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Numerical Investigation on NOx Emission of a Hydrogen-Fuelled Dual-Cylinder Free-Piston Engine
Jan 2023
Publication
The free-piston engine is a type of none-crank engine that could be operated under variable compression ratio and this provides it flexible fuel applicability and low engine emission potential. In this work several 1-D engine models including conventional gasoline engines free-piston gasoline engines and free-piston hydrogen engines have been established. Both engine performance and emission performance under engine speeds between 5–11 Hz and with different equivalent ratios have been simulated and compared. Results indicated that the free-piston engine has remarkable potential for NOx reduction and the largest reduction is 57.37% at 6 Hz compared with a conventional gasoline engine. However the figure of NOx from the hydrogen free-piston engine is slightly higher than that of the gasoline free-piston engine and the difference increases with the increase of engine speed. In addition several factors and their relationships related to hydrogen combustion in the free-piston engine have been investigated and results show that the equivalent ratio ϕ = 0.88 is a vital point that affects NOx production and the ignition advance timing could also affect combustion duration the highest in-cylinder temperature and NOx production to a large extent.
Present and Projected Developments in Hydrogen Production: A Technological Review
Mar 2022
Publication
Energy supplies that are safe environmentally friendly dependable and cost-effective are important for society's long-term growth and improved living standards though political social and economic barriers may inhibit their availability. Constantly increasing energy demand is induced by substantial population growth and economic development putting an increasing strain on fossil fuel management and sustainability which account for a major portion of this rising energy demand and moreover creates difficulties because of greenhouse gas emissions growth and the depletion of resources. Such impediments necessitate a global shift away from traditional energy sources and toward renewables. Aside from its traditional role is viewed as a promising energy vector and is gaining international attention as a promising fuel path as it provides numerous benefits in use case scenarios and unlike other synthesized carbon-based fuels could be carbon-free or perhaps even negative on a life-cycle criterion. Hydrogen ( ) is one of the most significant chemical substances on earth and can be obtained as molecular dihydrogen through various techniques from both non-renewable and renewable sources. The drive of this paper is to deliver a technological overview of hydrogen production methods. The major challenges development and research priorities and potential prospects for production was discussed.
Review of Energy Challenges and Horizons of Hydrogen City Buses
Sep 2022
Publication
This paper discusses fuel cell electric vehicles and more specifically the challenges and development of hydrogen-fueled buses for people accessing this transportation in cities and urban environments. The study reveals the main innovations and challenges in the field of hydrogen bus deployment and identifies the most common approaches and errors in this area by extracting and critically appraising data from sources important to the energy perspective. Three aspects of the development and horizons of fuel cell electric buses are reviewed namely energy consumption energy efficiency and energy production. The first is associated with the need to ensure a useful and sustainable climate-neutral public transport. Herewith the properties of the hydrogen supply of electric buses and their benefits over gasoline gas and battery vehicles are discussed. The efficiency issue is related to the ratio of consumed and produced fuel in view of energy losses. Four types of engines–gasoline diesel gas and electrical–are evaluated in terms of well-to-wheel tank-to-wheel delivery and storage losses. The third problem arises from the production operating and disposal constraints of the society at the present juncture. Several future-oriented initiatives of the European Commission separate countries and companies are described. The study shows that the effectiveness of the FCEBs depends strongly on the energy generation used to produce hydrogen. In the countries where the renewables are the main energy sources the FCEBs are effective. In other regions they are not effective enough yet although the future horizons are quite broad.
Ultra-Cheap Renewable Energy as an Enabling Technology for Deep Industrial Decarbonization via Capture and Utilization of Process CO2 Emissions
Jul 2022
Publication
Rapidly declining costs of renewable energy technologies have made solar and wind the cheapest sources of energy in many parts of the world. This has been seen primarily as enabling the rapid decarbonization of the electricity sector but low-cost low-carbon energy can have a great secondary impact by reducing the costs of energy-intensive decarbonization efforts in other areas. In this study we consider by way of an exemplary carbon capture and utilization cycle based on mature technologies the energy requirements of the “industrial carbon cycle” an emerging paradigm in which industrial CO2 emissions are captured and reprocessed into chemicals and fuels and we assess the impact of declining renewable energy costs on overall economics of these processes. In our exemplary process CO2 is captured from a cement production facility via an amine scrubbing process and combined with hydrogen produced by a solar-powered polymer electrolyte membrane using electrolysis to produce methanol. We show that solar heat and electricity generation costs currently realized in the Middle East lead to a large reduction in the cost of this process relative to baseline assumptions found in published literature and extrapolation of current energy price trends into the near future would bring costs down to the level of current fossil-fuel-based processes.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Producing Hydrogen with Wind Energy
Sep 2022
Publication
On this episode of Everything About Hydrogen we are speaking with David Wellard Regulatory Affairs Manager at Orsted. Orsted is a global leader in renewable energy generation projects particularly when it comes to the rapidly expanding wind energy sector. Headquartered in Denmark the company has a global reach across multiple continents and technologies. David helps lead Orsted’s policy and regulatory engagement in the United Kingdom and beyond. We are excited to have him with us to discuss how Orsted is looking at and deploying hydrogen technologies and how they expect to utilized hydrogen in a decarbonized energy future.
The podcast can be found on their website.
The podcast can be found on their website.
Achieving Net Zero Emissions in Italy by 2050: Challenges and Opportunities
Dec 2021
Publication
This paper contributes to the climate policy discussion by focusing on the challenges and opportunities of reaching net zero emissions by 2050 in Italy. To support Italian energy planning we developed energy roadmaps towards national climate neutrality consistent with the Paris Agreement objectives and the IPCC goal of limiting the increase in global surface temperature to 1.5 ◦C. Starting from the Italian framework these scenarios identify the correlations among the main pillars for the change of the energy paradigm towards net emissions by 2050. The energy scenarios were developed using TIMES-RSE a partial equilibrium and technology-rich optimization model of the entire Italian energy system. Subsequently an in-depth analysis was developed with the sMTISIM a long-term simulator of power system and electricity markets. The results show that to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 the Italian energy system will have to experience profound transformations on multiple and strongly related dimensions. A predominantly renewable-based energy mix (at least 80–90% by 2050) is essential to decarbonize most of the final energy consumption. However the strong increase of non-programmable renewable sources requires particular attention to new flexibility resources needed for the power system such as Power-to-X. The green fuels produced from renewables via Power-to-X will be a vital energy source for those sectors where electrification faces technical and economic barriers. The paper’s findings also confirm that the European “energy efficiency first” principle represents the very first step on the road to climate neutrality.
Cross-regional Electricity and Hydrogen Deployment Research Based on Coordinated Optimization: Towards Carbon Neutrality in China
Sep 2022
Publication
In order to achieve carbon neutrality in a few decades the clean energy proportion in power mix of China will significantly rise to over 90%. A consensus has been reached recently that it will be of great significance to promote hydrogen energy that is produced by variable renewable energy power generation as a mainstay energy form in view of its potential value on achieving carbon neutrality. This is because hydrogen energy is capable of complementing the power system and realizing further electrification especially in the section that cannot be easily replaced by electric energy. Power system related planning model is commonly used for mid-term and long-term planning implemented through power installation and interconnection capacity expansion optimization. In consideration of the high importance of hydrogen and its close relationship with electricity an inclusive perspective which contains both kinds of the foresaid energy is required to deal with planning problems. In this study a joint model is established by coupling hydrogen energy model in the chronological operation power planning model to realize coordinated optimization on energy production transportation and storage. By taking the carbon neutrality scenario of China as an example the author applies this joint model to deploy a scheme research on power generation and hydrogen production inter-regional energy transportation capacity and hydrogen storage among various regions. Next by taking the technology progress and cost decrease prediction uncertainty into account the main technical– economic parameters are employed as variables to carry out sensitivity analysis research with a hope that the quantitative calculation and results discussion could provide suggestion and reference to energy-related companies policy-makers and institute researchers in formulating strategies on related energy development.
