Publications

This work focuses on tests for control reserve of a novel Power-to-Gas-to-Power platform based on proton exchange membrane technologies and on pure oxygen instead of air in the re-electrification process. The technologies are intended as a further option to stabilize the power system therefore helping integrating renewable energy into the power system. The tests are based on the pre-qualification tests used by Swissgrid but are not identical in order to capture the maximum dynamics by the plants. The main characteristics identified are the ramping capabilities of ±8% per unit per second for the electrolyzer system and ±33% per unit per second for the fuel cell system. The ramping capabilities are mainly limited by the underlying processes of polymer electrolyte membrane technologies. Additionally the current and projected round-trip efficiencies for Power-to-Gas-to-Power of 39% in 2025 and 48% in 2040 are derived. Furthermore during the successful tests the usage of oxygen in the present Power-to-Gas and Gas-to-Power processes and its influence on the dynamics and the round-trip efficiency was assessed. In consequence fundamental data on the efficiency and the dynamics of the Power-to-Gas-to-Power technologies is presented. This data can serve as basis for prospective assessments on the suitability of the technologies investigated for frequency control in power systems.

Hydrogen is a promising alternative energy carrier that has been increasingly used in industry especially the transportation sector to fuel vehicles through fuel cells. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles usually have high pressure on-board storage tanks which take up large spaces to provide comparable ranges as current fossil fuel vehicles because of the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen. Therefore hydrogen is also appropriate for large heavy-duty vehicles that have more space than passenger vehicles.

Power-to-X technologies that convert renewable electricity to chemically stored energy in “X” may provide a gaseous liquid or solid fuel that can be used in winter to provide both heat and electricity and thus replace fossil fuels that are currently used in many countries with cold winters. This contribution compares two options for power-to-X technologies for providing heat and electricity supply of buildings with high solar photovoltaic coverage at times of low solar availability. The option “compressed hydrogen” is based on water electrolysis that produces hydrogen on-site. This hydrogen is subsequently compressed and stored at high pressure (350 bar) for use in winter by a fuel cell. The option “aluminium redox-cycle” includes an inert electrode high temperature electrolysis process that is carried out at industrial scale. Produced aluminium is subseqeuntly transported to the site of use and converted to hydrogen and heat – and finally to electricity and heat - by aluminium-water reaction in combination with a fuel cell. Results of cost and LCA analysis show that the overall energetic efficiency of the compressed hydrogen process is slightly higher than for the aluminium redox cycle. However the aluminium redox-cycles needs far less on-site storage volume and is likely to become available at lower investment cost for the end user. Total annual cost of ownership and global warming potential of the two options are quite similar.

Hydrogen energy is considered one of the main measures of zero carbonization in energy systems but high equipment and hydrogen costs hinder the development of hydrogen energy technology. The objectives of this study are to quantify the environmental advantages of hydrogen energy through a carbon tax and study the application potential of hydrogen energy technology in a regional distributed energy system (RDES). In this study various building types in the smart community covered by Japan’s first hydrogen energy pipeline are used as an example. First ten buildings of five types are selected as the research objectives. Subsequently two comparative system models of a regional distributed hydrogen energy system (RDHES) and an RDES were established. Then by studying the optimal RDHES and RDES configuration and combining the prediction of future downward trends of fuel cell (FC) costs and energy carbon emissions the application effect of FC and hydrogen storage (HS) technologies on the demand side was analyzed. Finally the adaptability of the demand-side hydrogen energy system was studied by analyzing the load characteristics of different types of buildings. The results show that when the FC price is reduced to 1.5 times that of the internal combustion engine (ICE) the existing carbon tax system can sufficiently support the RDHES in gaining economic advantages in some regions. Notably when the carbon emissions of the urban energy system are reduced the RDHES demonstrates stronger anti-risk ability and has greater suitability for promotion in museums and shopping malls. The conclusions obtained in this study provide quantitative support for hydrogen energy promotion policies on the regional demand side and serve as a theoretical reference for the design and adaptability research of RDHESs.

