is increasingly receiving a primary role as an energy vector in ensuring the achievement of the European decarbonization goals by 2050. In fact Hydrogen could be produced also by electrolysis of water using renewable sources such as photovoltaic and wind power being able to perform the energy storage function as well as through injection into natural gas infrastructures. However hydrogen injection directly impacts thermodynamic properties of the gas itself such as density calorific value Wobbe index sound speed etc. Consequently this practice leads to changes in metrological behavior especially in terms of volume and gas quality measurements. In this paper the authors present an overview on the impact of hydrogen injection in natural gas measurements. In particular the changes in thermodynamic properties of the gas mixtures with different H2 contents have been evaluated and the effects on the accuracy of volume conversion at standard conditions have been investigated both on the theoretical point of view and experimentally. To this end the authors present and discuss the effect of H2 injection in gas networks on static ultrasonic domestic gas meters both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Experimental tests demonstrated that ultrasonic gas meters are not significantly affected by H2 injection up to about 10%.
Fast Turbulent Deflagration and DDT of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in Small Obstructed Channel
Sep 2007
Publication
An experimental study of flame propagation acceleration and transition to detonation in hydrogen-air mixture in 2 m long rectangular cross section channel filled with obstacles located at the bottom wall was performed. The initial conditions of the hydrogen-air mixture were 0.1 MPa and 293 K. Three different cases of obstacle height (blockage ratio 0.25 0.5 and 0.75) and four cases of obstacle density were studied with the channel height equal to 0.08 m. The channel width was 0.11 m in all experiments. The propagation of flame and pressure waves was monitored by four pressure transducers and four in house ion probes. The pairs of transducers and probes were placed at various locations along the channel in order to get information about the progress of the phenomena along the channel. To examine the influence of mixture composition on flame propagation and DDT the experiments were performed for the compositions of 20% 25% and 29.6% of H2 in air by volume. As a result of the experiments the deflagration and detonation regimes and velocities of flame propagation in the obstructed channel were determined.
Laser-Induced Generation of Hydrogen in Water by Using Graphene Target
Jan 2022
Publication
A new method of hydrogen generation from water by irradiation with CW infrared laser diode of graphene scaffold immersed in solution is reported. Hydrogen production was extremely efficient upon admixing NaCl into water. The efficiency of hydrogen production increased exponentially with laser power. It was shown that hydrogen production was highly efficient when the intense white light emission induced by laser irradiation of graphene foam was occurring. The mechanism of laser-induced dissociation of water is discussed. It was found that hydrogen production was extremely high at about 80% and assisted by a small emission of O2 CO and CO2 gases.
Economic Evaluation of Renewable Hydrogen Integration into Steelworks for the Production of Methanol and Methane
Jun 2022
Publication
This work investigates the cost-efficient integration of renewable hydrogen into steelworks for the production of methane and methanol as an efficient way to decarbonize the steel industry. Three case studies that utilize a mixture of steelworks off-gases (blast furnace gas coke oven gas and basic oxygen furnace gas) which differ on the amount of used off-gases as well as on the end product (methane and/or methanol) are analyzed and evaluated in terms of their economic performance. The most influential cost factors are identified and sensitivity analyses are conducted for different operating and economic parameters. Renewable hydrogen produced by PEM electrolysis is the most expensive component in this scheme and responsible for over 80% of the total costs. Progress in the hydrogen economy (lower electrolyzer capital costs improved electrolyzer efficiency and lower electricity prices) is necessary to establish this technology in the future.
Production of Ultra-dense Hydrogen H(0): A Novel Nuclear Fuel
Mar 2021
Publication
Condensation of hydrogen Rydberg atoms (highly electronically excited) into the lowest energy state of condensed hydrogen i.e. the ultra-dense hydrogen phase H(0) has gained increased attention not only from the fundamental aspects but also from the applied point of view. The physical properties of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) were recently reviewed summarizing the results reported in 50 publications during the last ten years. The main application of H(0) so far is as the fuel and working medium in nuclear particle generators and nuclear fusion reactors which are under commercial development. The first fusion process showing sustained operation above break-even was published in 2015 (AIP Advances) and used ultra-dense deuterium D(0) as fuel. The first generator giving a high-intensity muon flux intended for muon-catalyzed fusion reactors was patented in 2017 using H(0) as the working medium. Here we first focus on the different nuclear processes using hydrogen isotopes for energy generation and then on the detailed processes of formation of H(0). The production of H(0) employs heterogeneous catalysts which are active in hydrogen transfer reactions. Iron oxide-based alkali promoted catalysts function well but also platinum group metals and carbon surfaces are active in this process. The clusters of highly excited Rydberg hydrogen atoms H(l) are formed upon interaction with alkali Rydberg matter. The final conversion step from ordinary hydrogen Rydberg matter H(l) to H(0) is spontaneous and does not require a solid surface. It is concluded that the exact choice of catalyst is not very important. It is also concluded that the crucial feature of the catalyst is to provide excited alkali atoms at a sufficiently high surface density and in this way enabling formation and desorption of H(0) clusters. Finally the relation to industrial catalytic processes which use H(0) formation catalysts is described and some important consequences like the muon and neutron radiation from H(0) are discussed.
Investigating the Impact of Economic Uncertainty on Optimal Sizing of Grid-Independent Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Aug 2021
Publication
One of the many barriers to decarbonization and decentralization of the energy sector in developing countries is the economic uncertainty. As such this study scrutinizes economics of three grid-independent hybrid renewable-based systems proposed to co-generate electricity and heat for a small-scale load. Accordingly the under-study systems are simulated and optimized with the aid of HOMER Pro software. Here a 20-year average value of discount and inflation rates is deemed a benchmark case. The techno-economic-environmental and reliability results suggest a standalone solar/wind/electrolyzer/hydrogen-based fuel cell integrated with a hydrogen-based boiler system is the best alternative. Moreover to ascertain the impact of economic uncertainty on optimal unit sizing of the nominated model the fluctuations of the nominal discount rate and inflation respectively constitute within the range of 15–20% and 10–26%. The findings of economic uncertainty analysis imply that total net present cost (TNPC) fluctuates around the benchmark value symmetrically between $478704 and $814905. Levelized energy cost varies from an amount 69% less than the benchmark value up to two-fold of that. Furthermore photovoltaic (PV) optimal size starts from a value 23% less than the benchmark case and rises up to 55% more. The corresponding figures for wind turbine (WT) are respectively 21% and 29%. Eventually several practical policies are introduced to cope with economic uncertainty.