Enabling the Scale Up of Green Hydrogen in Ireland by Decarbonising the Haulage Sector
Jul 2022
Publication
The current research on green hydrogen can focus from the perspective of production but understanding the demand side is equally important to the initial creation of a hydrogen ecosystem in countries with low industrial activities that can utilise large amounts of hydrogen in the short term. Early movers in these countries must create a demand market in parallel with the green hydrogen plant commissioning. This paper presents research that explores the heavy-duty transport sector as a market-of-interest for early deployment of green hydrogen in Ireland. Conducting a survey-based market research amongst this sector indicate significant interest in hydrogen on the island of Ireland and the barriers the participants presented have been overcome in other jurisdictions. The study develops a model to estimate 1.) the annual hydrogen demand and 2.) the corresponding delivery cost to potential hydrogen consumers either directly or to central hydrogen fuelling hubs.
Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Large-scale Hydrogen Production Using Prospective Life Cycle Analysis
Nov 2022
Publication
The need for a rapid transformation to low-carbon economies has rekindled hydrogen as a promising energy carrier. Yet the full range of environmental consequences of large-scale hydrogen production remains unclear. Here prospective life cycle analysis is used to compare different options to produce 500 Mt/yr of hydrogen including scenarios that consider likely changes to future supply chains. The resulting environmental and human health impacts of such production levels are further put into context with the Planetary Boundaries framework known human health burdens the impacts of the world economy and the externality-priced production costs that embody the environmental impact. The results indicate that climate change impacts of projected production levels are 3.3–5.4 times higher than the allocated planetary boundary with only green hydrogen from wind energy staying below the boundary. Human health impacts and other environmental impacts are less severe in comparison but metal depletion and ecotoxicity impacts of green hydrogen deserve further attention. Priced-in environmental damages increase the cost most strongly for blue hydrogen (from ∼2 to ∼5 USD/kg hydrogen) while such true costs drop most strongly for green hydrogen from solar photovoltaic (from ∼7 to ∼3 USD/kg hydrogen) when applying prospective life cycle analysis. This perspective helps to evaluate potentially unintended consequences and contributes to the debate about blue and green hydrogen.
Optimizing Renewable Injection in Integrated Natural Gas Pipeline Networks Using a Multi-Period Programming Approach
Mar 2023
Publication
In this paper we propose an optimization model that considers two pathways for injecting renewable content into natural gas pipeline networks. The pathways include (1) power-to-hydrogen or PtH where off-peak electricity is converted to hydrogen via electrolysis and (2) power-to-methane or PtM where carbon dioxide from different source locations is converted into renewable methane (also known as synthetic natural gas SNG). The above pathways result in green hydrogen and methane which can be injected into an existing natural gas pipeline network. Based on these pathways a multi-period network optimization model that integrates the design and operation of hydrogen from PtH and renewable methane is proposed. The multi-period model is a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model that determines (1) the optimal concentration of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the natural gas pipelines (2) the optimal location of PtH and carbon dioxide units while minimizing the overall system cost. We show using a case study in Ontario the optimal network structure for injecting renewable hydrogen and methane within an integrated natural gas network system provides a $12M cost reduction. The optimal concentration of hydrogen ranges from 0.2 vol % to a maximum limit of 15.1 vol % across the network while reaching a 2.5 vol % at the distribution point. This is well below the maximum limit of 5 vol % specification. Furthermore the optimizer realized a CO2 concentration ranging from 0.2 vol % to 0.7 vol %. This is well below the target of 1% specified in the model. The study is essential to understanding the practical implication of hydrogen penetration in natural gas systems in terms of constraints on hydrogen concentration and network system costs.
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Generation from Wastewater—Beyond Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A Perspective
Oct 2022
Publication
Green hydrogen—a carbon-free renewable fuel—has the capability to decarbonise a variety of sectors. The generation of green hydrogen is currently restricted to water electrolysers. The use of freshwater resources and critical raw materials however limits their use. Alternative water splitting methods for green hydrogen generation via photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) have been explored in the past few decades; however their commercial potential still remains unexploited due to the high hydrogen generation costs. Novel PEC-based simultaneous generation of green hydrogen and wastewater treatment/high-value product production is therefore seen as an alternative to conventional water splitting. Interestingly the organic/inorganic pollutants in wastewater and biomass favourably act as electron donors and facilitate the dual-functional process of recovering green hydrogen while oxidising the organic matter. The generation of green hydrogen through the dual-functional PEC process opens up opportunities for a “circular economy”. It further enables the end-of-life commodities to be reused recycled and resourced for a better life-cycle design while being economically viable for commercialisation. This review brings together and critically analyses the recent trends towards simultaneous wastewater treatment/biomass reforming while generating hydrogen gas by employing the PEC technology. We have briefly discussed the technical challenges associated with the tandem PEC process new avenues techno-economic feasibility and future directions towards achieving net neutrality.
The Value of Flexible Fuel Mixing in Hydrogen-fueled Gas Turbines - A Techno-economic Study
Jul 2022
Publication
In electricity systems mainly supplied with variable renewable electricity (VRE) the variable generation must be balanced. Hydrogen as an energy carrier combined with storage has the ability to shift electricity generation in time and thereby support the electricity system. The aim of this work is to analyze the competitiveness of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines including both open and combined cycles with flexible fuel mixing of hydrogen and biomethane in zero-carbon emissions electricity systems. The work applies a techno-economic optimization model to future European electricity systems with high shares of VRE.<br/>The results show that the most competitive gas turbine option is a combined cycle configuration that is capable of handling up to 100% hydrogen fed with various mixtures of hydrogen and biomethane. The results also indicate that the endogenously calculated hydrogen cost rarely exceeds 5 €/kgH2 when used in gas turbines and that a hydrogen cost of 3–4 €/kgH2 is for most of the scenarios investigated competitive. Furthermore the results show that hydrogen gas turbines are more competitive in wind-based energy systems as compared to solar-based systems in that the fluctuations of the electricity generation in the former are fewer more irregular and of longer duration. Thus it is the characteristics of an energy system and not necessarily the cost of hydrogen that determine the competitiveness of hydrogen gas turbines.
Designing Hydrogen Recirculation Ejectors for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems
Jan 2023
Publication
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising device in the fields of power generation energy storage aerospace and public transportation. The hydrogen recirculation ejector with the advantages of low cost high durability and no parasitic power is the key component of PEMFC systems. However it is challenging to design a hydrogen recirculation ejector to cover the wide operating conditions of PEMFC systems. In order to design an ejector for fuel cell systems a comprehensive understanding of ejector research is required. Consequently the state-of-the-art research work on the hydrogen recirculation ejector is analyzed including characteristics of the ejector in PEM fuel cell systems geometry design and optimization different types of ejectors and a comparison between them and system integration and control. Through a comprehensive analysis of ejectors further research suggestions on designing high-performance ejectors are presented.