Solid oxide electrolysis cell is the leading technology for production of green hydrogen by high temperature electrolysis. However optimization of existing reference materials constituting the cell and development of innovative materials remain critical for solid oxide electrolysis cell. In particular they are key to reach performance and durability targets compatible with a commercialization for the three main markets identified as follows: large-scale H2 production Power-to-X and Power-to-Power. This short review summarizes the latest progress in research and development of alternative and innovative materials for solid oxide electrolysis cells with a main focus on cathode-supported cell materials. A brief description of the layers constituting the solid oxide electrolysis cell is provided with the associated current state-of-the-art materials. A further emphasis on the most promising alternative and innovative materials for each layer follows based on the major aspects from an industrial perspective to reach a competitive hydrogen production cost for the main targeted markets: performance durability scaling up/manufacturing ability and operational flexibility.

The European steel industry aims at a CO2 reduction of 80–95% by 2050 ensuring that Europe will meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement. As the reduction potentials of the current steelmaking routes are low the transfer toward breakthrough-technologies is essential to reach these goals. Hydrogen-based steelmaking is one approach to realize CO2-lean steelmaking. Therefore the natural gas (NG)-based direct reduction (DR) acts as a basis for the first step of this transition. The high flexibility of this route allows the gradual addition of hydrogen and in a long-term view runs the process with pure hydrogen. Model-based calculations are performed to assess the possibilities for injecting hydrogen. Therefore NG- and hydrogen-based DR models are developed to create new process know-how and enable an evaluation of these processes in terms of energy demand CO2-reduction potentials and so on. The examinations show that the hydrogen-based route offers a huge potential for green steelmaking which is strongly depending on the carbon footprint of the electricity used for the production of hydrogen. Only if the carbon intensity is less than about 120 g CO2 kWh1 the hydrogen-based process emits less CO2 than the NG-based DR process.

Carbon neutrality (or climate neutrality) has been a global consensus and international experience exchange is essential. Given the differences in the degree of social development resource endowment and technological level each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions. Compared with other major developed countries (e.g. Germany the United States and Japan) China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon near-zero carbon and negative carbon emissions. Technological innovations associated with coal oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed. Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies and China's energy and ecological resources potential five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed: (1) transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern; (2) renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage; (3) integration of green hydrogen production storage transport and utilization; (4) construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling (ENSYSCO); (5) improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China. This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.

Hydrogen sensors especially those operating at high temperatures are essential tools for the emerging hydrogen economy. Monitoring hydrogen under process conditions to control the reactions for detecting confined species is crucial to the safe widespread use and public acceptance of hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen sensors must have a sensitivity ranging from traces of hydrogen (parts per million (ppm)) up to levels near the lower explosive limit (LEL = 4% H2 in the air) for safety reasons. Furthermore they need to operate in cryogenic ambient and high-temperature environments. Herein emphasis is given to hydrogen sensors based on solid oxide electrolytes (operating at high temperatures) in particular oxygen ion and proton conductors. The review is devoted to potentiometric amperometric and combined amperometric-potentiometric hydrogen sensors. Experimental results already reported in the international literature are presented and analyzed to reveal the configuration principle of operation and the applied solid electrolytes and electrodes of the high-temperature hydrogen sensors. Additionally an amperometric sensor able to detect hydrogen and steam in atmospheric air through a two-stage procedure is presented and thoroughly discussed. The discussion reveals that high-temperature hydrogen sensors face different challenges in terms of the electrodes and solid electrolytes to be used depending on the operating principle of each sensor type.

Hydrogen is seen as an important future energy carrier as part of the move away from traditional hydrocarbon sources. Delayed ignition of a hydrogen-air mixture formed from an accidental release of hydrogen in either a confined or congested environment can lead to the generation of overpressure impacting both people and assets. An understanding of the possible overpressures generated is critical in designing facilities and effective mitigation systems against hydrogen explosion hazards. This paper describes the numerical modelling of hydrogen deflagrations using a new application PDRFOAM-R that is part of the wider OpenFOAM open-source CFD package of routines for the solution of systems of partial differential equations. The PDRFOAM-R code solves momentum and continuity equations the combustion model is based on flame area transport and the turbulent burning velocity correlation is based on Markstein and Karlovitz numbers. PDRFOAM-R is derived from publicly available PDRFOAM tool and it resolves small and large obstacles unlike PDRFOAM which is based on the Porosity Distributed Resistance approach. The PDRFOAM-R code is validated against various unconfined-uncongested and semi-confined congested explosion experiments. The flame dynamics and pressure history predicted from the simulation show a reasonable comparison with the experiments.