Why Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detection?
Sep 2021
Publication
Technologies that have traditionally been used in fixed installations to detect hydrogen gas leaks such as Catalytic and Electrochemical Point Sensors have one limitation: in order for a leak to be detected the gas itself must either be in close proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area. Unfortunately outdoor environmental conditions such as changing wind directions and quick dispersion of the gas cloud from a leaking outdoor installation often cause that traditional gas detection systems may not alert to the presence of gas simply because the gas never reaches the detector. These traditional gas detection systems need to wait for the gas to form a vapor cloud which may or may not ignite and which may or may not allow loss prevention by enabling shutting down the gas facility in time. Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detectors (UGLD) respond at the speed of sound at gas leak initiation unaffected by changing wind directions and dilution of the gas. Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detectors are based on robust microphone technology; they detect outdoor leaks by sensing the distinct high frequency ultrasound emitted by all high pressure gas leaks. With the ultrasonic sensing technology leaking gas itself does not have to reach the sensor – just the sound of the gas leaking. By adding Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detectors for Hydrogen leak detection faster response times and lower operation costs can be obtained.
Improving Ecological Efficiency of Gas Turbine Power System by Combusting Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures
Apr 2023
Publication
Currently the issue of creating decarbonized energy systems in various spheres of life is acute. Therefore for gas turbine power systems including hybrid power plants with fuel cells it is relevant to transfer the existing engines to pure hydrogen or mixtures of hydrogen with natural gas. However significant problems arise associated with the possibility of the appearance of flashback zones and acoustic instability of combustion an increase in the temperature of the walls of the flame tubes and an increase in the emission of nitrogen oxides in some cases. This work is devoted to improving the efficiency of gas turbine power systems by combusting pure hydrogen and mixtures of natural gas with hydrogen. The organization of working processes in the premixed combustion chamber and the combustion chamber with a sequential injection of ecological and energy steam for the “Aquarius” type power plant is considered. The conducted studies of the basic aerodynamic and energy parameters of a gas turbine combustor working on hydrogen-containing gases are based on solving the equations of conservation and transfer in a multicomponent reacting system. A four-stage chemical scheme for the burning of a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen was used which allows for the rational parameters of environmentally friendly fuel burning devices to be calculated. The premixed combustion chamber can only be recommended for operations on mixtures of natural gas with hydrogen with a hydrogen content not exceeding 20% (by volume). An increase in the content of hydrogen leads to the appearance of flashback zones and fuel combustion inside the channels of the swirlers. For the combustion chamber of the combined-cycle power plant “Vodoley” when operating on pure hydrogen the formation of flame flashback zones does not occur.
Overview of the Hydrogen Production by Plasma-Driven Solution Electrolysis
Oct 2022
Publication
This paper reviews the progress in applying the plasma-driven solution electrolysis (PDSE) which is also referred to as the contact glow-discharge electrolysis (CGDE) or plasma electrolysis for hydrogen production. The physicochemical processes responsible for the formation of PDSE and effects occurring at the discharge electrode in the cathodic and anodic regimes of the PDSE operation are described. The influence of the PDSE process parameters especially the discharge polarity magnitude of the applied voltage type and concentration of the typical electrolytic solutions (K2CO3 Na2CO3 KOH NaOH H2SO4 ) presence of organic additives (CH3OH C2H5OH CH3COOH) temperature of the electrolytic solution the active length and immersion depth of the discharge electrode into the electrolytic solution on the energy efficiency (%) energy yield (g(H2 )/kWh) and hydrogen production rate (g(H2 )/h) is presented and discussed. This analysis showed that in the cathodic regime of PDSE the hydrogen production rate is 33.3 times higher than that in the anodic regime of PDSE whereas the Faradaic and energy efficiencies are 11 and 12.5 times greater respectively than that in the anodic one. It also revealed the energy yield of hydrogen production in the cathodic regime of PDSE in the methanol–water mixture as the electrolytic solution is 3.9 times greater compared to that of the alkaline electrolysis 4.1 times greater compared to the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis 2.8 times greater compared to the solid oxide electrolysis 1.75 times greater than that obtained in the microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma and 5.8% greater compared to natural gas steam reforming.
Increasing Technical Efficiency of Renewable Energy Sources in Power Systems
Mar 2023
Publication
This paper presents a method for refining the forecast schedule of renewable energy sources (RES) generation by its intraday adjustment and investigates the measures for reserving RES with unstable generation in electric power systems (EPSs). Owing to the dependence of electricity generation by solar and wind power plants (PV and WPPs respectively) on natural conditions problems arise with their contribution to the process of balancing the power system. Therefore the EPS is obliged to keep a power reserve to compensate for deviations in RES from the planned generation amount. A system-wide reserve (mainly the shunting capacity of thermal and hydroelectric power plants) is used first followed by other means of power reserve: electrochemical hydrogen or biogas plants. To analyze the technical and economic efficiency of certain backup means mathematical models based on the theory of similarity and the criterion method were developed. This method is preferred because it provides the ability to compare different methods of backing up RES generation with each other assess their proportionality and determine the sensitivity of costs to the capacity of backup methods with minimal available initial information. Criterion models have been formed that allow us to build dependencies of the costs of backup means for unstable RES generation on the capacity of the backup means. It is shown that according to the results of the analysis of various methods and means of RES backup hydrogen technologies are relatively the most effective. The results of the analysis in relative units can be clarified if the current and near-term price indicators are known.
Hydrogen Stratification in Enclosures in Dependence of the Gas Release Momentum
Sep 2021
Publication
The hydrogen dispersion phenomenon in an enclosure depends on the ratio of the gas buoyancy induced momentum. Random diffusive motions of individual gas particles become dominative when the release momentum is low. Then a uniform hydrogen concentration appears in the enclosure instead of the gas stratification below the ceiling. The paper justifies this hypothesis by demonstrating fullscale experimental results of hydrogen dispersion within a confined space under six different release variations. During the experiments hydrogen was released into the test room of 60 m3 volume in two methods: through a nozzle and through 21 points evenly distributed on the emission box cover (multipoint release). Each release method was tested with three different hydrogen volume flow rates (3.17·10−3 m3/s 1.63·10−3 m3/s 3.34·10−4 m3/s). The tests confirm the increase of hydrogen convective upward flow and its stratification tendency relative to increased volume flow. A tendency of more uniform hydrogen cloud distribution when Mach Reynolds and Froud number values decreased was demonstrated. Because the hydrogen dispersion phenomena impact fire and explosive hazards the presented experimental results could help fire protection systems be in an enclosure designed allowing their effectiveness optimization.