The Key Techno-Economic and Manufacturing Drivers for Reducing the Cost of Power-to-Gas and a Hydrogen-Enabled Energy System
Jul 2021
Publication
Water electrolysis is a process which converts electricity into hydrogen and is seen as a key technology in enabling a net-zero compatible energy system. It will enable the scale-up of renewable electricity as a primary energy source for heating transport and industry. However displacing the role currently met by fossil fuels might require a price of hydrogen as low as 1 $/kg whereas renewable hydrogen produced using electrolysis is currently 10 $/kg. This article explores how mass manufacturing of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers can reduce the capital cost and thus make the production of renewable power to hydrogen gas (PtG) more economically viable. A bottom up direct manufacturing model was developed to determine how economies of scale can reduce the capital cost of electrolysis. The results demonstrated that (assuming an annual production rate of 5000 units of 200 kW PEM electrolysis systems) the capital cost of a PEM electrolysis system can reduce from 1990 $/kW to 590 $/kW based on current technology and then on to 431 $/kW and 300 $/kW based on the an installed capacity scale-up of ten- and one-hundred-fold respectively. A life-cycle costing analysis was then completed to determine the importance of the capital cost of an electrolysis system to the price of hydrogen. It was observed that based on current technology mass manufacturing has a large impact on the price of hydrogen reducing it from 6.40 $/kg (at 10 units units per year) to 4.16 $/kg (at 5000 units per year). Further analysis was undertaken to determine the cost at different installed capacities and found that the cost could reduce further to 2.63 $/kg and 1.37 $/kg based on technology scale-up by ten- and one hundred-fold respectively. Based on the 2030 (and beyond) baseline assumptions it is expected that hydrogen production from PEM electrolysis could be used as an industrial process feed stock provide power and heat to buildings and as a fuel for heavy good vehicles (HGVs). In the cases of retrofitted gas networks for residential or industrial heating solutions or for long distance transport it represents a more economically attractive and mass-scale compatible solution when compared to electrified heating or transport solutions.
NewGasMet - Flow Metering of Renewable Gases (Biogas, Biomethane, Hydrogen, Syngas and Mixtures with Natural Gas): Effect of Hydrogen Admixture on the Accuracy of a Rotary Flow Meter
Aug 2021
Publication
With the rise of hydrogen use in the natural gas grid a need exists for reliable measurements of the amount of energy being transported and traded for hydrogen admixtures. Using VSL’s high-pressure Gas Oil Piston Prover (GOPP) primary standard the effect of mixing hydrogen with natural gas on the performance of a high-pressure gas flow meter was investigated. The error of a rotary flow meter was determined using the best possible uncertainty by calibration with the primary standard for high-pressure natural gas flow. The rotary flow meter was calibrated using both natural gas and hydrogen enriched natural gas (nominally 15% hydrogen) at two different pressures: 9 and 16 bar. Results indicate that for the rotary flow meter and hydrogen admixtures used the differences in the meter errors between high-pressure hydrogen-enriched natural gas calibration and high-pressure natural gas calibration are smaller than the corresponding differences between atmospheric pressure air calibration and high-pressure natural gas calibration.
Feasibility of Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Hydrocarbon Chalk Reservoirs: Assessment of Biochemical and Chemical Effects
Jul 2022
Publication
Hydrogen storage is one of the energy storage methods that can help realization of an emission free future by saving surplus renewable energy for energy deficit periods. Utilization of depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs for large-scale hydrogen storage may be associated with the risk of chemical/biochemical reactions. In the specific case of chalk reservoirs the principal reactions are abiotic calcite dissolution acetogenesis methanogenesis and biological souring. Here we use PHREEQC to evaluate the dynamics and the extent of hydrogen loss by each of these reactions in hydrogen storage scenarios for various Danish North Sea chalk hydrocarbon reservoirs. We find that: (i) Abiotic calcite dissolution does not occur in the temperature range of 40-180◦ C. (ii) If methanogens and acetogens grow as slow as the slowest growing methanogens and acetogens reported in the literature methanogenesis and acetogenesis cannot cause a hydrogen loss more than 0.6% per year. However (iii) if they proceed as fast as the fastest growing methanogens and acetogens reported in the literature a complete loss of all injected hydrogen in less than five years is possible. (iv) Co-injection of CO2 can be employed to inhibit calcite dissolution and keep the produced methane due to methanogenesis carbon neutral. (v) Biological sulfate reduction does not cause significant hydrogen loss during 10 years but it can lead to high hydrogen sulfide concentrations (1015 ppm). Biological sulfate reduction is expected to impact hydrogen storage only in early stages if the only source of sulfur substrates are the dissolved species in the brine and not rock minerals. Considering these findings we suggest that depleted chalk reservoirs may not possess chemical/biochemical risks and be good candidates for large-scale underground hydrogen storage.
Measurement and Modeling on Hydrogen Jet and Combustion from a Pressurize Vessel
Sep 2021
Publication
Hydrogen safety is an important topic for hydrogen energy application. Unintended hydrogen releases and combustions are potential accident scenarios which are of great interest for developing and updating the safety codes and standards. In this paper hydrogen releases and delayed ignitions were studied.
Green Hydrogen Production Via Electrochemical Conversion of Components from Alkaline Carbohydrate Degradation
Nov 2021
Publication
Water electrolysis is a promising approach for the sustainable production of hydrogen however the unfavorable thermodynamics and sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are associated with high anodic potentials. To lower the required potentials an effective strategy is proposed to substitute OER with partial oxidation of degradation products of carbohydrate origin from the waste stream of a chemical pulping industry. In this work two different catalytic materials e PdNi and NiO are investigated comparatively to understand their catalytic performance for the oxidation of carbohydrate alkaline degradation products (CHADs). PdNi can catalyze CHADs with low potential requirements (0.11 V vs. Hg/HgO at 150 mA cm2 ) but is limited to current densities opportunities to study earth-abundant electrocatalysts to efficiently oxidize biomass-derived substances.
Seasonal Hydrogen Storage for Sustainable Renewable Energy Integration in the Electricity Sector: A Case Study of Finland
Nov 2021
Publication
Wind power is rapidly growing in the Finnish grid and Finland’s electricity consumption is low in the summer compared to the winter. Hence there is a need for storage that can absorb a large amount of energy during summer and discharge it during winter. This study examines one such storage technology geological hydrogen storage which has the potential to store energy on a GWh scale and also over longer periods of time. Finland’s electricity generation system was modelled with and without hydrogen storage using the LEAP-NEMO modeling toolkit. The results showed about 69% decline in carbon dioxide emissions as well as a decline in the fossil fuel-based power accompanied with a higher capability to meet demand with less imports in both scenarios. Finally a critical analysis of the Finnish electricity mix with and without hydrogen storage is presented.
Hydrogen Technology on the Polish Electromobility Market. Legal, Economic, and Social Aspects
Apr 2021
Publication
The aim of this study was to evaluate the motorization market of electric vehicles powered by hydrogen cells in Poland. European conditions of such technology were indicated as well as original proposals on amendments to the law to increase the development pace of electromobility based on hydrogen cells. There were also presented economic aspects of this economic phenomenon. Moreover survey research was conducted to examine the preferences of hydrogen and electric vehicle users in 5 primary Polish cities. In this way the level of social acceptance for the technological revolution based on hydrogen cells and taking place in the motorization sector was determined.