An energy transition is in progress around the globe notably led by an increase in the deployment of renewable energy and a shift toward less emissions-intense options notably in the transportation sector. This research investigates the potential role that new transportation options namely flying vehicles may play toward progressing the energy transition. As flying vehicles are a relatively new technology yet to penetrate the market it is also prudent to consider the ethical legal and social issues (ELSI) associated with their implementation alongside the potential energy and environmental impacts. Through a review of ELSI and energy and environmental literature we identify research gaps and identify how flying vehicles may impact upon the energy transition over time. Our research identifies several critical aspects of both ELSI and energy and environmental academia relevant to the future deployment of flying vehicles and describes a deployment timeline and the resultant societal outcomes. We find that flying vehicles could drive the energy transition and the hydrogen economy and that their widespread adoption could engender shared socio-environmental benefits. Our findings are relevant to transportation and environmental policymakers and identify critical considerations for the planned introduction of new shared transportation options to the market conducive to a sustainable energy transition.

The premixed propagation of lean isobaric H2-air flames (φ = 0.3) in Hele-Shaw cells (i.e. two parallel plates separated by a small distance h on the order of the thickness of the planar adiabatic flame δf ∼ 3 mm) is investigated numerically. Three-dimensional (3D) simulations with detailed chemistry and transport are used to examine the effect of h on the flame dynamics and its overall normalized propagation speed (S T /S L) for a semi-closed system of size 25δf × 25δf × h. To determine the validity of an existing quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) formulation (derived in the limit of h → 0) to capture the 3D dynamics results for h = 0.1δf h = 0.5δf and h = δf are reported. For h = 0.1δf strong cell splitting/merging is observed with associated low frequency/high amplitude oscillations in the temporal evolution of S T /S L (10-17Hz; 6 ≤ S T /S L ≤ 10). Larger values of h exhibit a much smoother evolution. For h = 0.5δf the cell splitting/merging is milder relaxing to a steady propagating speed of S T /S L ∼ 6 after an initial transient; for h = 1δf the flame dynamics along the h direction starts to play an important role showing two distinct phases: (i) initial symmetric propagation with a linear increase in S T /S L (from 5.3 to 6.8) as early signs of asymmetry are visible (ii) followed by a fully non-symmetric propagation resulting in an abrupt increase in S T /S L that quickly relaxes to a constant value thereafter (S T /S L ∼ 10). Our preliminary results suggest that for the lean H2-air mixture considered the quasi-2D approximation breaks down for h > 0.1δf .

Current technological improvements are yet to put the world on track to net-zero which will require the uptake of transformative low-carbon innovations to supplement mitigation efforts. However the role of such innovations is not yet fully understood; some of these ‘miracles’ are considered indispensable to Paris Agreement-compliant mitigation but their limitations availability and potential remain a source of debate. We evaluate such potentially game-changing innovations from the experts’ perspective aiming to support the design of realistic decarbonisation scenarios and better-informed net-zero policy strategies. In a worldwide survey 260 climate and energy experts assessed transformative innovations against their mitigation potential at-scale availability and/or widescale adoption and risk of delayed diffusion. Hierarchical clustering and multi-criteria decision-making revealed differences in perceptions of core technological innovations with next generation energy storage alternative building materials iron-ore electrolysis and hydrogen in steelmaking emerging as top priorities. Instead technologies highly represented in well-below-2◦C scenarios seemingly feature considerable and impactful delays hinting at the need to re-evaluate their role in future pathways. Experts’ assessments appear to converge more on the potential role of other disruptive innovations including lifestyle shifts and alternative economic models indicating the importance of scenarios including non-technological and demand-side innovations. To provide insights for expert elicitation processes we finally note caveats related to the level of representativeness among the 260 engaged experts the level of their expertise that may have varied across the examined innovations and the potential for subjective interpretation to which the employed linguistic scales may be prone to.