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: A Review
Nov 2022
Publication
Motor vehicles are the backbone of global transport. In recent years due to the rising costs of fossil fuels and increasing concerns about their negative impact on the natural environment the development of low-emission power supply systems for vehicles has been observed. In order to create a stable and safe global transport system an important issue seems to be the diversification of propulsion systems for vehicles which can be achieved through the simultaneous development of conventional internal combustion vehicles electric vehicles (both battery and fuel cell powered) as well as combustion hydrogen-powered vehicles. This publication presents an overview of commercial vehicles (available on the market) powered by internal combustion hydrogen engines. The work focuses on presenting the development of technology from the point of view of introducing ready-made hydrogen-powered vehicles to the market or technical solutions enabling the use of hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines. The study covers the history of the technology dedicated hydrogen and bi-fuel vehicles and vehicles with an engine powered by a mixture of conventional fuels and hydrogen. It presents basic technology parameters and solutions introduced by leading vehicle manufacturers in the vehicle market.
Selection of Underground Hydrogen Storage Risk Assessment Techniques
Dec 2021
Publication
The article proposes the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to select a risk assessment technique associated with underground hydrogen storage. The initial choosing and ranking of risk assessment techniques can be considered as a multi-criteria decision problem. The usage of a decision model based on six criteria is proposed. A ranking of methods for estimating the risks associated with underground hydrogen storage is presented. The obtained results show that the application of the AHP-based approach may be a useful tool for selecting the UHS risk assessment technique. The proposed method makes it possible to make an objective decision of the most satisfactory approach from the point of view of all the adopted decision criteria regarding the selection of the best risk assessment technique.
Recent Progress on Hydrogen Storage and Production Using Chemical Hydrogen Carriers
Jul 2022
Publication
Depleting fossil fuel resources and anthropogenic climate changes are the reasons for the intensive development of new sustainable technologies based on renewable energy sources. One of the most promising strategies is the utilization of hydrogen as an energy vector. However the limiting issue for large-scale commercialization of hydrogen technologies is a safe efficient and economical method of gas storage. In industrial practice hydrogen compression and liquefaction are currently applied; however due to the required high pressure (30–70 MPa) and low temperature (−253 ◦C) both these methods are intensively energy consuming. Chemical hydrogen storage is a promising alternative as it offers safe storage of hydrogen-rich compounds under ambient conditions. Although many compounds serving as hydrogen carriers are considered some of them do not have realistic perspectives for large-scale commercialization. In this review the three most technologically advanced hydrogen carriers—dimethyl ether methanol and dibenzyltoluene—are discussed and compared. Their potential for industrial application in relation to the energy storage transport and mobility sectors is analyzed taking into account technological and environmental aspects.
Clean Hydrogen Is a Challenge for Enterprises in the Era of Low-Emission and Zero-Emission Economy
Jan 2023
Publication
Hydrogen can be considered an innovative fuel that will revolutionize the energy sector and enable even more complete use of the potential of renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to present the challenges faced by companies and economies that will produce and use hydrogen. Thanks to the use of hydrogen in the energy transport and construction sectors it will be possible to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. By 2050 global demand for hydrogen will increase to 614 million metric tons a year and thanks to the use of hydrogen in energy transport and construction it will be possible to achieve climate neutrality. Depending on the method of hydrogen production the processes used and the final effects several groups can be distinguished marked with different colors. It is in this area of obtaining friendly hydrogen that innovative possibilities for its production open up. The costs of hydrogen production are also affected by network fees national tax systems availability and prices of carbon capture utilization and storage installations energy consumption rates by electrolyzers and transport methods. It is planned that 1 kg of hydrogen will cost USD 1. The study used the desk research method which made it possible to analyze a huge amount of descriptive data and numerical data.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Effect of Green Hydrogen Addition to a Fuel Mixture on the Steam Methane Reforming Process
Oct 2021
Publication
Steam methane (CH4–H2O) reforming in the presence of a catalyst usually nickel is the most common technology for generating synthesis gas as a feedstock in chemical synthesis and a source of pure H2 and CO. What is essential from the perspective of further gas use is the parameter describing a ratio of equilibrium concentration of hydrogen to carbon monoxide (/ = 2/). The parameter is determined by operating temperature and the initial ratio of steam concentration to methane = 2 0 /4 0 . In this paper the author presents a thermodynamic analysis of the effect of green hydrogen addition to a fuel mixture on the steam methane reforming process of gaseous phase (CH4/H2)–H2O. The thermodynamic analysis of conversion of hydrogen-enriched methane (CH4/H2)–H2O has been performed using parametric equation formalism allowing for determining the equilibrium composition of the process in progress. A thermodynamic condition of carbon precipitation in methane reforming (CH4/H2) with the gaseous phase of H2O has been interpreted. The ranges of substrate concentrations creating carbon deposition for temperature T = 1000 K have been determined based on the technologies used. The results obtained can serve as a model basis for describing the properties of steam reforming of methane and hydrogen mixture (CH4/H2)– H2O.
Studies on the Impact of Hydrogen on the Results of THT Measurement Devices
Dec 2021
Publication
An essential prerequisite for safe transport and use of natural gas is their appropriate odorization. This enables the detection of uncontrolled gas leaks. Proper and systematic odorization inspection ensures both safe use of gas and continuity of the process itself. In practice it is conducted through among others measuring odorant concentrations in gas. Control devices for rapid gas odorization measurements that are currently used on a large scale in the gas industry are equipped with electrochemical detectors selective for sulfur compounds like tetrahydrothiophene (THT). Because the selectivity of electrochemical detector response to one compound (e.g. THT) the available declarations of manufacturers show that detector sensitivity (indirectly also the quality of the measurement result) is influenced by the presence of increased e.g. sulfur or hydrogen compound content in the gas. Because of the lack of sufficient source literature data in this field it was necessary to experimentally verify this impact. The results of studies on experimental verification of suspected influence of increased amounts of hydrogen in gas on the response of electrochemical detector was carried out at the Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute (INiG—PIB). They are presented in this article. The data gathered in the course of researching the dependence between THT concentration measurement result quality and hydrogen content in gas composition enabled a preliminary assessment of the threat to the safety of end users of gaseous fuels caused by the introduction of this gas into the distribution network. Noticing the scope of necessary changes in the area of odorization is necessary to guarantee this safety.