CFD Study of Dual Fuel Combustion in a Research Diesel Engine Fueled by Hydrogen
Jul 2022
Publication
Superior fuel economy higher torque and durability have led to the diesel engine being widely used in a variety of fields of application such as road transport agricultural vehicles earth moving machines and marine propulsion as well as fixed installations for electrical power generation. However diesel engines are plagued by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide when conventional fuel is used. One possible solution is to use low-carbon gaseous fuel alongside diesel fuel by operating in a dual-fuel (DF) configuration as this system provides a low implementation cost alternative for the improvement of combustion efficiency in the conventional diesel engine. An initial step in this direction involved the replacement of diesel fuel with natural gas. However the consequent high levels of unburned hydrocarbons produced due to non-optimized engines led to a shift to carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen. Hydrogen can be injected into the intake manifold where it premixes with air then the addition of a small amount of diesel fuel auto-igniting easily provides multiple ignition sources for the gas. To evaluate the efficiency and pollutant emissions in dual-fuel diesel-hydrogen combustion a numerical CFD analysis was conducted and validated with the aid of experimental measurements on a research engine acquired at the test bench. The process of ignition of diesel fuel and flame propagation through a premixed air-hydrogen charge was represented the Autoignition-Induced Flame Propagation model included ANSYS-Forte software. Because of the inefficient operating conditions associated with the combustion the methodology was significantly improved by evaluating the laminar flame speed as a function of pressure temperature and equivalence ratio using Chemkin-Pro software. A numerical comparison was carried out among full hydrogen full methane and different hydrogen-methane mixtures with the same energy input in each case. The use of full hydrogen was characterized by enhanced combustion higher thermal efficiency and lower carbon emissions. However the higher temperatures that occurred for hydrogen combustion led to higher NOx emissions.
Modular Modeling Method and Power Supply Capability Evaluation for Integrated Hydrogen Production Stations of DC Systems
Mar 2022
Publication
Low-voltage DC distribution system has many advantages such as facilitating the access of DC loads and distributed energies and improving the network’s stability. It has become a new idea for integrated hydrogen production stations. Power supply capacity and small-signal stability are important indexes to evaluate a low-voltage DC integrated system. Based on the master–slave control mode this paper selects the typical star structure as the research object constructs the system transfer function through the scalable modular modeling method and further evaluates the impact of the high-order DC hydrogen production station integrated system on the hydrogen production capacity under the changes of the line length and master station position. The results show that the hydrogen production capacity of the system decreases gradually with the main station moving from side to inside. Finally a practical example is analyzed by MATLAB/Simulink simulation to verify the accuracy of the theory. This study can provide an effective theoretical method for the structure optimization and integrated parameter design of low-voltage DC system
A System-Approach to Data can Help Install Trust and Enable a Net Zero Future
Mar 2021
Publication
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen will be a catalyst to deeply decarbonize the world’s energy system but not for another 15 years according to DNV’s Energy Transition Outlook. Many aspects from policy to technology developments can help to scale these technologies and accelerate the timeline.<br/>In the report A System-Approach to Data can Help Install Trust and Enable a Net Zero Future DNV considers what role data could play to support the initiation execution and operation of CCS and hydrogen projects.<br/>The research is based on interviews with representatives from across the UK energy supply chain. It focuses in particular on the emerging carbon and hydrogen industries and the cross sectoral challenges they face. It explores how data can facilitate the flow of the product both with respect to fiscal and technical risk matters.<br/>The report is intended for anyone involved in or has an interest in CCUS or hydrogen projects and in how data eco-systems will support the efficient operation and the transition to net-zero.<br/>DNV produced the report for and in partnership with the ODI an organization that advocates for the innovative use of open data to affect positive change across the globe.
Catalyst Distribution Optimization Scheme for Effective Green Hydrogen Production from Biogas Reforming
Sep 2021
Publication
Green hydrogen technology has recently gained in popularity due to the current economic and ecological trends that aim to remove the fossil fuels share in the energy mix. Among various alternatives biogas reforming is an attractive choice for hydrogen production. To meet the authorities’ requirements reforming biogas-enriched natural gas and sole biogas is tempting. Highly effective process conditions of biogas reforming are yet to be designed. The current state of the art lacks proper optimization of the process conditions. The optimization should aim to allow for maximization of the process effectiveness and limitation of the phenomena having an adverse influence on the process itself. One of the issues that should be addressed in optimization is the uniformity of temperature inside a reactor. Here we show an optimization design study that aims to unify temperature distribution by novel arrangements of catalysts segments in the model biogas reforming reactor. The acquired numerical results confirm the possibility of the enhancement of reaction effectiveness coming from improving the thermal conditions. The used amount of catalytic material is remarkably reduced as a side effect of the presented optimization. To ensure an unhindered perception of the reaction improvement the authors proposed a ratio of the hydrogen output and the amount of used catalyst as a measure.
Sustainable Aviation—Hydrogen Is the Future
Jan 2022
Publication
As the global search for new methods to combat global warming and climate change continues renewable fuels and hydrogen have emerged as saviours for environmentally polluting industries such as aviation. Sustainable aviation is the goal of the aviation industry today. There is increasing interest in achieving carbon-neutral flight to combat global warming. Hydrogen has proven to be a suitable alternative fuel. It is abundant clean and produces no carbon emissions but only water after use which has the potential to cool the environment. This paper traces the historical growth and future of the aviation and aerospace industry. It examines how hydrogen can be used in the air and on the ground to lower the aviation industry’s impact on the environment. In addition while aircraft are an essential part of the aviation industry other support services add to the overall impact on the environment. Hydrogen can be used to fuel the energy needs of these services. However for hydrogen technology to be accepted and implemented other issues such as government policy education and employability must be addressed. Improvement in the performance and emissions of hydrogen as an alternative energy and fuel has grown in the last decade. However other issues such as the storage and cost and the entire value chain require significant work for hydrogen to be implemented. The international community’s alternative renewable energy and hydrogen roadmaps can provide a long-term blueprint for developing the alternative energy industry. This will inform the private and public sectors so that the industry can adjust its plan accordingly.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Thermal Hydrogen Production in the United Arab Emirates
Oct 2022
Publication
Solar thermal technology can provide the United Arab Emirates and the Middle East region with abundant clean electricity to mitigate the rising levels of carbon dioxide and satisfy future demand. Hydrogen can play a key role in the large-scale application of solar thermal technologies such as concentrated solar plants in the region by storing the surplus electricity and exporting it to needed countries for profit placing the Middle East and the United Arab Emirates as major future green hydrogen suppliers. However a hydrogen supply chain comparison between hydrogen from CSP and other renewable under the UAE’s technical and economic conditions for hydrogen export is yet to be fully considered. Therefore in this study we provide a techno-economic analysis for well-to-ship solar hydrogen supply chain that compares CSP and PV technologies with a solid oxide water electrolyzer for hydrogen production assuming four different hydrogen delivery pathways based on the location of electrolyzer and source of electricity assuming the SOEC can be coupled to the CSP plant when placed at the same site or provided with electric heaters when placed at PV plant site or port sites. The results show that the PV plant achieves a lower levelized cost of electricity than that of the CSP plant with 5.08 ¢/kWh and 8.6 ¢/kWh respectively. Hydrogen production results show that the scenario where SOEC is coupled to the CSP plant is the most competitive scenario as it achieves the payback period in the shortest period compared to the other scenarios and also provides higher revenues and a cheaper LCOH of 7.85 $/kgH2.
Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen Direct Injection in a Helium–oxygen Compression Ignition Engine
Jul 2022
Publication
The ignition of hydrogen in compression ignition (CI) engines by adding noble gas as a working gas can yield excellent thermal efficiency due to its high specific heat ratio. This paper emphasizes the potential of helium–oxygen atmosphere for hydrogen combustion in CI engines and provides data on the engine configuration. A simulation was conducted using Converge CFD software based on the Yanmar NF19SK engine parameters. Helium–oxygen atmosphere compression show promising hydrogen autoignition results with the in-cylinder temperature was significantly higher than that of air during the compression stroke. In a compression ignition engine with a low compression ratio (CR) and intake temperature helium–oxygen atmosphere is recognized as the best working gas for hydrogen combustion. The ambient intake temperature was sufficient for hydrogen ignition in low CR with minimal heat flux effect. The best intake temperature for optimum engine efficiency in a low CR engine is 340 K and the engine compression ratio for optimum engine efficiency at ambient intake temperature is CR12 with an acceptable cylinder wall heat flux value. The helium–oxygen atmosphere as a working gas for hydrogen combustion in CI engines should be consider based on the parameter provided for clean energy transition with higher thermal efficiency.
Minimum Fire Size for Hydrogen Storage Tank Fire Test Protocol for Hydrogen-powered Electric City Bus Determine Via Risk-based Approach
Sep 2021
Publication
As part of the United Nations Global Technical Regulation No. 13 (UN GTR #13 [1]) vehicle fire safety is validated using a localized and engulfing fire test methodology and currently updates are being considered in the on-going Phase 2 development stage. The GTR#13 fire test is designed to verify the performance of a hydrogen storage system of preventing rupture when exposed to service-terminating condition of fire situation. The test is conducted in two stages – localized flame exposure at a location most challenging for thermally-activated pressure relief device(s) (TPRDs) to respond for 10 min. followed by engulfing fire exposure until the system vents and the pressure falls to less than 1 MPa or until “time out” (30min. for light-duty vehicle containers and 60 min. for heavy-duty vehicle containers). The rationale behind this two-stage fire test is to ensure that even when fire sizes are small and TPRDs are not responding the containers have fire resistance to withstand or fire sensitivity to respond to a localized fire to avoid system rupture. In this study appropriate fire sizes for localized and engulfing fire tests in GTR#13 are evaluated by considering actual fire conditions in a hydrogen-powered electric city bus. Quantitative risk analysis is conducted to develop various fire accident scenarios including regular bus fire battery fire and hydrogen leak fire. Frequency and severity analyses are performed to determine the minimum fire size required in GTR#13 fire test to ensure hydrogen storage tank safety in hydrogen-powered electric city buses.
Overview of First Outcomes of PNR Project HYTUNNEL-CS
Sep 2021
Publication
Dmitry Makarov,
Donatella Cirrone,
Volodymyr V. Shentsov,
Sergii Kashkarov,
Vladimir V. Molkov,
Z. Xu,
Mike Kuznetsov,
Alexandros G. Venetsanos,
Stella G. Giannissi,
Ilias C. Tolias,
Knut Vaagsaether,
André Vagner Gaathaug,
Mark R. Pursell,
W. M. Rattigan,
Frank Markert,
Luisa Giuliani,
L.S. Sørensen,
A. Bernad,
Mercedes Sanz Millán,
U. Kummer,
C. Brauner,
Paola Russo,
J. van den Berg,
F. de Jong,
Tom Van Esbroeck,
M. Van De Veire,
D. Bouix,
Gilles Bernard-Michel,
Sergey Kudriakov,
Etienne Studer,
Domenico Ferrero,
Joachim Grüne and
G. Stern
The paper presents the first outcomes of the experimental numerical and theoretical studies performed in the funded by Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH2 JU) project HyTunnel-CS. The project aims to conduct pre-normative research (PNR) to close relevant knowledge gaps and technological bottlenecks in the provision of safety of hydrogen vehicles in underground transportation systems. Pre normative research performed in the project will ultimately result in three main outputs: harmonised recommendations on response to hydrogen accidents recommendations for inherently safer use of hydrogen vehicles in underground traffic systems and recommendations for RCS. The overall concept behind this project is to use inter-disciplinary and inter-sectoral prenormative research by bringing together theoretical modelling and experimental studies to maximise the impact. The originality of the overall project concept is the consideration of hydrogen vehicle and underground traffic structure as a single system with integrated safety approach. The project strives to develop and offer safety strategies reducing or completely excluding hydrogen-specific risks to drivers passengers public and first responders in case of hydrogen vehicle accidents within the currently available infrastructure.
Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas-based Chemical Looping for Hydrogen Production
Dec 2014
Publication
Hydrogen production from natural gas combined with advanced CO2 capture technologies such as iron-based chemical looping (CL) is considered in the present work. The processes are compared to the conventional base case i.e. hydrogen production via natural gas steam reforming (SR) without CO2 capture. The processes are simulated using commercial software (ChemCAD) and evaluated from a technical point of view considering important key performance indicators such as hydrogen thermal output net electric power carbon capture rate and specific CO2 emissions. The environmental evaluation is performed using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) with the following system boundaries considered: i) hydrogen production from natural gas coupled to CO2 capture technologies based on CL ii) upstream processes such as: extraction and processing of natural gas ilmenite and catalyst production and iii) downstream processes such as: H2 and CO2 compression transport and storage. The LCA assessment was carried out using the GaBi6 software. Different environmental impact categories following here the CML 2001 impact assessment method were calculated and used to determine the most suitable technology. Sensitivity analyses of the CO2 compression transport and storage stages were performed in order to examine their effect on the environmental impact categories.
Comparative Study on Ammonia and Liquid Hydrogen Transportation Costs in Comparison to LNG
Feb 2023
Publication
Since ammonia and liquid hydrogen are the optional future shipping cargo and fuels the applicability was crucial using the current technologies and expectations. Existing studies for the economic feasibility of the energies had limitations: empirical evaluation with assumptions and insufficiency related to causality. A distorted estimation can result in failure of decision-making or policy in terms of future energy. The present study aimed to evaluate the transportation costs of future energy including ammonia and liquid hydrogen in comparison to LNG for overcoming the limitations. An integrated mathematical model was applied to the investigation for economic feasibility. The transportation costs of the chosen energies were evaluated for the given transportation plan considering key factors: ship speed BOR and transportation plan. The transportation costs at the design speed for LNG and liquid hydrogen were approximately 55 % and 80 % of that for ammonia without considering the social cost due to CO2 emission. Although ammonia was the most expensive energy for transportation ammonia could be an effective alternative due to insensitivity to the transportation plan. If the social cost was taken into account liquid hydrogen already gained competitiveness in comparison to LNG. The advantage of liquid hydrogen was maximized for higher speed where more BOG was injected into main engines.
Briefing on the EU Innovation Fund and the Implications for CCUS Projects- First Report on the Thematic Working Group on Policy, Regulation and Public Perception
Jan 2020
Publication
This report outlines the key modalities and procedures for the Innovation Fund and focuses on the potential funding implications for CCUS projects. The assessment of the suitability of the Innovation Fund for CCS projects has been completed based on discussion during a workshop hosted by the EU CCUS Projects Network in October 2019. This session was part of the Network’s Thematic Group on Policy Regulation and Public Perception. The session was held according to Chatham House rules to allow the projects present to exchange viewpoints and ideas freely.<br/>Broadly speaking it is hoped that the Innovation Fund Call for Proposal documents expected in mid-2020 will provide more information on how applicants should approach some of the key evaluation criteria namely calculating emissions avoidance for part-chain CCS and CCU projects demonstrating project maturity as well as project innovativeness. Furthermore there remains a concern that the costs for developing sufficient contingent storage sites could be overlooked by the Innovation Fund and EU policies directed towards CCS in general. Finally whereas there does not seem to be any regulatory barriers to blending Innovation Fund financing with Member State subsidies the asynchronous timing between the planned final investment decisions (FIDs) of some of the more advanced projects and the outcomes of the Innovation Fund (expected in 2022) means that certain projects may not be able to benefit from this.
