Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers

Hydrogen plays a central role in ensuring the fulfillment of the climate and energy goals established in the Paris Agreement. To implement sustainable and resilient hydrogen economies it is essential to analyze the entire hydrogen value chain following a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. To determine the current methodologies approaches and research tendencies adopted when performing LCA of hydrogen energy systems a systematic literature analysis is carried out in the present study. The choices regarding the “goal and scope definition” “life cycle inventory analysis” and “life cycle impact assessment” in 70 scientific papers were assessed. Based on the collected information it was concluded that there are no similar LCA studies since specificities introduced in the system boundaries functional unit production storage transportation end-use technologies geographical specifications and LCA methodological approaches among others introduce differences among studies. This lack of harmonization triggers the need to define harmonization protocols that allow for a fair comparison between studies; otherwise the decision-making process in the hydrogen energy sector may be influenced by methodological choices. Although initial efforts have been made their adoption remains limited and greater promotion is needed to encourage wider implementation.

The growing demand for air connectivity coupled with the forecasted increase in passengers by 2040 implies an exigency in the aviation sector to adopt sustainable approaches for net zero emission by 2050. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is currently the most promising short-term solution; however ensuring its overall sustainability depends on reducing the life cycle carbon footprints. A key challenge prevails in hydrogen usage as a reactant for the approved ASTM routes of SAF. The processing conversion and refinement of feed entailing hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) decarboxylation hydrogenation isomerisation and hydrocracking requires substantial hydrogen input. This hydrogen is sourced either in situ or ex situ with the supply chain encompassing renewables or non-renewables origins. Addressing this hydrogen usage and recognising the emission implications thereof has therefore become a novel research priority. Aside from the preferred adoption of renewable water electrolysis to generate hydrogen other promising pathways encompass hydrothermal gasification biomass gasification (with or without carbon capture) and biomethane with steam methane reforming (with or without carbon capture) owing to the lower greenhouse emissions the convincing status of the technology readiness level and the lower acidification potential. Equally imperative are measures for reducing hydrogen demand in SAF pathways. Strategies involve identifying the appropriate catalyst (monometallic and bimetallic sulphide catalyst) increasing the catalyst life in the deoxygenation process deploying low-cost iso-propanol (hydrogen donor) developing the aerobic fermentation of sugar to 14 dimethyl cyclooctane with the intermediate formation of isoprene and advancing aqueous phase reforming or single-stage hydro processing. Other supportive alternatives include implementing the catalytic and co-pyrolysis of waste oil with solid feedstocks and selecting highly saturated feedstock. Thus future progress demands coordinated innovation and research endeavours to bolster the seamless integration of the cutting-edge hydrogen production processes with the SAF infrastructure. Rigorous technoeconomic and life cycle assessments alongside technological breakthroughs and biomass characterisation are indispensable for ensuring scalability and sustainability

This work develops a replicable method for designing the optimal renewable hydrogen production facility applicable to any site and based on technical parameters and actual equipment costs. The solution is based on the integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy with lithium-ion battery storage systems which maximizes electrolyzer operating hours and significantly reduces the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). This study shows that increasing the inclination of the photovoltaic modules reduces the need for storage optimizing operation and extending the electrolyzer’s annual operating hours. In the Seville case study with current costs and efficiencies a minimum LCOH of €4.43/kg was achieved a value well below market benchmarks opening the door to a potentially competitive industrial business. The analysis confirms that electrolyzer efficiency—particularly specific power consumption—is the most important factor in reducing costs while technological progress in photovoltaics storage and equipment promises further reductions in the coming years. Overall the proposed methodology offers a practical and scalable tool to accelerate the economic viability of green hydrogen in a variety of contexts.