A Multiobjective Optimization of a Catalyst Distribution in a Methane/Steam Reforming Reactor Using a Genetic Algorithm
May 2020
Publication
The presented research focuses on an optimization design of a catalyst distribution inside a small-scale methane/steam reforming reactor. A genetic algorithm was used for the multiobjective optimization which included the search for an optimum of methane conversion rate and a minimum of the difference between highest and lowest temperatures in the reactor. For the sake of computational time the maximal number of the segment with different catalyst densities was set to be thirty in this study. During the entire optimization process every part of the reactor could be filled either with a catalyst material or non-catalytic metallic foam. In both cases the porosity and pore size was also specified. The impact of the porosity and pore size on the active reaction surface and permeability was incorporated using graph theory and three-dimensional digital material representation. Calculations start with the generation of a random set of possible reactors each with a different catalyst distribution. The algorithm calls reforming simulation over each of the reactors and after obtaining concentration and temperature fields the algorithms calculated fitness function. The properties of the best reactors are combined to generate a new population of solutions. The procedure is repeated and after meeting the coverage criteria the optimal catalyst distribution was proposed. The paper is summarized with the optimal catalyst distribution for the given size and working conditions of the system.
The Impact of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Factors on the Development of the Hydrogen Economy
Aug 2021
Publication
This article attempts to model interdependencies between socio-economic energy and environmental factors with selected data characterizing the development of the hydrogen economy. The study applies Spearman’s correlation and a linear regression model to estimate the influence of gross domestic product population final energy consumption renewable energy and CO2 emission on chosen hydrogen indicators—production patents energy technology research development and demonstration budgets. The study was conducted in nine countries selected for their actions towards a hydrogen economy based on analyses of national strategies policies research and development programs and roadmaps. The results confirm the statistically significant impact of the chosen indicators which are the drivers for the development of the hydrogen economy from 2008 to 2018. Moreover the empirical results show that different characteristics in each country contribute to the development of the hydrogen economy vision
Investigation on System for Renewable Electricity Storage in Small Scale Integrating Photovoltaics, Batteries, and Hydrogen Generator
Nov 2020
Publication
In this article the solution based on hydrogen generation to increase the flexibility of energy storage systems is proposed. Operating characteristics of a hydrogen generator with integrated electrical energy storage and a photovoltaic installation were determined. The key role of the electricity storage in the proposed system was to maintain the highest operating efficiency related to the nominal parameters of the hydrogen generator. The hydrogen generators achieved the highest energy efficiency for the nominal operating point at the highest power output. Lead-acid batteries were used to ensure the optimal operating conditions for the hydrogen generator supplied with renewable energy throughout the day. The proposed system reduces significantly the hydrogen generator nominal power and devices in system operate in such a way to improve their efficiency and durability. The relations between individual components and their constraints were determined. The proposed solution is fully in-line with previously investigated technologies for improving grid stability and can help incorporate renewable energy sources to increase the sustainability of the energy sector and green hydrogen production.
Magnesium-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage—A Scope Review
Sep 2020
Publication
Magnesium hydride and selected magnesium-based ternary hydride (Mg2FeH6 Mg2NiH4 and Mg2CoH5) syntheses and modification methods as well as the properties of the obtained materials which are modified mostly by mechanical synthesis or milling are reviewed in this work. The roles of selected additives (oxides halides and intermetallics) nanostructurization polymorphic transformations and cyclic stability are described. Despite the many years of investigations related to these hydrides and the significant number of different additives used there are still many unknown factors that affect their hydrogen storage properties reaction yield and stability. The described compounds seem to be extremely interesting from a theoretical point of view. However their practical application still remains debatable.
Economic Conditions for Developing Hydrogen Production Based on Coal Gasification with Carbon Capture and Storage in Poland
Sep 2020
Publication
This study documents the results of economic assessment concerning four variants of coal gasification to hydrogen in a shell reactor. That assessment has been made using discounting methods (NPV: net present value IRR: internal rate of return) as well as indicators based on a free cash flow to firm (FCFF) approach. Additionally sensitivity analysis has been carried out along with scenario analysis in current market conditions concerning prices of hard coal lignite hydrogen and CO2 allowances as well as capital expenditures and costs related to carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems. Based on NPV results a negative economic assessment has been obtained for all the analyzed variants varying within the range of EUR −903 to −142 million although the variants based on hard coal achieved a positive IRR (5.1–5.7%) but lower than the assumed discount rates. In Polish conditions the gasification of lignite seems to be unprofitable in the assumed scale of total investment outlays and the current price of coal feedstock. The sensitivity analyses indicate that at least a 20% increase of hydrogen price would be required or a similar reduction of capital expenditures (CAPEX) and costs of operation for the best variant to make NPV positive. Analyses have also indicated that on the economic basis only the prices of CO2 allowances exceeding EUR 40/Mg (EUR 52/Mg for lignite) would generate savings due to the availability of CCS systems.
A Comprehensive Overview of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Achievements and Future Challenges
Oct 2021
Publication
This paper provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the latest research results in addition to an overview of the future challenges and opportunities regarding the use of hydrogen to power internal combustion engines (ICEs). The experiences and opinions of various international research centers on the technical possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel in ICE are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydrogen as a solution are described. Attention is drawn to the specific physical chemical and operational properties of hydrogen for ICEs. A critical review of hydrogen combustion concepts is provided drawing on previous research results and experiences described in a number of research papers. Much space is devoted to discussing the challenges and opportunities associated with port and direct hydrogen injection technology. A comparison of different fuel injection and ignition strategies and the benefits of using the synergies of selected solutions are presented. Pointing to the previous experiences of various research centers the hazards related to incorrect hydrogen combustion such as early pre‐ignition late pre‐ignition knocking combustion and backfire are described. Attention is focused on the fundamental importance of air ratio optimization from the point of view of combustion quality NOx emissions engine efficiency and performance. Exhaust gas scrubbing to meet future emission regulations for hydrogen powered internal combustion engines is another issue that is considered. The article also discusses the modifications required to adapt existing engines to run on hydrogen. Referring to still‐unsolved problems the reliability challenges faced by fuel injection systems in particular are presented. An analysis of more than 150 articles shows that hydrogen is a suitable alternative fuel for spark‐ignition engines. It will significantly improve their performance and greatly reduce emissions to a fraction of their current level. However its use also has some drawbacks the most significant of which are its high NOx emissions and low power output and problems in terms of the durability and reliability of hydrogen‐fueled engines.