A Review of Hydrogen Production and Supply Chain Modeling and Optmization
Jan 2023
Publication
This paper reviews recent optimization models for hydrogen supply chains and production. Optimization is a central component of systematic methodologies to support hydrogen expansion. Hydrogen production is expected to evolve in the coming years to help replace fossil fuels; these high expectations arise from the potential to produce low-carbon hydrogen via electrolysis using electricity generated by renewable sources. However hydrogen is currently mainly used in refinery and industrial operations; therefore physical infrastructures for transmission distribution integration with other energy systems and efficient hydrogen production processes are lacking. Given the potential of hydrogen the greenfield state of infrastructures and the variability of renewable sources systematic methodologies are needed to reach competitive hydrogen prices and design hydrogen supply chains. Future research topics are identified: 1) improved hydrogen demand projections 2) integrated sector modeling 3) improving temporal and spatial resolutions 4) accounting for climate change 5) new methods to address sophisticated models.
Annealing Effects on SnO2 Thin Film for H2 Gas Sensing
Sep 2022
Publication
Hydrogen (H2 ) is attracting attention as a renewable energy source in various fields. However H2 has a potential danger that it can easily cause a backfire or explosion owing to minor external factors. Therefore H2 gas monitoring is significant particularly near the lower explosive limit. Herein tin dioxide (SnO2 ) thin films were annealed at different times. The as-obtained thin films were used as sensing materials for H2 gas. Here the performance of the SnO2 thin film sensor was studied to understand the effect of annealing and operating temperature conditions of gas sensors to further improve their performance. The gas sensing properties exhibited by the 3-h annealed SnO2 thin film showed the highest response compared to the unannealed SnO2 thin film by approximately 1.5 times. The as-deposited SnO2 thin film showed a high response and fast response time to 5% H2 gas at 300 ◦C of 257.34% and 3 s respectively.
A Comprehensive Study on Production of Methanol from Wind Energy
Apr 2022
Publication
Methanol is a promising new alternative fuel that emits significantly less carbon dioxide than gasoline. Traditionally methanol was produced by gasifying natural gas and coal. Syn-Gas is created by converting coal and natural gas. After that the Syn-Gas is converted to methanol. Alternative renewable energy-to-methanol conversion processes have been extensively researched in recent years due to the traditional methanol production process’s high carbon footprint. Using an electrolysis cell wind energy can electrolyze water to produce hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is a gas that can be captured from the atmosphere and industrial processes. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are combusted in a reactor to produce methanol and water; the products are then separated using a distillation column. Although this route is promising it has significant cost and efficiency issues due to the low efficiency of the electrolysis cells and high manufacturing costs. Additionally carbon dioxide capture is an expensive process. Despite these constraints it is still preferable to store excess wind energy in the form of methanol rather than sending it directly to the grid. This process is significantly more carbon-efficient and resource-efficient than conventional processes. Researchers have proposed and/or simulated a variety of wind power methods for methanol processes. This paper discusses these processes. The feasibility of wind energy for methanol production and its future potential is also discussed in this paper.
Fabrication of Highly Textured 2D SnSe Layers with Tunable Electronic Properties for Hydrogen Evolution
Jun 2021
Publication
Hydrogen is regarded to be one of the most promising renewable and clean energy sources. Finding a highly efficient and cost-effective catalyst to generate hydrogen via water splitting has become a research hotspot. Two-dimensional materials with exotic structural and electronic properties have been considered as economical alternatives. In this work 2D SnSe films with high quality of crystallinity were grown on a mica substrate via molecular beam epitaxy. The electronic property of the prepared SnSe thin films can be easily and accurately tuned in situ by three orders of magnitude through the controllable compensation of Sn atoms. The prepared film normally exhibited p-type conduction due to the deficiency of Sn in the film during its growth. First-principle calculations explained that Sn vacancies can introduce additional reactive sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and enhance the HER performance by accelerating electron migration and promoting continuous hydrogen generation which was mirrored by the reduced Gibbs free energy by a factor of 2.3 as compared with the pure SnSe film. The results pave the way for synthesized 2D SnSe thin films in the applications of hydrogen production.
Research Progress, Trends, and Current State of Development on PEMFC-New Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis and Characteristics of Two Decades of Research Output
Nov 2022
Publication
The consumption of hydrogen could increase by sixfold in 2050 compared to 2020 levels reaching about 530 Mt. Against this backdrop the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been a major research area in the field of energy engineering. Several reviews have been provided in the existing corpus of literature on PEMFC but questions related to their evolutionary nuances and research hotspots remain largely unanswered. To fill this gap the current review uses bibliometric analysis to analyze PEMFC articles indexed in the Scopus database that were published between 2000–2021. It has been revealed that the research field is growing at an annual average growth rate of 19.35% with publications from 2016 to 2012 alone making up 46% of the total articles available since 2000. As the two most energy-consuming economies in the world the contributions made towards the progress of PEMFC research have largely been from China and the US. From the research trend found in this investigation it is clear that the focus of the researchers in the field has largely been to improve the performance and efficiency of PEMFC and its components which is evident from dominating keywords or phrases such as ‘oxygen reduction reaction’ ‘electrocatalysis’ ‘proton exchange membrane’ ‘gas diffusion layer’ ‘water management’ ‘polybenzimidazole’ ‘durability’ and ‘bipolar plate’. We anticipate that the provision of the research themes that have emerged in the PEMFC field in the last two decades from the scientific mapping technique will guide existing and prospective researchers in the field going forward.
Hydrogen Emissions from the Hydrogen Value Chain-emissions Profile and Impact to Global Warming
Feb 2022
Publication
Future energy systems could rely on hydrogen (H2) to achieve decarbonisation and net-zero goals. In a similar energy landscape to natural gas H2 emissions occur along the supply chain. It has been studied how current gas infrastructure can support H2 but there is little known about how H2 emissions affect global warming as an indirect greenhouse gas. In this work we have estimated for the first time the potential emission profiles (g CO2eq/MJ H2HHV) of H2 supply chains and found that the emission rates of H2 from H2 supply chains and methane from natural gas supply are comparable but the impact on global warming is much lower based on current estimates. This study also demonstrates the critical importance of establishing mobile H2 emission monitoring and reducing the uncertainty of short-lived H2 climate forcing so as to clearly address H2 emissions for net-zero strategies.
