Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers

The use of hydrogen energy and the associated technologies is expected to increase in the coming years. The success of hydrogen energy technology (HET) is however dependent on public acceptance of the technology. Developing this new industry in a socially responsible way will require an understanding of the psychology factors that may facilitate or impede its public acceptance. This paper reviews 27 quantitative studies that have explored the relationship between psychological factors and HET acceptance. The findings from the review suggest that the perceived effects of the technology (i.e. the perceived benefits costs and risks) and the associated emotions are strong drivers of HET acceptance. This paper does though highlight some limitations with past research that make it difficult to make strong conclusions about the factors that influence HET acceptance. The review also reveals that few studies have investigated acceptance of different types of HET beyond a couple of applications. The paper ends with a discussion about directions for future research and highlights some practical implications for messaging and policy.

Currently hydrogen production is based on the reforming process leading to the emission of pollutants; therefore a substitute production method is imminently required. Water electrolysis is an ideal alternative for large-scale hydrogen production as it does not produce any carbon-based pollutant byproducts. The production of green hydrogen from water electrolysis using intermittent sources (e.g. solar and eolic sources) would facilitate clean energy storage. However the electrocatalysts currently required for water electrolysis are noble metals making this potential option expensive and inaccessible for industrial applications. Therefore there is a need to develop electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant and low-cost metals. Nickel-based electrocatalysts are a fitting alternative because they are economically accessible. Extensive research has focused on developing nickel-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Theoretical and experimental work have addressed the elucidation of these electrochemical processes and the role of heteroatoms structure and morphology. Even though some works tend to be contradictory they have lit up the path for the development of efficient nickel-based electrocatalysts. For these reasons a review of recent progress is presented herein.

Experimental evidence exists for the enhancement of the hydrogen storage capacity of porous carbons when these materials are doped with metal nanoparticles. One of the most studied dopants is palladium. Dissociation of the hydrogen molecules and spillover of the H atoms towards the carbon substrate has been advocated as the reason for the enhancement of the storage capacity. We have investigated this mechanism by performing ab initio density functional molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of the deposition of molecular hydrogen on Pd6 clusters anchored on graphene vacancies. The clusters are initially near-saturated with atomic and molecular hydrogen. This condition would facilitate the occurrence of spillover since our energy calculations based on density functional theory indicate that migration of preadsorbed H atoms towards the graphene substrate becomes exothermic on Pd clusters with high hydrogen coverages. However AIMD simulations show that the H atoms prefer to intercalate and absorb within the Pd cluster rather than migrate to the carbon substrate. These results reveal that high activation barriers exist preventing the spillover of hydrogen from the anchored Pd clusters to the carbon substrate.

Discover the colours of hydrogen debunk the myths around hydrogen and learn the facts and key moments in history for hydrogen as well as innovative technologies ground-breaking projects state-of-the-art research development and cooperation by members of Hydrogen Europe

The utilization of hydrogen energy is important for achieving a low-carbon society. Japan has set ambitious goals for hydrogen stations and fuel cell vehicles focusing on the introduction and dissemination of self-refuelling systems. This paper evaluates public trust in the fuel equipment and self-handling technology related to self-refuelling hydrogen stations and compares it with that for widespread gasoline stations. To this end the results of an online survey of 300 people with Japanese driver licenses are reported and analyzed. The results show that trust in the equipment and self-handling is more important for the user than trust in the fuel. In addition to introduce and disseminate new technology such as hydrogen stations users must be made aware of the risk of using the technology until it becomes as familiar as existing gasoline station technology.

Purpose: The Standards module of the FCHO presents a large number of standards relevant for the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells. The standards are categorized in order to enhance ease of access and usability. The development of sector-relevant standards facilitates and enhances economies of scale interoperability comparability safety and many other issues. Scope: The database presents European and International standards. Standards from the following standards developing organizations are included: CEN CENELEC ISO IEC OIML. The report spans January 2019 – December 2019. Key Findings: The development of sector relevant standards on an international level continued to grow in 2019 on European level many standards are still in the process of being drafted. The recently established CEN-CLC JTC 6 (Hydrogen in energy systems) has not published standards yet but is working on drafting standards on for example Guarantees of Origin.