Hydrogen Dispersion and Ventilation Effects in Enclosures under Different Release Conditions
Apr 2021
Publication
Hydrogen is an explosive gas which could create extremely hazardous conditions when released into an enclosure. Full-scale experiments of hydrogen release and dispersion in the confined space were conducted. The experiments were performed for hydrogen release outflow of 63 × 10−3 m3/s through a single nozzle and multi-point release way optionally. It was found that the hydrogen dispersion in an enclosure strongly depends on the gas release way. Significantly higher hydrogen stratification is observed in a single nozzle release than in the case of the multi-point release when the gas concentration becomes more uniform in the entire enclosure volume. The experimental results were confirmed on the basis of Froud number analysis. The CFD simulations realized with the FDS code by NIST allowed visualization of the experimental hydrogen dispersion phenomenon and confirmed that the varied distribution of hydrogen did not affect the effectiveness of the accidental mechanical ventilation system applied in the tested room.
Energy Futures and Green Hydrogen Production: Is Saudi Arabia Trend?
May 2023
Publication
This paper explores the potential for hydrogen energy to become a future trend in Saudi Arabia energy industry. With the emergence of hydrogen as a promising clean energy source there has been growing interest and investment in this area globally. This study investigated whether the country is likely to pursue this trend given its current energy mix and policies. A study was conducted to provide an overview of the global trends and best practices in hydrogen energy adoption and investment. The outcomes of the analysis show that the country current energy mix has the potential to produce green hydrogen energy. The evaluation of its readiness and potential obstacles for hydrogen energy adoption has been drowned and there are several challenges that need to be addressed. The study outcomes also conclude with policy implications and recommendations for the country energy industry.
Process of Transformation to Net Zero Steelmaking: Decarbonisation Scenarios Based on the Analysis of the Polish Steel Industry
Apr 2023
Publication
The European steel industry is experiencing new challenges related to the market situation and climate policy. Experience from the period of pandemic restrictions and the effects of Russia’s armed invasion of Ukraine has given many countries a basis for including steel along with raw materials (coke iron ore electricity) in economic security products (CRMA). Steel is needed for economic infrastructure and construction development as well as a material for other industries (without steel factories will not produce cars machinery ships washing machines etc.). In 2022 steelmakers faced a deepening energy crisis and economic slowdown. The market situation prompted steelmakers to impose restrictions on production volumes (worldwide production fell by 4% compared to the previous year). Despite the difficult economic situation of the steel industry (production in EU countries fell by 11% in 2022 compared to the previous year) the EU is strengthening its industrial decarbonisation policy (“Fit for 55”). The decarbonisation of steel production is set to accelerate by 2050. To sharply reduce carbon emissions steel mills need new steelmaking technologies. The largest global steelmakers are already investing in new technologies that will use green hydrogen (produced from renewable energy sources). Reducing iron ore with hydrogen plasma will drastically reduce CO2 emissions (steel production using hydrogen could emit up to 95% less CO2 than the current BF + BOF blast furnace + basic oxygen furnace integrated method). Investments in new technologies must be tailored to the steel industry. A net zero strategy (deep decarbonisation goal) may have different scenarios in different EU countries. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the conditions for investing in low-carbon steelmaking technologies in the Polish steel market and to develop (based on expert opinion) scenarios for the decarbonisation of the Polish steel industry.
Sustainable Public Transport Strategies—Decomposition of the Bus Fleet and Its Influence on the Decrease in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Mar 2022
Publication
The COVID pandemic has caused a major exodus of passengers who chose urban and suburban transport. In many countries especially in the European Union there is a tendency to choose individual means of transport causing damage to the environment and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. One method to promote urban transport is replacing bus fleets with newer ones thus making public transport more attractive and reducing the emission of harmful exhaust fume components into the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to show a methodology for calculating CO2e for bus fleets. When determining CO2e the principal greenhouse gases such as CO2 CH4 and N2O are usually considered. However CO emissions also have indirect effects on climate through enhanced levels of tropospheric O3 and increased lifetime of CH4; therefore CO2 CH4 N2O and CO emissions were determined for CO2e emission calculations. Two bus fleet variant scenarios were analysed; the first non-investment variant assumed passenger transport using the old fleet without any P&R parking zones. The second scenario was based on the current state which includes the purchase of new low-emission buses and the construction of P&R infrastructure. The calculations were performed using the COPERT emission model with real data from 52 buses running on 13 lines. For the analysed case study of the Rzeszow agglomeration and neighbouring communes implementing the urban and suburban transport modernisation project resulted in a reduction in estimated CO2e emissions of about 450 t. The methodology presented which also considers the impact of CO emissions on the greenhouse effect is a new element of the study that has not been presented in previous works and may serve as a model for other areas in the field of greenhouse gas emission analyses. The future research scope includes investigation of other fuels and powertrain supplies such as hydrogen and hybrid vehicles.
Efficient Use of Low-Emission Power Supply for Means of Transport
Apr 2023
Publication
The paper presents the possibilities of low-emission-powered vehicles based mainly on compressed hydrogen. It shows currently used forms of powering vehicles based on their genesis process of obtention and popularity. They are also compared to each other presenting the advantages and disadvantages of a given solution. The share of electricity in transport its forecasts for the future and the possibilities of combination with conventional energy sources are also described. Based on current technological capabilities hydrogen plays a crucial role as presented in the above work constituting a fundamental basis for future transport solutions.
Towards Sustainable Transport: Techno-Economic Analysis of Investing in Hydrogen Buses in Public Transport in the Selected City of Poland
Dec 2022
Publication
The production storage and use of hydrogen for energy purposes will become increasingly important during the energy transition. One way to use hydrogen is to apply it to power vehicles. This green technological solution affects low-emissions transport which is beneficial and important especially in cities. The authors of this article analyzed the use of hydrogen production infrastructure for bus propulsion in the city of Katowice (Poland). The methods used in the study included a greedy algorithm and cost methods which were applied for the selection of vehicles and identification of the infrastructure for the production storage and refueling of hydrogen as well as to conduct the economic analysis during this term. The article presented the complexity of the techno-economic analysis of the infrastructure and its installation. The key element was the selection of the number of vehicles to the hydrogen production possibilities of an electrolyser and capabilities of the storage and charging infrastructure.