Energy Saving in Public Transport Using Renewable Energy
Jan 2017
Publication
Hydrogen produced by renewable sources represents an interesting way to reduce the energetic dependence on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. This paper shows a feasibility study for the production storage and distribution of hydrogen in the western Sicilian context using three different renewable sources: wind biomass and sea wave. The objective of this study is the evaluation of the hydrogen demand needed to replace all diesel supplied buses with electrical buses equipped with fuel cells. An economic analysis is presented with the evaluation of the avoidable greenhouse gas emissions. Four different scenarios correlate the hydrogen demand for urban transport to the renewable energy resources present in the territories and to the modern technologies available for the production of hydrogen. The study focuses on the possibility of tapping into the potential of renewable energies (wind biomass and sea wave) for the production of hydrogen by electrolysis. The use of hydrogen would reduce significantly the emissions of particulate and greenhouse gases in the urban districts under analysis.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Utilization as Alternative Fuel in Cement Production
Jul 2022
Publication
Growing attention to the environmental aspect has urged the effort to reduce CO2 emission as one of the greenhouse gases. The cement industry is one of the biggest CO2 emitters in this world. Alternative fuel is one of the challenging issues in cement production due to the limited fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns. Meanwhile hydrogen (H2) has been reported as a promising non-carbon fuel with ammonia (NH3) as the main candidate for chemical storage methods. In this work an integrated system of cement production with an alternative H2-based fuel is proposed consisting of the dehydrogenation process of NH3 and the H2 combustion to provide the required thermal energy for clinker production. Different catalysts are employed and evaluated to analyze the specific energy input (SEI). The result shows that the conversion rate strongly determines the SEI with minimum SEI (3829.8 MJ t-clinker-1 ) achieved by Ni-Pt-based catalyst at a reaction temperature of 600 ºC. Compared to the conventional fuel of coal the H2-based integrated cement production system shows a significant decrease of 44% in CO2 emission due to carbon-free combustion using H2 as the fuel. The current study on the proposed integrated system of H2-based cement production also provides an initial thermodynamic analysis and basic observation for the adoption of non-carbon-based H2 including the storage system of NH3 in the cement production process.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: A Green Future for Oman
Feb 2023
Publication
On this episode of Everything About Hydrogen we are speaking with Nashwa Al Rawahy Director of HMR Environmental Consultants based in Muscat Oman with regional offices in the United Arab Emirates.
We are excited to have an expert like Nashwa join us to discuss environmental and social impact studies their value to the communities and projects and the importance of building long term In Country Value (ICV).
The podcast can be found on their website.
We are excited to have an expert like Nashwa join us to discuss environmental and social impact studies their value to the communities and projects and the importance of building long term In Country Value (ICV).
The podcast can be found on their website.
Analyzing the Competitiveness of Low-carbon Drive-technologies in Road-freight: A Total Cost of Ownership Analysis in Europe
Nov 2021
Publication
In light of the Paris Agreement road-freight represents a critically difficult-to-abate sector. In order to meet the ambitious European transport sector emissions reduction targets a rapid transition to zero-carbon road-freight is necessary. However limited policy assessments indicate where and how to appropriately intervene in this sector. To support policy-makers in accelerating the zero-carbon road-freight transition this paper examines the relative cost competitiveness between commercial vehicles of varying alternative drive-technologies through a total cost of ownership (TCO) assessment. We identify key parameters that when targeted enable the uptake of these more sustainable niche technologies. The assessment is based on a newly compiled database of cost parameters which were triangulated through expert interviews. The results show that cost competitiveness for low- or zero-emission niche technologies in certain application segments and European countries is exhibited already today. In particular we find battery electric vehicles to show great promise in the light- and medium-duty segments but also in the heavy-duty long-haul segments in countries that have enacted targeted policy measures. Three TCO parameters drive this competitiveness: tolls fuel costs and CAPEX subsidies. Based on our analysis we propose that policy-makers target OPEX before CAPEX parameters as well utilize a mix of policy interventions to ensure greater reach increased efficiency and increased policy flexibility.
Experimental Study on the Effects of Hydrogen Injection Strategy on the Combustion and Emissions of a Hydrogen/Gasoline Dual Fuel SI Engine under Lean Burn Condition
Oct 2022
Publication
Hydrogen addition can improve the performance and extend the lean burn limit of gasoline engines. Different hydrogen injection strategies lead to different types of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD) which affects the engine performance. Therefore the present study experimentally investigated the effects of hydrogen injection strategy on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen/gasoline dual-fuel port-injection engine under lean-burn conditions. Four different hydrogen injection strategies were explored: hydrogen direct injection (HDI) forming a stratified hydrogen mixture distribution (SHMD); hydrogen intake port injection forming a premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PHMD); split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI) forming a partially premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PPHMD); and no hydrogen addition (NHMD). The results showed that 20% hydrogen addition could extend the lean burn limit from 1.5 to 2.8. With the increase in the excess air ratio the optimum HMD changed from PPHMD to SHMD. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with an excess air ratio of 1.5 with PPHMD. The coefficient of variation (COV) with NHMD was higher than that with hydrogen addition since the hydrogen enhanced the stability of ignition and combustion. The engine presented the lowest emissions with PHMD. There were almost no carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions when the excess air ratio was respectively more than 1.4 and 2.0.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Using the Law and Regulation to Facilitate Hydrogen Development
Jun 2022
Publication
Burges Salmon’s energy lawyers are known for ground-breaking work in the energy power and utilities sector. They understand the opportunities the technologies and the challenges which the sector presents. Their reputation has been built upon first-of-a-kind projects and deals and an intimate knowledge of energy regulation. Burges Salmon specialists provide expert advice throughout the project/plant life cycle. Over the years this has in turn led to investors and funders requesting their services in the knowledge that they understand the key issues technologies face. They have a team of over 80 lawyers who focus on helping developers investors and funders achieve their aims in the sector. The team has won or been shortlisted for all the key industry awards in energy over the last decade.
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Maraging Steels
Feb 2018
Publication
This research activity aims at investigating the hydrogen embrittlement of Maraging steels in connection to real sudden failures of some of the suspension blades of the Virgo Project experimental apparatus. Some of them failed after 15 years of service in working conditions. Typically in the Virgo detector blades are loaded up to 50-60% of the material yield strength. For a deeper understanding of the failure the relationship between hydrogen concentration and mechanical properties of the material have been investigated with specimens prepared in order to simulate blade working conditions. A mechanical characterization of the material has been carried out by standard tensile testing in order to establish the effect of hydrogen content on the material strength. Further experimental activity was executed in order to characterize the fracture surface and to measure the hydrogen content. Finally some of the failed blades have been analyzed in DICI-UNIPI laboratory. The experimental results show that the blades failure can be related with the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon.
Material-based Hydrogen Storage Projection
Sep 2021
Publication
Massive consumption of fossil fuel leads to shortage problems as well as various global environmental issues. Due to the global climatic problem in the world techniques to supply energy demand change from conventional methods that use fossil fuel as the energy source to clean and renewable sources such as solar and wind. However these renewable energy sources are not permanent. Energy storage methods can ensure to supply the energy demand in need if the energy is stored when the renewable source is available. Hydrogen is considered a promising alternative feedstock owing to has unique properties such as clean energy high energy density absence of toxic materials and carbon-free nature. Hydrogen is used main fuel source in fuel cells and hydrogen can be produced with various methods such as wind or electrolysis of water systems that supply electricity from renewable sources. However the safe effective and economical storage of hydrogen is still a challenge that limits the spread of the usage of hydrogen energy. High pressed hydrogen gas and cryogenic hydrogen liquid are two applied storage pathways although they do not meet the above-mentioned requirement. To overcome these drawbacks materials-based hydrogen storage materials have been mostly investigated research field recently. The aim of the study is that exhibiting various material-based hydrogen storage systems and development of these techniques worldwide. Additionally past and current status of the technology are explained and future perspective is discussed.