Hydrogen energy utilization is expected due to its environmental and energy efficiencies. However many issues remain to be solved in the social implementation of hydrogen energy through water electrolysis. This analyzes and compares the energy consumption and GHG emissions of fossil fuel-derived hydrogen and gasoline energy systems over their entire life cycle. The results demonstrate that for similar vehicle weights the hydrogen energy system consumes 1.8 MJ/km less energy and emits 0.15 kg-CO 2 eq./km fewer GHG emissions than those of the gasoline energy system. Hydrogen derived from fossil fuels may contribute to future energy systems due to its stable energy supply and economic efficiency. Lowering the power source carbon content also improved the environmental and energy efficiencies of hydrogen energy derived from fossil fuels.

This paper provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the latest research results in addition to an overview of the future challenges and opportunities regarding the use of hydrogen to power internal combustion engines (ICEs). The experiences and opinions of various international research centers on the technical possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel in ICE are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydrogen as a solution are described. Attention is drawn to the specific physical chemical and operational properties of hydrogen for ICEs. A critical review of hydrogen combustion concepts is provided drawing on previous research results and experiences described in a number of research papers. Much space is devoted to discussing the challenges and opportunities associated with port and direct hydrogen injection technology. A comparison of different fuel injection and ignition strategies and the benefits of using the synergies of selected solutions are presented. Pointing to the previous experiences of various research centers the hazards related to incorrect hydrogen combustion such as early pre‐ignition late pre‐ignition knocking combustion and backfire are described. Attention is focused on the fundamental importance of air ratio optimization from the point of view of combustion quality NOx emissions engine efficiency and performance. Exhaust gas scrubbing to meet future emission regulations for hydrogen powered internal combustion engines is another issue that is considered. The article also discusses the modifications required to adapt existing engines to run on hydrogen. Referring to still‐unsolved problems the reliability challenges faced by fuel injection systems in particular are presented. An analysis of more than 150 articles shows that hydrogen is a suitable alternative fuel for spark‐ignition engines. It will significantly improve their performance and greatly reduce emissions to a fraction of their current level. However its use also has some drawbacks the most significant of which are its high NOx emissions and low power output and problems in terms of the durability and reliability of hydrogen‐fueled engines.

Producing hydrogen by water electrolysis suffers from the kinetic barriers in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that limits the overall efficiency. With spin-dependent kinetics in OER to manipulate the spin ordering of ferromagnetic OER catalysts (e.g. by magnetization) can reduce the kinetic barrier. However most active OER catalysts are not ferromagnetic which makes the spin manipulation challenging. In this work we report a strategy with spin pinning effect to make the spins in paramagnetic oxyhydroxides more aligned for higher intrinsic OER activity. The spin pinning effect is established in oxideFM/oxyhydroxide interface which is realized by a controlled surface reconstruction of ferromagnetic oxides. Under spin pinning simple magnetization further increases the spin alignment and thus the OER activity which validates the spin effect in rate-limiting OER step. The spin polarization in OER highly relies on oxyl radicals (O∙) created by 1st dehydrogenation to reduce the barrier for subsequent O-O coupling.

Greenhouse gas emissions from the freight transportation sector are a significant contributor to climate change pollution and negative health impacts because of the common use of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs). Governments around the world are working to transition away from diesel HDVs and to electric HDVs to reduce emissions. Battery electric HDVs and hydrogen fuel cell HDVs are two available alternatives to diesel engines. Each diesel engine HDV battery-electric HDV and hydrogen fuel cell HDV powertrain has its own advantages and disadvantages. This work provides a comprehensive review to examine the working mechanism performance metrics and recent developments of the aforementioned HDV powertrain technologies. A detailed comparison between the three powertrain technologies highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each is also presented along with future perspectives of the HDV sector. Overall diesel engine in HDVs will remain an important technology in the short-term future due to the existing infrastructure and lower costs despite their high emissions while battery-electric HDV technology and hydrogen fuel cell HDV technology will be slowly developed to eliminate their barriers including costs infrastructure and performance limitations to penetrate the HDV market.