The increasing global demand for clean energy highlights hydrogen as a strategic energy carrier due to its high energy density and carbon-free utilization. Currently steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most widely applied method for hydrogen production; however its high CO2 emissions undermine the environmental benefits of hydrogen. Blue hydrogen production integrates carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to overcome this drawback in the SMR process significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study integrated a MATLAB-R2025b-based plug flow reactor (PFR) model for SMR kinetics with an Aspen HYSYS-based CCS system. The effects of reformer temperature (600–1000 ◦C) and steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratio (1–5) on hydrogen yield and CO2 emission intensity were investigated. Results show that hydrogen production increases with temperature reaching maximum conversion at 850–1000 ◦C while the optimum performance is achieved at S/C ratios of 2.5–3.0 balancing high hydrogen yield and minimized methane slip. Conventional SMR generates 9–12 kgCO2/kgH2 emissions whereas SMR + CCS reduces this to 2–3 kgCO2/kgH2 achieving more than 75% reduction. The findings demonstrate that SMR + CCS integration effectively mitigates emissions and provides a sustainable bridging technology for blue hydrogen production supporting the transition toward lowcarbon energy systems.

The paper studies and analyzes electric vehicle engines powered by hydrogen under the WLTP standard driving protocol. The driving range extension is estimated using a specific protocol developed for FCEV compared with the standard value for battery electric vehicles. The driving range is extended by 10 km averaging over the four protocols with a maximum of 11.6 km for the FTP-75 and a minimum of 7.7 km for the WLTP. This driving range extension represents a 1.8% driving range improvement on average. Applying the FCEV current weight the driving range is extended to 18.9 km and 20.4 km on average when using power source energy capacity standards for BEVs and FCEVs.

The study focused on designing a sustainable building involving rooftop agrivoltaics advanced glazing technologies and onsite hydrogen production for a residential property in Birmingham UK where green hydrogen produced by harnessing electricity generated by agrivoltaics system on rooftop of the building is employed to change the transparency of vacuum gasochromic glazing and refuel hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle using storage hydrogen for a sustainable building approach. The change in the transparency of the glazing reduces the energy requirement of the building according to the occupant’s requirement and weather conditions. This research investigates the performance of various rooftop agrivoltaic systems including vertical optimal 30◦ tilt and dome setups for both monofacial and bifacial agrivoltaic consisting of tomato farming. Promising results were observed for agrivoltaic systems with consistent tomato production of 0.31 kg/m2 with varying shading experienced due to the different photovoltaic setups. Maximum electricity is produced by bifacial 30◦ with 7919 kWh though the lowest LCOE can be observed by monofacial 30◦ with £0.061/kWh. It also compares the efficiency of vacuum gasochromic windows against double glazing vacuum double glazing electrochromic and gasochromic options which can play an essential role in energy saving and reduced carbon emission. Vacuum gasochromic demonstrated the lowest U-value of 1.32 Wm2 K though it has the highest thickness with 24.6 mm. Additionally the study examines the feasibility of small-scale green hydrogen production from the electricity generated by agrivoltaics to fuel hydrogen vehicles and glazing considering the economic viability. The results suggested that the hydrogen required by the glazing accounts for 52.56 g annually and the maximum distance that can be covered theoretically is by bifacial 30◦ which is approximately 64.23 km per day. The interdisciplinary approach aims to optimise land use enhance energy efficiency and promote sustainable urban agriculture to contribute to the UK’s goal of increasing solar energy capacity and achieving net-zero emissions while addressing food security concerns. The findings of this study have potential implications for urban planning renewable energy integration especially solar and sustainable residential design.

The Yangtze River as the world’s largest clean energy corridor links key economic regions and plays a crucial role in inland waterway transportation. However few studies have comprehensively evaluated the potential of the Yangtze River for cross-regional hydrogen transport. Here we develop a comprehensive integrated power and hydrogen supply chain (IPHSC) optimization model to evaluate the potential of cross-regional hydrogen transport via the Yangtze River. The IPHSC optimization model covers the entire hydrogen production-storage-transportation-utilization chain through cross-sector modeling of energy transportation water scheduling and environmental protection. Results show that in the 2060 carbon neutrality scenario the deployment of 62.2 kilotons of 574 differentiated liquid hydrogen (LH2) carrier ships could enable the transportation of 5018 kilotons (1512 million ton-km) of hydrogen annually meeting nearly 20% of the total electrolytic hydrogen demand across eight riverine provinces. Unlike west-to-east electricity transmission in China the central Yangtze River region is expected to become the main hub for hydrogen exports in the future. Compared with alternative methods such as transmission lines or pipelines LH2 carrier ships offer the lowest energy supply costs at 3 US cents/kWh for electricity and 5 US cents/kWh for hydrogen. Additionally a full-parameter attribution analysis of over 40 factors is conducted to assess variations in supply costs. Our study offers a thorough evaluation of the feasibility and economic benefits of hydrogen transportation via inland waterways providing a comprehensive multi-sectoral coupling assessment framework for regions with well-established inland waterway networks such as Europe and the United States.