Analysis of the Implementation of Functional Hydrogen Assumptions in Poland and Germany
Nov 2022
Publication
The use of hydrogen exists in various sectors in Poland and Germany. Hydrogen can be used in industry transport decarbonisation of the Polish steel industry and as one of the low-emission alternatives to the existing coal applications in this sector. Limiting climate change requires efforts on a global scale from all countries of the world. Significant economic benefits will be realized by stimulating the development of new technologies to deal with climate change. The scenarios show an increasing demand for industrial hydrogen in the future. The key is to replace gray hydrogen with green and to convert industrial processes which will create additional hydrogen demand. The condition for the development of a green hydrogen economy is access to adequate installed capacity in renewable energy. Germany will become the leading market in the era of energy transformation in the coming years. The implementation of the hydrogen assumptions in Poland is possible to a greater extent by the efforts of entrepreneurs
Massive Green Hydrogen Production Using Solar and Wind Energy: Comparison between Europe and the Middle East
Jul 2023
Publication
This comparative study examines the potential for green hydrogen production in Europe and the Middle East leveraging 3MWp solar and wind power plants. Experimental weather data from 2022 inform the selection of two representative cities namely Krakow Poland (Europe) and Diyala Iraq (Middle East). These cities are chosen as industrial–residential zones representing the respective regions’ characteristics. The research optimizes an alkaline water electrolyzer capacity in juxtaposition with the aforementioned power plants to maximize the green hydrogen output. Economic and environmental factors integral to green hydrogen production are assessed to identify the region offering the most advantageous conditions. The analysis reveals that the Middle East holds superior potential for green hydrogen production compared to Europe attributed to a higher prevalence of solar and wind resources coupled with reduced land and labor costs. Hydrogen production costs in Europe are found to range between USD 9.88 and USD 14.31 per kilogram in contrast to the Middle East where costs span from USD 6.54 to USD 12.66 per kilogram. Consequently the Middle East emerges as a more feasible region for green hydrogen production with the potential to curtail emissions enhance air quality and bolster energy security. The research findings highlight the advantages of the Middle East industrial–residential zone ‘Diyala’ and Europe industrial–residential zone ‘Krakow’ in terms of their potential for green hydrogen production.
A Promising Cobalt Catalyst for Hydrogen Production
Mar 2022
Publication
In this work a metal cobalt catalyst was synthesized and its activity in the hydrogen production process was tested. The substrates were water and ethanol. Activity tests were conducted at a temperature range of 350–600 °C water to ethanol molar ratio of 3 to 5 and a feed flow of 0.4 to 1.2 mol/h. The catalyst had a specific surface area of 1.75 m2/g. The catalyst was most active at temperatures in the range of 500–600 °C. Under the most favorable conditions the ethanol conversion was 97% the hydrogen production efficiency was 4.9 mol (H2)/mol(ethanol) and coke production was very low (16 mg/h). Apart from hydrogen and coke CO2 CH4 CO and traces of C2H2 and C2H4 were formed.
Thermodynamic and Technical Issues of Hydrogen and Methane-Hydrogen Mixtures Pipeline Transmission
Feb 2019
Publication
The use of hydrogen as a non-emission energy carrier is important for the innovative development of the power-generation industry. Transmission pipelines are the most efficient and economic method of transporting large quantities of hydrogen in a number of variants. A comprehensive hydraulic analysis of hydrogen transmission at a mass flow rate of 0.3 to 3.0 kg/s (volume flow rates from 12000 Nm3/h to 120000 Nm3/h) was performed. The methodology was based on flow simulation in a pipeline for assumed boundary conditions as well as modeling of fluid thermodynamic parameters for pure hydrogen and its mixtures with methane. The assumed outlet pressure was 24 bar (g). The pipeline diameter and required inlet pressure were calculated for these parameters. The change in temperature was analyzed as a function of the pipeline length for a given real heat transfer model; the assumed temperatures were 5 and 25 ◦C. The impact of hydrogen on natural gas transmission is another important issue. The performed analysis revealed that the maximum participation of hydrogen in natural gas should not exceed 15%–20% or it has a negative impact on natural gas quality. In the case of a mixture of 85% methane and 15% hydrogen the required outlet pressure is 10% lower than for pure methane. The obtained results present various possibilities of pipeline transmission of hydrogen at large distances. Moreover the changes in basic thermodynamic parameters have been presented as a function of pipeline length for the adopted assumptions.
Electrocatalytic Properties for the Hydrogen Evolution of the Electrodeposited Ni–Mo/WC Composites
May 2021
Publication
The catalytical activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of the electrodeposited Ni–Mo/WC composites is examined in 1 M KOH solution. The structure surface morphology and surface composition is investigated using the scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic properties for the HER is evaluated based on the cathodic polarization electrochemical impedance cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry methods. The obtained results prove the superior catalytic activity for the HER of Ni–Mo/WC composites to Ni–Mo alloy. The catalytic activity of Ni–Mo/WC electrodes is determined by the presence of WC nanoparticles and Mo content in the metallic matrix. The best electrocatalytic properties are identified for Ni–Mo/WC composite with the highest Mo content and the most oxidized surface among the studied coatings. The impedance results reveal that the observed improvement in the catalytic activity is the consequence of high real surface area and high intrinsic catalytic activity of the composite.
Hydrogen Technology on the Polish Electromobility Market. Legal, Economic, and Social Aspects
Apr 2021
Publication
The aim of this study was to evaluate the motorization market of electric vehicles powered by hydrogen cells in Poland. European conditions of such technology were indicated as well as original proposals on amendments to the law to increase the development pace of electromobility based on hydrogen cells. There were also presented economic aspects of this economic phenomenon. Moreover survey research was conducted to examine the preferences of hydrogen and electric vehicle users in 5 primary Polish cities. In this way the level of social acceptance for the technological revolution based on hydrogen cells and taking place in the motorization sector was determined.