This paper discusses the optimal control of pressure using the zero-gradient control (ZGC) approach. It is applied for the first time in the study to control the optimal pressure of hydrogen natural gas mixture in an inclined pipeline. The solution to the flow problem is first validated with existing results using the Taylor series approximation regression analysis and the Runge-Kutta method combined. The optimal pressure is then determined using ZGC where the optimal set points are calculated without having to solve the non-linear system of equations associated with the standard optimization problem. It is shown that the mass ratio is the more effective parameter compared to the initial pressure in controlling the maximum variation of pressure in a gas pipeline.

Governments and local authorities introduce new incentives and regulations for cleaner mobility as part of their environmental strategies to address energy challenges. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are becoming increasingly important and will extend beyond captive fleets reaching private users. Research on hydrogen safety issues is currently led in several projects in order to highlight and manage risks of FCEVs in confined spaces such as tunnels underground parkings repair garages etc. But what about private garages - that involve specific geometries volumes congestion ventilation? This study has been carried out in the framework of PRHyVATE JIP project which aims at better understanding hydrogen build-up and distribution in a private garage. The investigation went through different rates and modes of ventilation. As first step an HAZID (Hazard Identification) has been realized for a generic FCEV. This preliminary work allowed to select and prioritize accidental release scenarios to be explored experimentally with helium in a 40-m3 garage. Several configurations of release ventilation modes and congestion – in transient regime and at steady state – have been tested. Then analytical and numerical calculation approaches have been applied and adjusted to develop a simplified methodology. This methodology takes into account natural ventilation for assessment of hydrogen accumulation and mitigation means optimization. Finally a global risk evaluation – including ignition of a flammable hydrogen-air mixture – has been performed to account for the mostly feared events and to evaluate their consequences in a private garage. Thus preliminary recommendations good practices and safety features for safely parking FCEVs in private garages can be proposed.

Hydrogen is one of the energy carriers that has started to play a significant role in the clean energy transition. In the hydrogen ecosystem storing hydrogen safely and with high volumetric density plays a key role. In this regard metal hydride storage seems to be superior to compressed gas storage which is the most common method used today. However thermal management is a challenge that needs to be considered. Temperature changes occur during charging and discharging processes due to the reactions between metal metal hydride and hydrogen which affect the inflow or outflow of hydrogen at the desired flow rate. There are different thermal management techniques to handle this challenge in the literature. When the metal hydride storage tanks are used in integrated systems together with a fuel cell and/or an electrolyzer the thermal interactions between these components can be used for this purpose. This study gives a comprehensive review of the heat transfer during the charging and discharging of metal hydride tanks the thermal management system techniques used for metal hydride tanks and the studies on the thermal management of metal hydride tanks with material streams from the fuel cell and/or electrolyzers.

Electricity-driven water splitting to convert water into hydrogen (H2) has been widely regarded as an efficient approach for H2 production. Nevertheless the energy conversion efficiency of it is greatly limited due to the disadvantage of the sluggish kinetic of oxidation evolution reaction (OER). To effectively address the issue a novel concept of hybrid water electrolysis has been developed for energy– saving H2 production. This strategy aims to replace the sluggish kinetics of OER by utilizing thermodynamically favorable organics oxidation reaction to replace OER. Herein recent advances in such water splitting system for boosting H2 evolution under low cell voltage are systematically summarized. Some notable progress of different organics oxidation reactions coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are discussed in detail. To facilitate the development of hybrid water electrolysis the major challenges and perspectives are also proposed.

The European Union expects that hydrogen will play a vital role in future energy systems. Fuel cell electric vehicles currently present a key development path for electrification of the transport sector which requires infrastructure investments of hydrogen refueling stations preferably powered by renewables such as solar and wind energy. The economic feasibility of refueling stations depends on geographical locations. This study introduces a model to identify the key cost components of renewable hydrogen for refueling stations and simulates the performance using solar radiation wind speed and electricity price data in a selection of Swedish cities. The study demonstrates the importance of integrating the electricity grid in green hydrogen production. Wind speed is crucial in reducing the cost whereas solar radiation has less influence. In addition a combination of solar and wind brings better performance in an off-grid scenario. The most encouraging finding is the cost of 35e72 SEK/kg (3.5e7.2 V/kg) which is competitive with reported costs in other EUcountries especially since this cost excludes any government support scheme. The study provides a reference for investors and policy makers foreseeing the industrial landscape for hydrogen energy development.