The rational design of Cu-based catalysts with tailored interfacial structures and electronic states remains challenging yet essential for advancing hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming (MSR). Here we developed a samarium-mediated strategy to construct a 30Sm-CuAl catalyst. The introduction of Sm promotes Cu dispersion and induces strong metal-support interactions resulting in the formation of Sm2O3- encapsulated Cu nanoparticles enriched with Cu+ -O-Sm interfaces. The optimized 30Sm-CuAl demonstrates exceptional MSR performance achieving a hydrogen production rate of 1126 mmol gcat− 1 h− 1 at 250◦C. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction follows the formate pathway in xSm-CuAl with formate accumulation identified as the primary reason for the deactivation of 30Sm-CuAl. Dynamic regeneration of 30SmCuAl through redox treatment restores its activity thereby enabling cyclic operation. These findings provide insights into rare-earth oxide regulation of Cu-based catalysts and lay the foundation for targeted resolution of formate intermediate accumulation to enhance MSR stability.

Hydrogen is a key enabler of the energy transition and repurposing existing natural gas pipelines offers a costeffective pathway for large-scale hydrogen transport. However hydrogen embrittlement raises integrity concerns and current design standards such as ASME B31.12 Option A adopt highly conservative safety margins without a quantified reliability basis. This study evaluates whether the conservative safety margins in ASME B31.12 Option A for hydrogen pipelines can be safely relaxed. A semi-elliptical flaw (depth 0.25t length 1.5t) is assessed using the Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) method and Monte Carlo simulations with up to 2.5 × 107 iterations. Fracture toughness is fixed at 69.3 MPa√m while wall thickness and yield strength vary statistically. Three design scenarios explore safety factor products from 0.388 to 0.720 at 0 ◦C and 20 ◦C. Results show that flaw acceptability is maintained in all deterministic cases and the probability of failure remains below 10− 6 . No failures occur when the safety factor product drops below 0.637. The analysis uses only codified flaw assumptions and public material data. These findings confirm that Option A provides a highly conservative envelope and demonstrate the value of a reliability-based approach for assessing hydrogen pipeline repurposing while addressing the gap between prescriptive standards and quantified reliability. This integrated FAD–probabilistic framework demonstrates that Option A includes significant conservatism and supports a reliability-based approach to evaluate hydrogen pipeline repurposing without experimental inputs.

This work provides a detailed evaluation of a novel biomass-fueled multigeneration system conceived to contribute to the growing emphasis on sustainable energy solutions. The architecture comprises a biomass gasifier an innovative cascaded organic Rankine cycle (CORC) incorporating a high-temperature mixture in the top cycle a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME) a Brayton cycle and waste heat utilization units all operating together to deliver electricity hydrogen (H2) and thermal output. A comprehensive thermodynamic modeling framework is established to evaluate the system’s performance across various operational scenarios. The framework emphasizes critical metrics including exergy efficiency levelized total emissions (LTE) and payback period (PP). These indicators ensure a holistic assessment of energy exergy economic and environmental considerations. Parametric studies demonstrate that enhancements in biomass mass flow rate and combustion chamber temperature significantly increase power output and H2 production while reducing the payback period underscoring the system’s flexibility and economic feasibility. Furthermore the study employs sophisticated machine learning optimization methods combining artificial neural networks (ANNs) with genetic algorithms (GA) to determine optimal operating conditions with minimal computational effort and maximum efficiency. When evaluated at nominal parameters the system records an exergy efficiency of 23.72 % achieves a PP of 5.61 years and yields an LTE value of 0.34 ton/GJ. However under optimized conditions these values improve to 35.01 % 3.78 years and 0.241 ton/GJ respectively.

