Publications

High‐entropy amorphous catalysts (HEACs) integrate multielement synergy with structural disorder making them promising candidates for water splitting. Their distinctive features—including flexible coordination environments tunable electronic structures abundant unsaturated active sites and dynamic structural reassembly—collectively enhance electrochemical activity and durability under operating conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in HEACs for hydrogen evolution oxygen evolution and overall water splitting highlighting their disorder-driven advantages over crystalline counterparts. Catalytic performance benchmarks are presented and mechanistic insights are discussed focusing on how multimetallic synergy amorphization effect and in‐situ reconstruction cooperatively regulate reaction pathways. These insights provide guidance for the rational design of next‐generation amorphous high‐entropy electrocatalysts with improved efficiency and durability.

The growing concern about the increase in European Union (EU)’s total CO2 emissions due to maritime activities and the ambitious goal of net zero emissions they are asked to fulfil by 2050 are leading the way to the adoption of new sustainable strategies. In this article a novel methodology for the classification of the sustainable actions is proposed. Moreover new indicators have been designed to compare the level of sustainable development of each port. Among them a new coefficient for the assessment of the Ports’ Potential Sustainability (PPS) have been designed. Main results showed that 56% of the actions were in the improvement and environmentally sustainable group while 19% were shift-economic actions related to the installation of technologies. As a matter of the fact all European ports under analysis have adopted cold ironing system which can reduce up to 4% of the global shipping emissions. Similarly 50% of them have already integrated renewables energies and prioritize equipment electrification in their processes. Finally the most relevant projects to optimize the energy consumption of daily operations and the main challenges that still need to be addressed have been analyzed showing the current trends maritime sector is undertaking to advance towards the sustainable development.

In the present work a new analytical model of polytropic flow in constant-diameter pipelines is developed to accurately describe the flow of compressible gases including natural gas and hydrogen explicitly accounting for heat exchange between the fluid and the environment. In contrast to conventional models that assume isothermal or adiabatic conditions the proposed model simultaneously accounts for variations in pressure temperature density and entropy i.e. it is based on a realistic polytropic gas flow formulation. A system of differential equations is established incorporating the momentum continuity energy and state equations of the gas. An implicit closed-form solution for the specific volume along the pipeline axis is then derived. The model is universal and allows the derivation of special cases such as adiabatic isothermal and isentropic flows. Numerical simulations demonstrate the influence of heat flow on the variation in specific volume highlighting the critical role of heat exchange under real conditions for the optimization and design of energy systems. It is shown that achieving isentropic flow would require the continuous removal of frictional heat which is not practically feasible. The proposed model therefore provides a clear reproducible and easily visualized framework for analyzing gas flows in pipelines offering valuable support for engineering design and education. In addition a unified sensitivity analysis of the analytical solutions has been developed enabling systematic evaluation of parameter influence across the subsonic near-critical and heated flow regimes.

The last decade has been characterized by a growing environmental awareness and the rise of climate change concerns. Continuous advancement of renewable energy technologies in this context has taken a central stage on the global agenda leading to a diverse array of innovations ranging from cutting-edge green energy production technologies to advanced energy storage solutions. In this evolving context ensuring the sustainability of energy systems—through the reduction of carbon emissions enhancement of energy resilience and responsible resource integration—has become a primary objective of modern energy planning. The integration of hydrogen technologies for power-to-gas (P2G) and power-topower (P2P) and energy storage systems is one of the areas where the most remarkable progress is being made. However real case implementations are lagging behind expectations due to large-scale investments needed which under high energy price uncertainty act as a barrier to widespread adoption. This study proposes a risk-averse approach for sizing an Integrated Hybrid Energy System considering the uncertainty of electricity and gas prices. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer program and tested on a real-world case study. The analysis sheds light on the value of synergies and innovative solutions that hold the promise of a cleaner more sustainable future for generations to come.

As a key zero-carbon energy carrier the accurate measurement of liquid hydrogen flow in its industrial chain is crucial. However the ultra-low temperature ultra-low density and other properties of liquid hydrogen can introduce calibration errors. To enhance the measurement accuracy and reliability of liquid hydrogen flow this study investigates the heat and mass transfer within a 1 m3 non-vented storage tank during the calibration process of a liquid hydrogen flow standard device that integrates combined dynamic and static gravimetric methods. The vertical tank configuration was selected to minimize the vapor–liquid interface area thereby suppressing boil-off gas generation and enhancing pressure stability which is critical for measurement accuracy. Building upon research on cryogenic flow standard devices as well as tank experiments and simulations this study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with Fluent 2024 software to numerically simulate liquid hydrogen flow within a non-vented tank. The thermophysical properties of hydrogen crucial for the accuracy of the phase-change simulation were implemented using high-fidelity real-fluid data from the NIST Standard Reference Database as the ideal gas law is invalid under the cryogenic conditions studied. Specifically the Lee model was enhanced via User-Defined Functions (UDFs) to accurately simulate the key phasechange processes involving coupled flash evaporation and condensation during liquid hydrogen refueling. The simulation results demonstrated good agreement with NASA experimental data. This study systematically examined the effects of key parameters including inlet flow conditions and inlet liquid temperature on the flow characteristics of liquid hydrogen entering the tank and the subsequent heat and mass transfer behavior within the tank. The results indicated that an increase in mass flow rate elevates tank pressure and reduces filling time. Conversely a decrease in the inlet liquid hydrogen temperature significantly intensifies heat and mass transfer during the initial refueling stage. These findings provide important theoretical support for a deeper understanding of the complex physical mechanisms of liquid hydrogen flow calibration in non-vented tanks and for optimizing calibration accuracy.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) are a practical solution for providing reliable low-carbon electricity to off-grid and remote communities. This review examines the role of energy storage within HRESs by systematically comparing electrochemical mechanical thermal and hydrogen-based technologies in terms of technical performance lifecycle cost operational constraints and environmental impact. We synthesize findings from implemented off-grid projects across multiple countries to evaluate real-world performance metrics including renewable fraction expected energy not supplied (EENS) lifecycle cost and operation & maintenance burdens. Special attention is given to the emerging role of hydrogen as a long-term and cross-sector energy carrier addressing its technical regulatory and financial barriers to widespread deployment. In addition the paper reviews real-world implementations of off-grid HRES in various countries summarizing practical outcomes and lessons for system design and policy. The discussion also includes recent advances in metaheuristic optimization algorithms which have improved planning efficiency system reliability and cost-effectiveness. By combining technological operational and policy perspectives this review identifies current challenges and future directions for developing sustainable resilient and economically viable HRES that can accelerate equitable electrification in remote areas. Finally the review outlines key limitations and future directions calling for more systematic quantitative studies long-term field validation of emerging technologies and the development of intelligent Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven energy management systems within broader socio-techno-economic frameworks. Overall this work offers concise insights to guide researchers and policymakers in advancing the practical deployment of sustainable and resilient HRES.

