Publications

Hydrogen fuel cell technology is securing a place in the future of advanced mobility and the energy revolution as engineers explore multiple paths in the quest for decarbonization. The feasibility of hydrogen-based fuel cell vehicles particularly relies on the development of safe lightweight and cost-competitive solutions for hydrogen storage. After the demonstration of hundreds of prototype vehicles today commercial hydrogen tanks are in the first stages of market introduction adopting configurations that use composite materials. However production rates remain low and costs high. This paper intends to provide an insight into the evolving scenario of solutions for hydrogen storage in the transportation sector. Current applications in different sectors of transport are covered focusing on their individual requirements. Furthermore this work addresses the efforts to produce economically attractive composite tanks discussing the challenges surrounding material choices and manufacturing practices as well as cutting-edge trends pursued by research and development teams. Key issues in the design and analysis of hydrogen tanks are also discussed. Finally testing and certification requirements are debated once they play a vital role in industry acceptance.

Jet flames originated by cryo-compressed ignited hydrogen releases can cause life-threatening conditions in their surroundings. Validated models are needed to accurately predict thermal hazards from a jet fire. Numerical simulations of cryogenic hydrogen flow in the release pipe are performed to assess the effect of heat transfer through the pipe walls on jet parameters. Notional nozzle exit diameter is calculated based on the simulated real nozzle parameters and used in CFD simulations as a boundary condition to model jet fires. The CFD model was previously validated against experiments with vertical cryogenic hydrogen jet fires with release pressures up to 0.5 MPa (abs) release diameter 1.25 mm and temperatures as low as 50 K. This study validates the CFD model in a wider domain of experimental release conditions - horizontal cryogenic jets at exhaust pipe temperature 80 K pressure up to 2 MPa abs and release diameters up to 4 mm. Simulation results are compared against experimentally measured parameters as hydrogen mass flow rate flame length and radiative heat flux at several locations from the jet fire. The CFD model reproduces well experiments with reasonable engineering accuracy. Jet fire hazard distances established using three different criteria - temperature thermal radiation and thermal dose - are compared and discussed based on CFD simulation results.

Unexpected hydrogen leakage may occur in the production storage transportation and utilization of hydrogen. The lower flammability limit (LFL) for the hydrogen is 4% in air. The combustion and explosion of hydrogen-air mixture poses potential hazards to personnel and property. In this study unintended release of hydrogen from a hydrogen fuel cell forklift vehicle inside a enclosed warehouse is simulated by fireFoam which is an LES Navier-Stokes CFD solver. The simulation results are verified by experimental data. The variation of hydrogen concentration with time and the isosurface of hydrogen concentration of 4% vol. are given. Furthermore the leakage of hydrogen from a storage tanks in a hydrogen refueling station is simulated and the evolution of the isosurface of hydrogen concentration of 4% vol. is given which provides a quantitative guidence for determination the hazardous area after the leakage of hydrogen.

For renewable hydrogen to be a significant part of the future decarbonized energy and transportation sectors a rapid and massive build-out of hydrogen production facilities will be needed. This paper describes a geospatial modeling approach to identifying the optimal locations for renewable hydrogen fuel production throughout the state of California based on least-cost generation and transport. This is accomplished by (1) estimating and projecting California renewable hydrogen demand scenarios through the year 2050 (2) identifying feedstock locations (3) excluding areas not suitable for development and (4) selecting optimal site locations using commercial geospatial modeling software. The findings indicate that there is a need for hundreds of new renewable hydrogen production facilities in the decades preceding the year 2050. In selecting sites for development feedstock availability by technology type is the driving factor."