This study presents the development of the long-term Household Hydrogen Supply Chain (HHSC) model aimed at supporting the decarbonisation of household energy consumption. Structured across three strategic phases: foundation expansion and maturation the model facilitates the systematic phase-out of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) by 2045 and natural gas (NG) by 2080. Employing demand estimation methodologies grounded in historical data and exponential decay functions the study forecasts long-term hydrogen adoption trajectories and allocates regional demand to optimise infrastructure placement. A network optimisation model identifies the optimal locations and capacities of national regional and local distribution centres (NDCs RDCs and LDCs). This staged development ensures operational scalability geographic equity and financial viability. A key finding is the substantial increase in profitability from $479 million in 2026 to $88.26 billion by 2090 driven by infrastructure growth and increasing hydrogen demand. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the adoption during the mid years (2040–2060) is particularly vulnerable to cost fluctuations. The model supports net-zero 2050 goals and aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including SDGs 7 9 and 13. While the HHSC provides a structured pathway for long-term hydrogen transition future research should focus on enhancing the resilience of the HHSC by incorporating real-time data integration assessing vulnerability to supply chain disruptions and developing risk mitigation strategies to ensure continuity and scalability in hydrogen delivery under uncertain operating conditions.

Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are an efficient clean energy solution that performs well in backup or remote application but requires an uninterrupted supply of hydrogen. Current manual refueling procedures are laborintensive pose safety risks due to hydrogen’s explosive nature and can lead to power interruption if neglected. An automated system that manages the refueling procedure safely using computer simulations has been designed and demonstrated. The system employs a pressure sensor to monitor hydrogen levels and the microcontroller scans the safety of the environment by sensing leaks and ensuring there is no risk of over-pressure activates an electric solenoid valve when the pressure falls to or below a specified low threshold of 20 bar (P_low). The valve automatically closes when the tank reaches a high-pressure value of 280 bar(P_high) or immediately upon detection of anomalies such as a sensed leak excessive pressure exceeding 320 bar(Pmax_safe) or a prolonged refilling duration beyond 400 seconds. The whole system has been simulated using MATLAB/Simulink executing five distinct test scenarios including normal operation leaks over-pressure and time-out conditions. Simulation results indicate the design is robust with all safety features performing as intended. Furthermore a roadmap for the physical prototyping and testing of the system beginning with inert gases is presented. The automated system has the potential to enhance the ease and safety of operating stationary HFCs.

Understanding water evolved gas and ionic transport in membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) is essential for the development of high performance and durable anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). This study evaluates the MEA conditioning process operating conditions and short-term stability in a 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte focusing on the underlying transport phenomena. We observe a significant initial voltage loss in continuous cell operation which could be associated with gas bubble accumulation transport layer or flow field passivation and changes in the catalyst oxidation state. Further we investigate the effects of materials and operational configurations including the membrane type and thickness and the electrolyte flow rate including KOH being fed to both electrodes as well as to the anode only. Furthermore the effect of membrane drying temperature on ex situ as well as in situ electrochemical performance is evaluated. Finally we discuss 700 h of AEMWE operation at 1 A/cm2 highlighting the underlying degradation phenomena.

As a zero-carbon energy carrier hydrogen is playing an increasingly vital role in the decarbonization of maritime transportation. The hydrogen pressure reducing valve (PRV) is a core component of ship-borne hydrogen storage systems directly influencing the safety efficiency and reliability of hydrogen-powered vessels. However the marine environment— characterized by persistent vibrations salt spray corrosion and temperature fluctuations— poses significant challenges to PRV performance including material degradation flow instability and reduced operational lifespan. This review comprehensively summarizes and analyzes recent advances in the study of high-pressure hydrogen PRVs for marine applications with a focus on transient flow dynamics turbulence and compressible flow characteristics multi-stage throttling strategies and valve core geometric optimization. Through a systematic review of theoretical modeling numerical simulations and experimental studies we identify key bottlenecks such as multi-physics coupling effects under extreme conditions and the lack of marine-adapted validation frameworks. Finally we conducted a preliminary discussion on future research directions covering aspects such as the construction of coupled multi-physics field models the development of marine environment simulation experimental platforms the research on new materials resistant to vibration and corrosion and the establishment of a standardized testing system. This review aims to provide fundamental references and technical development ideas for the research and development of high-performance marine hydrogen pressure reducing valves with the expectation of facilitating the safe and efficient application and promotion of hydrogen-powered shipping technology worldwide.