To evaluate the functional reliability of the pyrotechnic igniter in the failure mode of unstable combustion at low temperature a reliability and reliability sensitivity analysis method based on the combination of an interior ballistic model and Kriging reliability method is proposed. Through the deterministic interior ballistic simulation the failure mode of low temperature unstable combustion of the pyrotechnic igniter is examined while the random variables are introduced to establish the ignition nonlinear implicit function of the pyrotechnic igniter. The ignition display function of the pyrotechnic igniter is established by the Kriging model which avoids the repeated calculation of true limit state function values. This study provides an efficient approach to evaluate the ignition reliability of the pyrotechnic igniter and compared with the traditional Monte Carlo method to verify the accuracy of the results. Finally reliability-based sensitivity indices are presented to quantify the significance of random parameters. It is shown that the influence of the uncertainties can be precisely described and the diameter of the nozzle plays a dominant role in ignition reliability. Additionally ignition experiments of nozzles with different diameters were performed to verify the result of sensitivity. This can further support the detailed design of the pyrotechnic igniter

Ammonia plays a vital role in feeding the world through fertilizer production as well as having other industrial uses. However current ammonia production processes rely heavily on fossil fuels mostly natural gas to generate hydrogen as a feedstock. There is an urgent need to re-design and decarbonise the production process to reduce greenhouse emissions and avoid dependence on volatile gas markets and a depleting resource base. Renewable energy driven electrolysis to generate hydrogen provides a viable pathway for producing carbon-free or green ammonia. However a key challenge associated with producing green ammonia is managing low cost but highly variable wind and solar renewable energy generation for hydrogen electrolysis while maintaining reliable operation of the less flexible ammonia synthesis unit. To date green ammonia production has only been demonstrated at pilot scale and optimising plant configurations and scaling up production facilities is an urgent task. Existing feasibility studies have demonstrated the ability to model and cost green ammonia production pathways that can overcome the technical and economic challenges. However these existing approaches are context specific demonstrating the ability to model and cost green ammonia production for defined locations with set configurations. In this paper we present a modelling framework that consolidates the array of configurations previously studied into a single framework that can be tailored to the location of interest. Our open-source green ammonia modelling and costing tool dynamically simulates the integration of renewable energy with a wide range of balancing power and storage options to meet the flexible demands of the green ammonia production process at hourly time resolution over a year or more. Unlike existing models the open-source implementation of our tool allows it to be used by a potentially wide range of stakeholders to explore their own projects and help guide the upscaling of green ammonia as a pathway for decarbonisation. Using Gladstone in Australia as a case study a 1 million tonne per annum (MMTPA) green ammonia plant is modelled and costed using price assumptions for major equipment in 2030 provided by the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO). Using a hybrid (solar PV and wind) renewable energy source and Battery Energy Storage System as balancing technology we estimate a levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) between 0.69 and 0.92 USD kgNH3 -1 . While greater than historical ammonia production costs from natural gas falling renewables costs and emission reduction imperatives suggest a major future role for green ammonia.

The rising demand for energy and the aim of moving away from fossil fuels and to low-carbon power have led many countries to move to alternative sources including solar energy wind geothermal energy biomass and hydrogen. Hydrogen is often considered a “missing link” in guaranteeing the energy transition providing storage and covering the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy generation. However due to potential injustice with regard to the distribution of risks benefits and costs (i.e. in regard to competing for land use) the large-scale deployment of hydrogen is a contested policy issue. This paper draws from a historical analysis of past energy projects to contribute to a more informed policy-making process toward a more just transition to the hydrogen economy. We perform a systematic literature review to identify relevant conflict factors that can influence the outcome of hydrogen energy transition projects in selected Economic Community of West African States countries namely Nigeria and Mali. To better address potential challenges policymakers must not only facilitate technology development access and market structures for hydrogen energy policies but also focus on energy access to affected communities. Further research should monitor hydrogen implementation with a special focus on societal impacts in producing countries.