This paper presents a greedy energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) for a stand-alone microgrid powered by photovoltaic (PV) arrays and equipped with batteries and a power-to-hydrogen-to-power (P2H2P) system. The proposed strategy consists of a day-ahead plan and an intra-day dispatch method. In the planning stage the sequence of plan is to determine the power of each storage device for a certain period which is initially generated under the principle that PV arrays have the highest priority followed by the batteries and finally the P2H2P system using short-term forecast data of both load and solar irradiance. The initial plan can be optimized with objectives of harvesting more PV generation in storage and minimizing unmet load through rescheduling P2H2P system and batteries. Three parameters including reserved capacity of batteries predischarge coefficient of fuel cell (FC) and greedy coefficient of electrolyzer (EL) are introduced during plan optimization process to enhance the robustness against forecast errors. In the dispatching stage the energy dispatch is subject to the scheduled plan and the operational constraints. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed strategy a case study is performed for a hotel with a mean power consumption of 1567 kWh/day based on the system configuration optimized by HOMER software in comparison with the load following (LF) strategy and the global optimum solution solved by mixed integer linear programing (MILP). The simulation results show that the annual unmet load using the proposed strategy is reduced from 13434 kWh to 2370 kWh which is 528 kWh lower than the optimum solution. Meanwhile the cost of energy (COE) of the proposed strategy decreases by US$ 0.08/kWh compared to the LF strategy and is equal to the optimum solution. Finally the performance of configuration optimization employing genetic algorithm (GA) under different energy management strategies is investigated with the objective function of minimizing the net present cost (NPC). Furthermore the robustness of the proposed strategy is studied. The results show that the proposed strategy gives an NPC and COE of US$ 2.4 million (Mn) and US$ 0.43/kWh which are 23.4% and 9.7% lower than those of systems utilizing the SoC-based strategy and the LF strategy respectively. The results also demonstrate that the strategy is robust against forecast errors especially for overestimated forecast models.

Globally reducing CO2 emissions is an urgent priority. The hydrogen economy is a system that offers long-term solutions for a secure energy future and the CO2 crisis. From hydrogen production to consumption storing systems are the foundation of a viable hydrogen economy. Each step has been the topic of intense research for decades; however the development of a viable safe and efficient strategy for the storage of hydrogen remains the most challenging one. Storing hydrogen in polymer-based carriers can realize a more compact and much safer approach that does not require high pressure and cryogenic temperature with the potential to reach the targets determined by the United States Department of Energy. This review highlights an outline of the major polymeric material groups that are capable of storing and releasing hydrogen reversibly. According to the hydrogen storage results there is no optimal hydrogen storage system for all stationary and automotive applications so far. Additionally a comparison is made between different polymeric carriers and relevant solid-state hydrogen carriers to better understand the amount of hydrogen that can be stored and released realistically.

Energy supplies that are safe environmentally friendly dependable and cost-effective are important for society's long-term growth and improved living standards though political social and economic barriers may inhibit their availability. Constantly increasing energy demand is induced by substantial population growth and economic development putting an increasing strain on fossil fuel management and sustainability which account for a major portion of this rising energy demand and moreover creates difficulties because of greenhouse gas emissions growth and the depletion of resources. Such impediments necessitate a global shift away from traditional energy sources and toward renewables. Aside from its traditional role is viewed as a promising energy vector and is gaining international attention as a promising fuel path as it provides numerous benefits in use case scenarios and unlike other synthesized carbon-based fuels could be carbon-free or perhaps even negative on a life-cycle criterion. Hydrogen ( ) is one of the most significant chemical substances on earth and can be obtained as molecular dihydrogen through various techniques from both non-renewable and renewable sources. The drive of this paper is to deliver a technological overview of hydrogen production methods. The major challenges development and research priorities and potential prospects for production was discussed.

The future of a carbon-free society relies on the alignment of the intermittent production of renewable energy with our continuous and increasing energy demands. Long-term energy storage in molecules with high energy content and density such as ammonia can act as a buffer versus short-term storage (e.g. batteries). In this paper we demonstrate that the Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis loop can indeed enable a second ammonia revolution as energy vector by replacing the CO2 intensive methane-fed process with hydrogen produced by water splitting using renewable electricity. These modifications demand a redefinition of the conventional Haber–Bosch process with a new optimisation beyond the current one which was driven by cheap and abundant natural gas and relaxed environmental concerns during the last century. Indeed the switch to electrical energy as fuel and feedstock to replace fossil fuels (e.g. methane) will lead to dramatic energy efficiency improvements through the use of high efficiency electrical motors and complete elimination of direct CO2 emissions. Despite the technical feasibility of the electrically-driven Haber–Bosch ammonia the question still remains whether such revolution will take place. We reveal that its success relies on two factors: increased energy efficiency and the development of small-scale distributed and agile processes that can align to the geographically isolated and intermittent renewable energy sources. The former requires not only higher electrolyser efficiencies for hydrogen production but also a holistic approach to the ammonia synthesis loop with the replacement of the condensation separation step by alternative technologies such as absorption and catalysis development. Such innovations will open the door to moderate pressure systems the development and deployment of novel ammonia synthesis catalysts and even more importantly the opportunity for integration of reaction and separation steps to overcome equilibrium limitations. When realised green ammonia will reshape the current energy landscape by directly replacing fossil fuels in transportation heating electricity etc. and as done in the last century food.