This report evaluates the role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) in supporting South Africa’s energy transition amidst persistent power shortages coal dependency and growing decarbonisation imperatives. Drawing on national policy frameworks including the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP 2019) the Just Energy Transition (JET) strategy and Net Zero 2050 targets this study analyses five major HRES configurations: PV–Battery PV–Diesel–Battery PV–Wind–Battery PV–Hydrogen and Multi-Source EMS. Through technical modelling lifecycle cost estimation and trade-off analysis the report demonstrates how hybrid systems can decentralise energy supply improve grid resilience and align with socio-economic development goals. Geographic application cost-performance metrics and policy alignment are assessed to inform region-specific deployment strategies. Despite enabling technologies and proven field performance the scale-up of HRESs is constrained by financial regulatory and institutional barriers. The report concludes with targeted policy recommendations to support inclusive and regionally adaptive HRES investment in South Africa.

This paper analyzes the potential of hydrogen technologies in transport placing it within the context of global environmental and energy challenges. Its primary purpose is to eval‑ uate the prospects for the implementation of these technologies at international and na‑ tional levels including Poland. This study utilizes a literature review and an analysis of the results of a highly limited exploratory pilot survey measuring public perception of hydrogen technology in transport. It is critical to note that the survey was conducted on a small non‑representative sample and exhibited a strong geographical bias primarily collecting responses from Europe (50 people) and North America (30 people). This study also details hydrogen vehicle types (FCEV HICE) and the essential infrastructure required (HRS). Despite solid technological foundations the development of hydrogen technology heavily relies on non‑technical factors such as infrastructure development support pol‑ icy and social acceptance. Globally the number of vehicles and stations is growing but remains limited with the pace of development correlating with the involvement of coun‑ tries. The pilot survey revealed a generally positive perception of the technology (mainly due to environmental benefits) but highlighted three key barriers: limited availability of refueling infrastructure—51.5% of respondents strongly agreed on this obstacle high pur‑ chase and maintenance costs and insufficient public awareness. Infrastructure subsidies and tax breaks were identified as effective incentives. Hydrogen technology offers a poten‑ tially competitive and sustainable transport solution but it demands significant systemic support intensive investment in large‑scale infrastructure expansion and comprehensive educational activities. Further governmental engagement is crucial. The severe limitations resulting from the pilot nature of the survey should be rigorously taken into account dur‑ ing interpretation.

This study investigates the performance degradation of X70 steel weld material in highpressure natural gas pipelines in the Sichuan-Chongqing region and its impact on pipeline safety by investigating their behavior under multiphysics environments including varying gas media (nitrogen methane hydrogen-blended) pressure conditions (0.1–10 MPa) and material regions (base metal vs. weld). A key novelty of this work is the introduction of a “degradation rate” metric to quantitatively assess the deterioration of weld mechanical properties. A key novelty of this work is the explicit introduction of a “degradation rate” metric to quantitatively assess the deterioration of weld mechanical properties. Slow strain rate tensile tests combined with fracture morphology and microstructure analysis reveal that welds exhibit inferior mechanical properties due to microstructural inhomogeneity and residual stresses including a yield stress reduction of 15.2–18.7%. The risk of brittle fracture was highest in the hydrogen-blended environment while nitrogen exhibited the most benign effect. Material region changes were identified as the most significant factor affecting degradation. This research provides crucial data and theoretical support for pipeline safety design and material performance optimization.

This study investigates an integrated solar-powered system for wastewater treatment and hydrogen production combining solar PV a humidification–dehumidification (HDH) system solar thermal collectors and electrolysis. The objective is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing industrial wastewater for both clean water production and green hydrogen generation. A transient analysis is conducted using TRNSYS and EES software modeling a system designed to process 4000 kg of wastewater daily. The results indicate that the HDH system produces 300 kg of clean water per hour while the electrolyzer generates approximately 66.5 kg of hydrogen per hour. The solar PV system operates under the weather conditions of Kohat Pakistan. This integrated approach demonstrates significant potential for sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy production offering a promising solution for industrial applications.