Next-generation LH2 carriers may use the boil-off gas from the cargo tanks as additional fuel for the engine. As a consequence hydrogen pipes will enter the room of the ship’s propulsion system and transport hydrogen to the main engine. The hydrogen distribution resulting from a postulated hydrogen leak inside the room of the propulsion system has been analyzed by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In a subsequent step simulations with passive auto-catalytic recombiners (PARs) were carried out in order to investigate if the recombiners can increase the safety margins during such accident scenarios. CFD enables a 3D prediction of the transient distribution with a high resolution allowing to identify local accumulation of hydrogen and consequently to identify optimal PAR positions as well as to demonstrate the efficiency of the PARs. The simulation of the unmitigated reference case reveals a strong natural circulation driven by the density difference of hydrogen and the incoming cold air from the ventilation system. Globally this natural circulation dilutes the hydrogen and removes a considerable amount from the room of the ship’s propulsion system via the ventilation ducts. However a hydrogen accumulation beyond the flammability limit is identified below the first ceiling above the leak position and the back-side wall of the engine room. Based on these findings suitable positions for recombiners were identified. The design objectives of the PAR system were on the one hand to provide both high instantaneous and integral removal rate and on the other hand to limit build-up of flammable clouds by means of depletion and PAR induced mixing processes. The simulations performed with three different PAR arrangements (variation of large and<br/>small PAR units at different positions) confirm that the PARs reduce efficiently the hydrogen<br/>accumulations.

H2 Green Steel was founded in 2020 with the aim to build a large-scale green steel production in northern Sweden. H2 Green Steel is on a mission to undertake the global steel industry’s greatest ever technological shift. By 2024 H2 Green Steel will be in production at their Boden site and by 2030 will produce five million tonnes of green steel annually. Vargas co-founder and a major shareholder in Northvolt is also H2 Green Steel’s founder and largest shareholder. The EAH team speaks with Kajsa Ryttberg-Wallgren head of the Hydrogen Business Unit at H2 Green Steel.

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A wind–hydrogen coupled power generation system can effectively reduce the power loss caused by wind power curtailment and further improve the ability of the energy system to accommodate renewable energy. However the feasibility and economy of deploying such a power generation system have not been validated through large‐scale practical applications and the economic comparison between regions and recommendations on construction are still lacking. In order to solve the aforementioned problems this paper establishes an economic analysis model for the wind–hydrogen coupled power generation system and proposes a linear optimisation‐based priority analysis method focusing on the major net present value for regional energy system as well as a cost priority analysis method for hydrogen production within sample power plants. The case study proves the effectiveness of the proposed analysis methods and the potential to develop wind–hydrogen coupled power generation systems in various provinces is compared based on the national wind power data in recent years. This provides recommendations for the future pilot construction and promotion of wind–hydrogen coupled power generation systems in China.

Hydrogen has a high risk of ignition owing to its extremely low ignition energy and wide range of flammability. Therefore acquiring parameters relating to safe usage is of particular interest. The ignition of hydrogen generates combustion processes such as detonation and deflagration which may produce a blast wave. The severity of injuries sustained from a blast wave is determined by its strength. To reduce the physical hazards caused by explosion there is a need for some concepts for attenuating explosions and blast waves. In the present study we used water droplets as a material to reduce the blast wave strength. Numerical analysis of the interaction between blast waves and water droplets in a shock tube was conducted to understand the mitigation mechanism of blast wave. In this report we numerically modelled the experiment conducted by Mataradze et al. [1] to understand the main factor of blast mitigation by water droplets. In order to quantitatively clarify the mitigation effect of water droplets on the blast wave especially by quasi-steady drag here we conducted parameter studies on water droplet sprayed region. From this calculation it was suggested that the location of water droplet sprayed layer did not affect the blast mitigation effect at far side of the high explosives.

On today’s episode of Everything About Hydrogen we are speaking with Paul Bogers Vice President for Hydrogen at Shell. As a company Shell needs no introduction but the company’s work and investments in the hydrogen space make it a global leader in the energy transition especially when it comes to the hydrogen component. Paul is amongst the executives at Shell that are working to bring their hydrogen vision to fruition and it is great to have him with us on the show today.

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