Hydrogen addition can improve the performance and extend the lean burn limit of gasoline engines. Different hydrogen injection strategies lead to different types of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD) which affects the engine performance. Therefore the present study experimentally investigated the effects of hydrogen injection strategy on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen/gasoline dual-fuel port-injection engine under lean-burn conditions. Four different hydrogen injection strategies were explored: hydrogen direct injection (HDI) forming a stratified hydrogen mixture distribution (SHMD); hydrogen intake port injection forming a premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PHMD); split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI) forming a partially premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PPHMD); and no hydrogen addition (NHMD). The results showed that 20% hydrogen addition could extend the lean burn limit from 1.5 to 2.8. With the increase in the excess air ratio the optimum HMD changed from PPHMD to SHMD. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with an excess air ratio of 1.5 with PPHMD. The coefficient of variation (COV) with NHMD was higher than that with hydrogen addition since the hydrogen enhanced the stability of ignition and combustion. The engine presented the lowest emissions with PHMD. There were almost no carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions when the excess air ratio was respectively more than 1.4 and 2.0.

This study proposes a novel hybrid solar-gas power and hydrogen-production system which is comprised by the solar tower thermal system gas-steam turbine combined cycle and organic Rankine cycle-based hydrogen-production system. Based on the Ebsilon code the operation processes of the hybrid system are simulated. The results show that the output power and electric efficiency of the hybrid system are 103.9 MW and 41.3% and the daily hydrogen output is 62.2 kg. The operation simulation results of the hybrid system reveal that the gas-steam combined cycle and solar island can both achieve stable operations and the power generation section and hydrogen-production device can both work effectively which means the hybrid system is technically feasible. The exergy estimate results of the hybrid system show that the combustion chamber and solar receiver have the two largest exergy destructions which are 56.5 MW and 45.3 MW. That means the performances of the two components can be further improved. For the hydrogen-production system the exergy destructions of the proton exchange membrane electrolyzer turbine condenser and evaporator of the organic Rankine cycle are 0.156 MW 0.111 MW 2.338 MW and 1.891 MW and the corresponding exergy efficiencies are 51.2% 92.6% 80.7% and 79.5% respectively.

Hydrogen futures are in the making right in front of our eyes and will determine socio-ecological path dependencies for decades to come. However expertise on the societal effects of the hydrogen transition is in its infancy. Future energy research needs to include the social sciences humanities and interdisciplinary studies: energy cultures have to be examined as well as  power relations and anticipation processes since the need for (green) hydrogen is likely to require a massive expansion of renewable energy plants.

Direct injection of alternative fuels (biomethane hydrogen) in the natural gas grid appears to be a promising solution to reach environmental objectives of CO2 emission reduction in the current energy scenario. This approach is justified by the large amount of biogas producible which can be upgraded to biomethane; while another proposed solution to increase renewable energy sources exploitation lies in producing hydrogen from excess wind energy followed by injection in the natural gas grid. Nevertheless compliance with composition limits and quality constraints in the resulting natural gas mixture has to be analysed in both stationary and dynamic operations tracking the gas quality downstream the injection point of the alternative fuels. A model was developed to simulate unsteady operation of a portion of gas grid dealing with realistic industrial and residential consumptions concentrated in offtake points. Two case studies were investigated focusing on the comparison between different amounts of hydrogen injection in the pure natural gas flow yielding composition flow rate and pressure profiles. The analysis shows how imposed quality thresholds can be respected although the hydrogen fraction within the natural gas mixture is highly sensitive to the profile and size of the loads connected to the gas pipeline.