This paper focuses on assessing different sustainable energy generation and storage systems for residential buildings in Spain identifying the best-performing system according to the end-user requirements. As outlined by the consulted literature the authors have selected two types of hybrid configurations—a Photovoltaic System with Battery Backup (PSBB) and a Photovoltaic System with Hydrogen Hybrid Storage Backup (PSHB)—and a Grid-Based System with Renewable Hydrogen Contribution (GSHC) is proposed. A Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process methodology (FAHP) is employed for evaluating the hybrid power systems from a multi-criteria approach: acquisition operational and environmental. The main requirements for selecting the optimal system are organized under these criteria and evaluated using key performance indicators. This methodology allows the selection of the best option considering objective and subjective system performance indicators. Beyond establishing the ranking a sensitivity analysis was conducted to provide insights into how individual criteria influence the ranking of the hybrid power systems alternatives. The results demonstrate that the selection of hybrid power systems for a residential building is highly dependent on consumer preferences but the PSBB system scores highly in operation and acquisition criteria while the GSHC has good performance in all the criteria.

With growing global demand for sustainable decarbonization hydrogen energy systems have emerged as a key pillar in achieving carbon neutrality. This study assesses the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction efficiency of Republic of Korea’s hydrogen ecosystem from a life-cycle perspective focusing on production and utilization stages. Using empirical data—including the national hydrogen supply structure fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) deployment and hydrogen power generation records the analysis compares hydrogenbased systems with conventional fossil fuel systems. Results show that current hydrogen production methods mainly by-product and reforming-based hydrogen emit an average of 6.31 kg CO2-eq per kg H2 providing modest GHG benefits over low-carbon fossil fuels but enabling up to a 77% reduction when replacing high-emission sources like anthracite. In the utilization phase grey hydrogen-fueled stationary fuel cells emit more GHGs than the national grid. By contrast FCEVs demonstrate a 58.2% GHG reduction compared to internal combustion vehicles with regional variability. Importantly this study omits the distribution phase (storage and transport) due to data heterogeneity and a lack of reliable datasets which limits the comprehensiveness of the LCA. Future research should incorporate sensitivity or scenario-based analyses such as comparisons between pipeline transport and liquefied hydrogen transport to better capture distribution-phase impacts. The study concludes that the environmental benefit of hydrogen systems is highly dependent on production pathways end-use sectors and regional conditions. Strategic deployment of green hydrogen regional optimization and the explicit integration of distribution and storage in future assessments are essential to enhancing hydrogen’s contribution to national carbon neutrality goals.

Driven by carbon neutrality goals electric–hydrogen coupled virtual power plants (EHCVPPs) integrate renewable hydrogen production with power system flexibility resources emerging as a critical technology for large-scale renewable integration. As distributed energy resources (DERs) within EHCVPPs diversify heterogeneous resources generate diversified market values. However inadequate benefit allocation mechanisms risk reducing participation incentives destabilizing cooperation and impairing operational efficiency. To address this benefit allocation must balance fairness and efficiency by incorporating DERs’ regulatory capabilities risk tolerance and revenue contributions. This study proposes a multi-stage benefit allocation framework incorporating risk–reward tradeoffs and an enhanced optimization model to ensure sustainable EHCVPP operations and scalability. The framework elucidates bidirectional risk–reward relationships between DERs and EHCVPPs. An individualized risk-adjusted allocation method and correction mechanism are introduced to address economic-centric inequities while a hierarchical scheme reduces computational complexity from diverse DERs. The results demonstrate that the optimized scheme moderately reduces high-risk participants’ shares increasing operator revenue by 0.69% demand-side gains by 3.56% and reducing generation-side losses by 1.32%. Environmental factors show measurable yet statistically insignificant impacts. The framework meets stakeholders’ satisfaction and minimizes deviation from reference allocations.