Catalyst Distribution Optimization Scheme for Effective Green Hydrogen Production from Biogas Reforming
Sep 2021
Publication
Green hydrogen technology has recently gained in popularity due to the current economic and ecological trends that aim to remove the fossil fuels share in the energy mix. Among various alternatives biogas reforming is an attractive choice for hydrogen production. To meet the authorities’ requirements reforming biogas-enriched natural gas and sole biogas is tempting. Highly effective process conditions of biogas reforming are yet to be designed. The current state of the art lacks proper optimization of the process conditions. The optimization should aim to allow for maximization of the process effectiveness and limitation of the phenomena having an adverse influence on the process itself. One of the issues that should be addressed in optimization is the uniformity of temperature inside a reactor. Here we show an optimization design study that aims to unify temperature distribution by novel arrangements of catalysts segments in the model biogas reforming reactor. The acquired numerical results confirm the possibility of the enhancement of reaction effectiveness coming from improving the thermal conditions. The used amount of catalytic material is remarkably reduced as a side effect of the presented optimization. To ensure an unhindered perception of the reaction improvement the authors proposed a ratio of the hydrogen output and the amount of used catalyst as a measure.
Opportunities and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy in Poland against the Background of the European Union Energy Policy
Jul 2022
Publication
One of the strategic goals of developed countries is to significantly increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. However the process may be hindered by e.g. the storage and transport of energy from renewable sources. The European Union countries see the development of the hydrogen economy as an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Therefore since 2020 the European Union has been implementing a hydrogen strategy that will increase the share of hydrogen in the European energy mix from the current 2 percent to up to 13–14 percent by 2050. In 2021 following the example of other European countries the Polish government adopted the Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with an outlook until 2040 (PHS). However the implementation of the strategy requires significant capital expenditure and infrastructure modernisation which gives rise to question as to whether Poland is likely to achieve the goals set out in the Polish Hydrogen Strategy and European Green Deal. The subject of the research is an analysis of the sources of financing for the PHS against the background of solutions implemented by the EU countries and a SWOT/TOWS analysis on the hydrogen economy in Poland. The overall result of the SWOT/TOWS analysis shows the advantage of strengths and related opportunities. This allows for a positive assessment of the prospects for the hydrogen economy in Poland. Poland should continue its efforts to take advantage of the external factors (O/S) such as EU support an increased price competitiveness of hydrogen and the emergence of a competitive cross-border hydrogen market in Europe. At the same time the Polish authorities should not forget about the weaknesses and threats that may inhibit the development of the domestic hydrogen market. It is necessary to modernise the infrastructure; increase the share of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production; increase R&D expenditure and in particular to complete the negotiations related to the adoption of the Fit for 55 package.
Co-gasification of Refuse-derived Fuels and Bituminous Coal with Oxygen/steam Blend to Hydrogen Rich Gas
May 2022
Publication
The gasification technology of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) can represent a future alternative to the global hydrogen production and a pathway for the development of the circular economy. The paper presents an innovative way of utilizing RDF through their oxygen/steam co-gasification with bituminous coal to hydrogen rich gas. Five different RDF samples (RDF1÷RDF5) were investigated. The in-depth analyses of the co-gasification of bituminous coal blends with different amounts of RDF (10 15 and 20%w/w) under various temperature conditions were conducted with the application of Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). The results of the research study revealed a decrease in the total gas yield as well as in the hydrogen yield observed with the increase in the RDF fraction in the fuel blend. The lowest hydrogen yield and the highest carbon conversion were noted for the co-gasification tests of coal blends with 20%w/w for all the studied RDFs. The SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) and WDXRF (Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) results showed a significantly higher H2 yield in RDF2 co-gasification with coal in comparison with all the remaining RDFs due to the higher concentration of calcium in the sample. The molecular structure analysis of polymers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that the most prevalent synthetic polymers in RDF2 are polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride characterized by the lowest thermal stability compared to polyethylene and polypropylene.
Modeling the Effects of Implementation of Alternative Ways of Vehicle Powering
Nov 2021
Publication
The trend to replace traditional fossil fuel vehicles is becoming increasingly apparent. The replacement concerns the use of pure biofuels or in blends with traditional fuels the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel and above all the introduction of electric propulsion. The introduction of new types of vehicle propulsion affects the demand for specific fuels the needs for new infrastructure or the nature of the emissions to the environment generated by fuel production and vehicle operation. The article presents a mathematical model using the difference of two logistic functions the first of which describes the development of the production of a specific type of vehicle and the second the withdrawal of this type of vehicle from traffic after its use. The model makes it possible to forecast both the number of vehicles of each generation as a function of time as well as changes in energy demand from various sources and changes in exhaust emissions. The results of the numerical simulation show replacing classic vehicles with alternative vehicles increases the total energy demand if the generation of the next generation occurs earlier than the decay of the previous generation of vehicles and may decrease in the case of overlapping or delays in the creation of new vehicles compared to the course of the decay function of the previous generation. For electric vehicles carbon dioxide emissions are largely dependent on the emissions from electricity generation. The proposed model can be used to forecast technology development variants as well as analyze the current situation based on the approximation of real data from Vehicle Registration Offices.
The Influence of the First Filling Period Length and Reservoir Level Depth on the Operation of Underground Hydrogen Storage in a Deep Aquifer
Sep 2022
Publication
Underground storage is a method of storing large amounts of renewable energy that can be converted into hydrogen. One of the fundamental problems associated with this process concerns determining the timing and amount of injected gas in the first filling period for the operation of an underground storage facility. Ascertaining the hydrogen flow rate is essential to ensure that the capillary and fracturing pressures are not exceeded. The value of the flow rate was assessed by modelling the injection of hydrogen into a deep aquifer. The best initial H2 injection period was found to be five months. The volume of the cushion gas and the total storage capacity expanded with the extension of the first filling period length. The working capacity grew as the depth increased reaching maximum values at depths of approximately 1200e1400 m. This depth was considered optimal for storing hydrogen in the analysed structure.
The Significance of Formal & Legal Factors in Selecting a Location for a Hydrogen Buffer to Stabilize the Operation of Power Distribution Networks
Oct 2022
Publication
This article presents the conceptual assumptions for the process of identifying and evaluating the formal & legal factors that impact the choice of a hydrogen buffer location to stabilize the operation of power distribution networks. The assumption for the research process was establishing a methodological framework for an in-depth analysis of legislative acts (the EU legislation and the national law) to enable identification of synthetic groups of formal & legal factors to be further analyzed using the DEMATEL method. As a result the cause-and-effect relations between the variables were examined and an in-depth analysis was carried out to investigate the level of impact of the formal & legal factors on the functioning and location of a hydrogen energy buffer.