The hydrogen permeation behavior of QP1180 high strength steel for automobile was studied in simulate coastal atmosphere environment by using Devanathan-Stachurski dual electrolytic cell the cyclic corrosion test (CCT) thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) and electrochemical measurement methods. The current density of hydrogen permeation generally increases with reducing the relative humidity from 95% to 50% and periodically changes in the CCT process. These mainly result from the evolution of corrosion and rust layer on the specimen surface with the atmospheric humidity and intermittent salt spraying. The contents of diffusible hydrogen and non-diffusible hydrogen in the steel enlarge slightly in the CCT process. The plastic deformation about 11.3% results in much higher diffusible hydrogen content in steel but noticeably reduces the hydrogen permeation current and almost has no influence on the non-diffusible hydrogen content. The combination of double electrolytic cell and standard cyclic corrosion test can effectively characterize the hydrogen permeation of high strength steel in atmospheric service environments.

Hydrogen fuel cells have been installed in more than 100 facilities and numerous homes in Ulsan hydrogen town in the Republic of Korea. Despite the advantages of hydrogen accidents can still occur near residential areas. Thus appropriate risk mitigation plans should be established. In this study a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of natural and forced ventilation is presented as an emergency response to hydrogen leakages in pressure regulator equipment housing. The CFD model is developed and investigated using three vent configurations: UP CROSS and UP-DOWN. The simulation results indicate that the UPDOWN configuration achieves the lowest internal hydrogen concentration out of the three. In addition the relationship between the total vent size and internal hydrogen concentration is determined. A vent size of 12% of the floor area has the lowest hydrogen concentration. The use of nitrogen for forced ventilation during emergencies is proposed to ensure that the hydrogen concentration of the released gas is less than one-fourth of the lower flammability  2 / 25 limit of hydrogen. Compared to natural ventilation the time required to reach safe conditions is decreased when nitrogen forced ventilation is used.

In 2021 only 6 hydrogen fuelling station have been built in Italy of which 3 are not operational and only 1 is open to the public while the rest are built in private or industrial areas. While fuelling station which store more than 5000 kg of hydrogen are subjected to the “Seveso Directive” the permitting procedure for refuelling station which store less than the threshold is supervised by the fire brigade command of the province where the station is built. Recently in the effort to easy the permitting procedure to establish new stations a Ministerial Decree was published in the official gazette of the Italian Republic which lists minimum safety features and safety distances that if respected guarantee the approval by the authority. Nevertheless the imposed distances are such that the land required to build the station constitute a barrier rather than a facilitation. Exploiting the possibility introduced by the Decree to calculate safety distances following a Fire Safety Engineering approach a method is proposed for calculation of safety distances. The present paper presents the Italian regulation and describes an approach to calculate the safety distances including an example applied on the dispenser.

The concept of techno-economic pathways is used to investigate the potential implementation of CO2 abatement measures over time towards zero-emission steelmaking in Sweden. The following mitigation measures are investigated and combined in three pathways: top gas recycling blast furnace (TGRBF); carbon capture and storage (CCS); substitution of pulverized coal injection (PCI) with biomass; hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (H-DR); and electric arc furnace (EAF) where fossil fuels are replaced with biomass. The results show that CCS in combination with biomass substitution in the blast furnace and a replacement primary steel production plant with EAF with biomass (Pathway 1) yield CO2 emission reductions of 83% in 2045 compared to CO2 emissions with current steel process configurations. Electrification of the primary steel production in terms of H-DR/EAF process (Pathway 2) could result in almost fossil-free steel production and Sweden could achieve a 10% reduction in total CO2 emissions. Finally (Pathway 3) we show that increased production of hot briquetted iron pellets (HBI) could lead to decarbonization of the steel industry outside Sweden assuming that the exported HBI will be converted via EAF and the receiving country has a decarbonized power sector.

After a tank has been exposed to crash violence or an external fire it might in some situations be judged dangerous to move the vessel due to the risk of a sudden tank rupture. Therefore Swedish rescue services have a long history of using rifles to penetrate and therefore depressurize the vessels. In this paper some first steps on providing guidance on the selection of ammunition and required stand back distance are presented. The results indicate that a stand back distance on the order of 100 m is required and that the standard 7.62 Ball should only be used for composite CNG-tanks while stronger ammunitions are needed for steel and composite hydrogen tanks. However more research is required to provide a more solid scientific underpinning of the tactic guidance.