This study enhances regional integrated energy systems by proposing a Stackelberg planning–operation model with seasonal hydrogen storage addressing source–network separation. An equilibrium algorithm is developed that integrates a competitive search routine with mixed-integer optimization. In the price–energy game framework the hydrogen storage operator is designated as the leader while energy producers load aggregators and storage providers act as followers facilitating a distributed collaborative optimization strategy within the Stackelberg game. Using an industrial park in northern China as a case study the findings reveal that the operator’s initiative results in a revenue increase of 38.60% while producer profits rise by 6.10% and storage-provider profits surge by 108.75%. Additionally renewable accommodation reaches 93.86% reflecting an absolute improvement of 20.60 percentage points. Total net energy imbalance decreases by 55.70% and heat-loss load is reduced by 31.74%. Overall the proposed approach effectively achieves cross-seasonal energy balancing and multi-party gains providing an engineering-oriented reference for addressing energy imbalances in regional integrated energy systems.

This study presents an innovative approach to the production of hydrogen from liquids following hydrothermal treatment of biowaste offering a potential solution for renewable energy generation and waste management. By combining biological and hydrothermal processes the efficiency of H2 production can be significantly improved contributing to a reduced carbon footprint and lower reliance on fossil fuels. The inoculum used was fermented sludge from a wastewater treatment plant which had been thermally pretreated to enhance microbial activity towards hydrogen production. Kitchen waste consisting mainly of plant-derived materials (vegetable matter) was used as a substrate. The process was conducted in batch 1-L bioreactors. The results showed that higher pretreatment temperatures (up to 180 ◦C) increased the hydrolysis of compounds and enhanced H2 production. However temperatures above 180 ◦C resulted in the formation of toxic compounds such as catechol and hydroquinone which inhibited H2 production. The highest hydrogen production was achieved at 180 ◦C (approximately 66 mL H2/gTVSKW). The standard Gompertz model was applied to describe the process kinetics and demonstrated an excellent fit with the experimental data (R2 = 0.99) confirming the model’s suitability for optimizing H2 production. This work highlights the potential of combining hydrothermal and biological processes to contribute to the development of sustainable energy systems within the circular economy.

The development of efficient and sustainable hydrogen storage materials is a key challenge for realizing hydrogen as a clean and flexible energy carrier. Among various options metal hydrides offer high volumetric storage density and operational safety yet their application is limited by thermodynamic kinetic and compositional constraints. In this work we investigate the potential of machine learning (ML) to predict key thermodynamic properties—equilibrium plateau pressure enthalpy and entropy of hydride formation—based solely on alloy composition using Magpie-generated descriptors. We significantly expand an existing experimental dataset from ~400 to 806 entries and assess the impact of dataset size and data augmentation using the PADRE algorithm on model performance. Models including Support Vector Machines and Gradient Boosted Random Forests were trained and optimized via grid search and cross-validation. Results show a marked improvement in predictive accuracy with increased dataset size while data augmentation benefits are limited to smaller datasets and do not improve accuracy in underrepresented pressure regimes. Furthermore clustering and cross-validation analyses highlight the limited generalizability of models across different material classes though high accuracy is achieved when training and testing within a single hydride family (e.g. AB2). The study demonstrates the viability and limitations of ML for accelerating hydride discovery emphasizing the importance of dataset diversity and representation for robust property prediction.

The global steel industry emits 1.92 tons of CO2 per ton of output and faces urgent pressure to decarbonize. In Pakistan the sector accounts for 0.29 tons of CO2 per ton of output with limited mitigation frameworks in place. Green hydrogen (GH2)-based steelmaking offers a strategic pathway toward decarbonization. However realizing its potential depends on access to renewable energy. Despite Pakistan’s substantial technical wind potential of 340 GW grid limitations currently restrict wind power to only 4% of national electricity generation. This study explores GH2 production through sector coupling and power wheeling repurposing curtailed wind energy from Sindh to supply Karachi’s steel industry and proposing a phased roadmap for GH enabling fossil fuel substitution industrial resilience and alignment with global carbon-border regulations.