Energy-Economic Assessment of Islanded Microgrid with Wind Turbine, Photovoltaic Field, Wood Gasifier, Battery, and Hydrogen Energy Storage
Sep 2022
Publication
Island energy systems are becoming an important part of energy transformation due to the growing needs for the penetration of renewable energy. Among the possible systems a combination of different energy generation technologies is a viable option for local users as long as energy storage is implemented. The presented paper describes an energy-economic assessment of an island system with a photovoltaic field small wind turbine wood chip gasifier battery and hydrogen circuit with electrolyzer and fuel cell. The system is designed to satisfy the electrical energy demand of a tourist facility in two European localizations. The operation of the system is developed and dynamically simulated in the Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) environment taking into account realistic user demand. The results show that in Gdansk Poland it is possible to satisfy 99% of user demand with renewable energy sources with excess energy equal to 31% while in Agkistro Greece a similar result is possible with 43% of excess energy. Despite the high initial costs it is possible to obtain Simple Pay Back periods of 12.5 and 22.5 years for Gdansk and Agkistro respectively. This result points out that under a high share of renewables in the energy demand of the user the profitability of the system is highly affected by the local cost of energy vectors. The achieved results show that the system is robust in providing energy to the users and that future development may lead to an operation based fully on renewables.
Hydrogen as a Renewable Energy Carrier in a Hybrid Configuration of Distributed Energy Systems: Bibliometric Mapping of Current Knowledge and Strategies
Jul 2023
Publication
Storing energy in hydrogen deposits balances the operation of energy systems and is an effective tool in the process of energy transformation towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals. To assess the validity of its use as an alternative renewable energy carrier in dispersed energy systems of hybrid configuration a comprehensive review of scientific literature was conducted in this study based on bibliometric analysis. The bibliographic database used in the study was the international Web of Science database. This review contributes to a better understanding of the characteristics of the selected research area. The evolution of research trends implemented in the design of energy systems associated with hydrogen technologies is revealed clearly indicating that it is a developing field. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of publications although the territorial range of research (mainly simulation) conducted in the domain does not include areas with the most favourable infrastructural conditions. The analysis reveals weak cooperation between South American African East Asian and Oceanic countries. In the light of earlier thematically similar literature reviews several research gaps are also identified and proposals for future research are presented. They concern in particular the parallel implementation and optimization of the operation of hydrogen (HRES—Hybrid Renewable Energy System and HESS—Hybrid Energy Storage System) solutions in terms of economics ecology lifespan and work efficiency as well as their feasibility analysis. With the support of other researchers and those involved in the subject matter this review may contribute to the further development of hybrid hydrogen systems in terms of increasing competitiveness and promoting the implementation of these technologies.
Scaling Factors for Channel Width Variations in Tree-like Flow Field Patterns for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells - An Experimental Study
Apr 2021
Publication
To have a uniform distribution of reactants is an advantage to a fuel cell. We report results for such a distributor with tree-like flow field plates (FFP). Numerical simulations have shown that the width scaling parameters of tree-like patterns in FFPs used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) reduces the viscous dissipation in the channels. In this study experimental investigations were conducted on a 2-layer FF plate possessing a tree-like FF pattern which was CNC milled on high-quality graphite. Three FF designs of different width scaling parameters were employed. I–V curves power curves and impedance spectra were generated at 70% 60% and 50% relative humidity (25 cm2 active area) and compared to those obtained from a conventional 1-channel serpentine FF. It was found that the FF design with a width scaling factor of 0.917 in the inlet and 0.925 in the outlet pattern exhibited the best peak power out of the three designs (only 11% - 0.08 W/cm2 lower than reference serpentine FF). Results showed that a reduction of the viscous dissipation in the flow pattern was not directly linked to a PEMFC performance increase. It was found that water accumulation together with a slight increase in single PEMFC resistance were the main reasons for the reduced power density. As further improvements a reduction of the number of branching generation levels and width scaling factor were recommended.
Analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy in the Context of the EU’s Strategic Documents on Hydrogen
Oct 2021
Publication
In December 2019 the European Commission unveiled an ambitious project the European Green Deal which aims to lead the European Union to climate neutrality by 2050. This is a significant challenge for all EU countries and especially for Poland. The role of hydrogen in the processes of decarbonization of the economy and transport is being discussed in many countries around the world to find rational solutions to this difficult and complex problem. There is an ongoing discussion about the hydrogen economy which covers the production of hydrogen its storage transport and conversion to the desired forms of energy primarily electricity mechanical energy and new fuels. The development of the hydrogen economy can significantly support the achievement of climate neutrality. The belief that hydrogen plays an important role in the transformation of the energy sector is widespread. There are many technical and economic challenges as well as legal and logistical barriers to deal with in the transition process. The development of hydrogen technologies and a global sustainable energy system that uses hydrogen offers a real opportunity to solve the challenges facing the global energy industry: meeting the need for clean fuels increasing the efficiency of fuel and energy production and significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy a document that sets out the directions for the development of hydrogen use (competences and technologies) in the energy transport and industrial sectors. This analysis is presented against the background of the European Commission’s document ‘A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe’. The draft project presented is a good basis for further discussion on the directions of development of the Polish economy. The Polish Hydrogen Strategy although it was created later than the EU document does not fully follow its guidelines. The directions for further work on the hydrogen strategy are indicated so that its final version can become a driving force for the development of the country’s economy.
Efficient Plasma Technology for the Production of Green Hydrogen from Ethanol and Water
Apr 2022
Publication
This study concerns the production of hydrogen from a mixture of ethanol and water. The process was conducted in plasma generated by a spark discharge. The substrates were introduced in the liquid phase into the reactor. The gaseous products formed in the spark reactor were hydrogen carbon monoxide carbon dioxide methane acetylene and ethylene. Coke was also produced. The energy efficiency of hydrogen production was 27 mol(H2 )/kWh and it was 36% of the theoretical energy efficiency. The high value of the energy efficiency of hydrogen production was obtained with relatively high ethanol conversion (63%). In the spark discharge it was possible to conduct the process under conditions in which the ethanol conversion reached 95%. However this entailed higher energy consumption and reduced the energy efficiency of hydrogen production to 8.8 mol(H2 )/kWh. Hydrogen production increased with increasing discharge power and feed stream. However the hydrogen concentration was very high under all tested conditions and ranged from 57.5 to 61.5%. This means that the spark reactor is a device that can feed fuel cells the power load of which can fluctuate.
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