In the present study Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations together with a novel flamelet generated manifold (FGM) hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects is utilised for the investigation of a hydrogen-blended diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine combustion process with high hydrogen energy share. The FGM hybrid combustion model was developed by coupling laminar flamelet databases obtained from diffusion flamelets and premixed flamelets. The model employed three control variables namely mixture fraction reaction progress variable and enthalpy. The preferential diffusion effects were included in the laminar flamelet calculations and in the diffusion terms in the transport equations of the control variables. The resulting model is then validated against an experimental diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion engine. The results show that the FGM hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects in the flame chemistry and transport equations yields better predictions with good accuracy for the in-cylinder characteristics. The inclusion of preferential diffusion effects in the flame chemistry and transport equations was found to predict well several characteristics of the diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion process: 1) ignition delay 2) start and end of combustion 3) faster flame propagation and quicker burning rate of hydrogen 4) high temperature combustion due to highly reactive nature of hydrogen radicals 5) peak values of the heat release rate due to high temperature combustion of the partially premixed pilot fuel spray with entrained hydrogen/air and then background hydrogen-air premixed mixture. The comparison between diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion and diesel only combustion shows early start of combustion longer ignition delay time higher flame temperature and NOx emissions for dual-fuel combustion compared to diesel only combustion.

The use of hydrogen as energy carrier in a low emission microturbine could be an interesting option for renewable energy storage distributed generation and combined heat & power. However the hydrogen using in gas turbine is limited by the NOx emissions and the difficulty to operate safely. CFD simulations represent a powerful and mature tool to perform detailed 3-D investigation for the development of a prototype before carrying out an experimental analysis. This paper describes the CFD supported redesign of the Turbec T100 microturbine combustion chamber natural gas-fired to allow the operation on 100% hydrogen.

A potential method of storing and transporting hydrogen safely in a cost-effective and practical way involves the utilization of molecules that contain hydrogen in their structure such as ammonia. Because of its high hydrogen content and carbon-free molecular structure as well as the maturity of related technology (easy liquefaction) ammonia has gained attention as a “hydrogen carrier” for the generation of energy. Unfortunately hydrogen production from ammonia requires an efficient catalyst to achieve high conversion at low reaction temperatures. Recently very attractive results have been obtained with low-surface-area materials. This review paper is focused on summarizing and comparing recent advances in novel economic and active catalysts for this reaction paying particular attention to materials with low surface area such as silicon carbide (SiC) and perovskites (ABO3 structure). The effects of the supports the active phase and the addition of promoters in such low-porosity materials have been analyzed in detail. Advances in adequate catalytic systems (including support and active metal) benefit the perspective of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier for the decarbonization of the energy sector and accelerate the “hydrogen economy”.

A thermodynamic model was developed for combustion performance and emissions with a reference diesel fuel a 10 vol% methanol blend with 90 vol% diesel a 10 vol% ethanol with 90 vol% diesel and a 4% hydrogen fumigating in the inlet port along with diesel direct injection. The diesel and two alcohol blends (10% methanol–90% diesel and 10% ethanol–90% diesel) was directly injected into the cylinder while hydrogen was fumigated at the inlet port. The model was developed by commercial GT-Suite software. Besides engine performance exergy and energy rates were estimated for the four fuels. Among the four fuels/fuel blends hydrogen fuel (4% fumigated hydrogen) shows the best performance in terms of exergy energy rates specific fuel consumption power and greenhouse gas emissions. Regarding greenhouse gases carbon dioxide was only considered in this investigation as it contributes to a significant detrimental effect on environmental pollution.

The development of hydropower industry is progressing rapidly in China and the installed capacity and power generation are increasing year by year. However due to factors such as transmission channels and power grid peaking capacity hydropower consumption in some areas is facing greater pressure. As an excellent medium for energy interconnection hydrogen energy can play an important role in promoting hydropower consumption. This paper introduces the current status and trends of hydrogen energy development in major developed countries and China and analyzes the current status of China’s hydropower abandoned water. Based on the production of hydrogen using surplus hydropower in the Dadu River Basin in Sichuan an integrated energy network research plan including hydropower electrolytic hydrogen production storage and transportation hydrogen refueling and hydrogen-powered vehicles is proposed. At the same time the development concept of hydrogen energy industry including hydrogen energy source economy hydrogen energy industry ecosphere and hydrogen energy sky road in western Sichuan is also proposed.