The development of durable and efficient catalysts capable of driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is essential for advancing sustainable hydrogen production through overall water electrolysis. In this study we developed a corrosion-mediated approach where Ni ions originate from the self-corrosion of the nickel foam (NF) substrate to construct Pt-modified NiFe layered double hydroxide (Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH) under ambient conditions. The obtained catalyst exhibits a hierarchical architecture with abundant defect sites which favor the uniform distribution of Pt clusters and optimized electronic configuration. The Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH catalyst constructed through the interaction between Pt sites and defective NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) demonstrates remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity delivering an overpotential as low as 29 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 and exhibiting a small tafel slope of 34.23 mV·dec−1 in 1 M KOH together with excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance requiring only 252 mV to reach 100 mA·cm−2 . Moreover the catalyst demonstrates outstanding activity and durability in alkaline seawater maintaining stable operation over long-term tests. The Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH electrode when integrated into a two-electrode system demonstrates operating voltages as low as 1.42 and 1.51 V for current densities of 10 and 100 mA·cm−2 respectively and retains outstanding stability under concentrated alkaline conditions (6 M KOH 70 ◦C). Overall this work establishes a scalable and economically viable pathway toward high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts and deepens the understanding of Pt-LDH interfacial synergy in promoting water-splitting catalysis.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly expanding resulting in increased demand on power systems and transportation networks. This study reviews recent advancements in planning EV Charging Stations (EVCSs) focusing on siting sizing grid upgrades and managing uncertainty. Analysis suggests that while many studies optimize either the location or the size of these stations few consider their combined effects resulting in missed opportunities for synergy. A lack of attention to cross-sector integration with hydrogen inadequate treatment of grid reinforcement and fragmented approaches to modeling uncertainties such as EV behavior renewable energy variability and market dynamics is also observed. To address these gaps a synthesis of the interdependencies between siting and sizing is provided along with a review of multi-energy integration opportunities an evaluation of Vehicle-to-Grid technology and smart charging including technical benefits and challenges strategies that link the deployment of EVCS to grid upgrades and a taxonomy of uncertainty sources along with advanced stochastic and data-driven solutions. This review emphasizes the importance of integrated data-informed planning in the development of EV charging infrastructure.

The energy transition towards low-carbon hydrogen (H2) in France is expected to require deep industrial planning to develop electrolysis and H2 production infrastructure. This study employs an input–output method to simulate a new sector of electrolysis-produced hydrogen (e-H2) that supplies two-hydrogen intensive sectors petroleum refining and ammonia. We construct two input–output models a demand-driven model for e-H2 sector development (the investment phase) and a mixed model for e-H2 production (the operation phase). The results demonstrate that the e-H2 sector depends on industries such as machinery electrical equipment construction and metal products manufacturing in the investment phase with strong backward linkages to the power sector in the exploitation phase. The results reveal that the energy shock (350 kt of e-H2 per year) generates significant growth (€1.3 Bn of gross domestic product) and jobs (3600) but strongly depends on industries’ capability to expand and recruit. Recommendations advise public policy development to address the need to reinforce key industries to support e-H2 production due to inter-industry dependence and the need for more attractive skilled and technician jobs in sectors that are already experiencing recruitment tensions. At much higher e-H2 shocks in the steel sector (700 kt e-H2) and other industries (415 kt e-H2) even greater amounts of domestic resources would be required. Therefore de-carbonising the entire H2 sector require ambitious policy planning to support industrial empowerment research programmes and labour training so that H2 becomes an enabling technology of the energy transition.

NH3 cracking is gaining attention as a promising route for on-demand carbon-free H2 production particularly in off-grid or distributed energy applications. Nevertheless its practical implementation hinges on the development of catalysts not only highly active but also cost-effective and thermally efficient. Starting from the state-of-theart catalyst for NH3 decomposition (nickel-based) the most promising catalytic systems (ruthenium-based) are critically reviewed with a focus on the interplay between catalyst activation energy thermal duty and operating conditions. In view of discussing whether the implementation of noble-based catalysts can be practical or not a technical analysis of the cracking furnace with different Ru-based catalytic systems is presented referring to a decentralized application representative of compact yet industrially relevant units. The trade-off between technical and economic performance is quantified with the aim of offering design guidelines for developing scalable NH3 cracking.