Recent advances in technologies for the decentralized islanded ammonia economy are reviewed with an emphasis on feasibility for long-term practical implementation. The emphasis in this review is on storage systems in the size range of 1–10 MW. Alternatives for hydrogen production nitrogen production ammonia synthesis ammonia separation ammonia storage and ammonia combustion are compared and evaluated. A conceptual process design based on the optimization of temperature and pressure levels of existing and recently proposed technologies is presented for an islanded ammonia energy system. This process design consists of wind turbines and solar panels for electricity generation a battery for short-term energy storage an electrolyzer for hydrogen production a pressure swing adsorption unit for nitrogen production a novel ruthenium-based catalyst for ammonia synthesis a supported metal halide for ammonia separation and storage and an ammonia fueled proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell for electricity generation. In a generic location in northern Europe it is possible to operate the islanded energy system at a round-trip efficiency of 61% and at a cost of about 0.30–0.35 € kWh−1 .

In the present scenario much importance has been provided to hydrogen energy systems (HES) in the energy sector because of their clean and green behavior during utilization. The developments of novel techniques and materials have focused on overcoming the practical difficulties in the HES (production storage and utilization). Comparatively considerable attention needs to be provided in the hydrogen storage systems (HSS) because of physical-based storage (compressed gas cold/cryo compressed and liquid) issues such as low gravimetric/volumetric density storage conditions/parameters and safety. In material-based HSS a high amount of hydrogen can be effectively stored in materials via physical or chemical bonds. In different hydride materials Mg-based hydrides (Mg–H) showed considerable benefits such as low density hydrogen uptake and reversibility. However the inferior sorption kinetics and severe oxidation/contamination at exposure to air limit its benefits. There are numerous kinds of efforts like the inclusion of catalysts that have been made for Mg–H to alter the thermodynamic-related issues. Still those efforts do not overcome the oxidation/contamination-related issues. The developments of Mg–H encapsulated by gas-selective polymers can effectively and positively influence hydrogen sorption kinetics and prevent the Mg–H from contaminating (air and moisture). In this review the impact of different polymers (carboxymethyl cellulose polystyrene polyimide polypyrrole polyvinylpyrrolidone polyvinylidene fluoride polymethylpentene and poly(methyl methacrylate)) with Mg–H systems has been systematically reviewed. In polymer-encapsulated Mg–H the polymers act as a barrier for the reaction between Mg–H and O2/H2O selectively allowing the H2 gas and preventing the aggregation of hydride nanoparticles. Thus the H2 uptake amount and sorption kinetics improved considerably in Mg–H.

The combination of offshore wind and green hydrogen provides major opportunities for job creation economic growth and regional regeneration as well as attracting inward investment alongside delivering the emission reductions needed to achieve climate neutrality. In order to get to Net Zero emissions in 2050 the UK is likely to need a minimum of 75GW of offshore wind (OSW) and modelling of the energy system indicates that hydrogen will play a major role in integrating the high levels of OSW on the electricity grid.<br/><br/>Some of the key findings from report are listed below:<br/><br/>The UK has vast resources of offshore wind with the potential for over 600GW in UK waters and potentially up to 1000GW. This is well above the he figure of 75-100GW likely to be needed for UK electricity generation by 2050.<br/>The universities in the UK provide the underpinning science and engineering for electrolysers fuel cells and hydrogen and are home to world-leading capability in these areas.<br/>In order to achieve cost reduction and growing a significant manufacturing and export industry it will be crucial to develop green hydrogen in the next 5 years<br/>By 2050 green hydrogen can be cheaper than blue hydrogen. With accelerated deployment green hydrogen costs can be competitive with blue hydrogen by the eary 2030s.<br/>The combination of additional OSW deployment and electrolyser manufacture alone could generate over 120000 new jobs. These are are expected to be based mainly in manufacturing OSW-related activity shipping and mobility<br/>By 2050 it is estimated that the cumulative gross value added (GVA) from supply of electrolysers and additional OSW farm could be up to £320bn where the majority will come from exports of electrolysers to overseas markets.<br/>The report also calls for immediate government intervention and a new national strategy to support the creation of supply and demand in the new industry.<br/><br/>This study was jointly supported by the Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) and ORE Catapult.