Energy Transition on Sifnos: An Approach to Economic and Social Transition and Development
Mar 2022
Publication
This article aims to present the potential of energy transition in insular systems for social and economic transition and development when planned and implemented appropriately with the active involvement of local communities. To this end the example of Sifnos Energy Community is examined and presented as a pilot case. It proves that energy transition apart from its obvious energy conservation and climate necessity can provide a strong contribution to the development of remote areas and the remedying of crucial issues especially in insular communities such as unemployment low standards of living isolation and energy supply security. Energy transition on Sifnos has been undertaken by the Sifnos Energy Community (SEC) with the target to achieve 100% energy independency through effective and rational projects. The major project is a centralized hybrid power plant consisting of a wind park and a pumped hydro storage system. It was designed to fully cover the current electricity demand and the anticipated forthcoming load due to the overall transition to e-mobility for the transportation sector on the island. Through the exploitation of the excess electricity production with the production of potable water and hydrogen energy transition can facilitate the development of new professional activities on the island and reduce the local economy’s dependence on tourism. Additionally a daily link to the neighboring larger Cyclades islands can be established with a hydrogen powered-passenger vessel ensuring the secure and cheap overseas transportation connection of Sifnos throughout the whole year. The overall energy transition process is executed with the active involvement of the Sifnos citizens ensuring wide public acceptance and the minimization of the projects’ impacts on the natural and human environment. At the same time the anticipated benefits for the insular communities are maximized highlighting the energy transition process on Sifnos as a new sustainable development pattern. For all this effort and the already achieved results Sifnos has been declared as one of the six pilot islands of the European Community’s initiative “Clean Energy for EU Islands”.
Opportunities and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy in Poland against the Background of the European Union Energy Policy
Jul 2022
Publication
One of the strategic goals of developed countries is to significantly increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. However the process may be hindered by e.g. the storage and transport of energy from renewable sources. The European Union countries see the development of the hydrogen economy as an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Therefore since 2020 the European Union has been implementing a hydrogen strategy that will increase the share of hydrogen in the European energy mix from the current 2 percent to up to 13–14 percent by 2050. In 2021 following the example of other European countries the Polish government adopted the Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with an outlook until 2040 (PHS). However the implementation of the strategy requires significant capital expenditure and infrastructure modernisation which gives rise to question as to whether Poland is likely to achieve the goals set out in the Polish Hydrogen Strategy and European Green Deal. The subject of the research is an analysis of the sources of financing for the PHS against the background of solutions implemented by the EU countries and a SWOT/TOWS analysis on the hydrogen economy in Poland. The overall result of the SWOT/TOWS analysis shows the advantage of strengths and related opportunities. This allows for a positive assessment of the prospects for the hydrogen economy in Poland. Poland should continue its efforts to take advantage of the external factors (O/S) such as EU support an increased price competitiveness of hydrogen and the emergence of a competitive cross-border hydrogen market in Europe. At the same time the Polish authorities should not forget about the weaknesses and threats that may inhibit the development of the domestic hydrogen market. It is necessary to modernise the infrastructure; increase the share of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production; increase R&D expenditure and in particular to complete the negotiations related to the adoption of the Fit for 55 package.
Exergetic Sustainability Comparison of Turquoise Hydrogen Conversion to Low-carbon Fuels
Nov 2022
Publication
Turquoise hydrogen is produced from methane cracking a cleaner alternative to steam methane reforming. This study looks at two proposed systems based on solar methane cracking for low-carbon fuel production. The systems utilize different pathways to convert the hydrogen into a suitable form for transportation and utilize the carbon solid by-product. A direct carbon fuel cell is integrated to utilize the carbon and capture the CO2 emissions. The CO2 generated is utilized for fuel production using CO2 hydrogenation or co-electrolysis. An advanced exergetic analysis is conducted on these systems using Aspen plus simulations of the process. The exergetic efficiency waste exergy ratio exergy destruction ratio exergy recoverability ratio environmental effect factor and the exergetic sustainability index were determined for each system and the subsystems. Solar methane cracking was found to have an environmental effect factor of 0.08 and an exergetic sustainability index of 12.27.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Building an Integrated Clean Hydrogen Infrastructure from the Ground Up
Nov 2021
Publication
On this episode of EAH we are joined by Andrew Clennett Co-Founder and CEO of Hiringa Energy. Hiringa is headquartered in New Zealand where they are building clean hydrogen production projects using renewable energy to displace the use of fossil fuels for transport and industrial feedstock across New Zealand. We are delighted to have Andrew with us today to speak about how Hiringa are using hydrogen to change the energy and carbon landscape of New Zealand.
This podcast can be found on their website
This podcast can be found on their website
Analysis of the Use of Recycled Aluminum to Generate Green Hydrogen in an Electric Bicycle
Feb 2023
Publication
This article proposes using recycled aluminum generating hydrogen in situ at low pressure to power a 250 W electric bicycle with a fuel cell (FC) to increase the average speed and autonomy compared to a conventional electric bicycle with a battery. To generate hydrogen the aluminum–water reaction with a 6 M NaOH solution is used as a catalyst. This article details the parts of the generation system the electronic configuration used the aluminum- and reagent-loading procedure and the by-products obtained as well as the results of the operation without pedaling with a resistance equivalent to a flat terrain and at maximum power of the accelerator for one and two loads of about 100 g of aluminum each. This allows us to observe different hybrid strategies with a low-capacity battery in each case. The goal is to demonstrate that it is possible to store energy in a long-lasting transportable low-pressure and sustainable manner using recycled-aluminum test tubes and to apply this to mobility
Ex Situ Thermo-catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors Using a Traveling Wave Microwave Reactor
Sep 2016
Publication
Microwave heating offers a number of advantages over conventional heating methods such as rapid and volumetric heating precise temperature control energy efficiency and lower temperature gradient. In this article we demonstrate the use of 2450 MHz microwave traveling wave reactor to heat the catalyst bed for thermo-catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapors. HZSM-5 catalyst was tested at three different temperatures (290 330 and 370°C) at a catalyst to biomass ratio of 2. Results were compared with conventional heating and induction heating method of catalyst bed. The yields of aromatic compounds and coke deposition were dependent on temperature and method of heating. Microwave heating yielded higher aromatic compounds and lower coke deposition. Microwave heating was also energy efficient compared to conventional reactors. The rate of catalyst deterioration was lower for catalyst heated in microwave system.
Modelling of Boil‐Off and Sloshing Relevant to Future Liquid Hydrogen Carriers
Mar 2022
Publication
This study presents an approach for estimating fuel boil‐off behaviour in cryogenic energy carrier ships such as future liquid hydrogen (LH2) carriers. By relying on thermodynamic model‐ ling and empirical formulas for ship motion and propulsion the approach can be used to investigate boil‐off as a function of tank properties weather conditions and operating velocities during a laden voyage. The model is first calibrated against data from a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and is consequently used to investigate various design configurations of an LH2 ship. Results indicate that an LH2 ship with the same tank volume and glass wool insulation thickness as a conventional LNG carrier stores 40% of the fuel energy and is characterised by a boil‐off rate nine times higher and twice as sensitive to sloshing. Adding a reliquefaction unit can reduce the LH2 fuel depletion rate by at least 38.7% but can increase its variability regarding velocity and weather conditions. In calm weather LH2 boil‐off rates can only meet LNG carrier standards by utilising at least 6.6 times the insulation thickness. By adopting fuel cell propulsion in an LH2 ship a 1.1% increase in fuel delivery is expected. An LH2 ship with fuel cells and reliquefaction is required to be at least 1.7 times larger than an existing LNG carrierto deliverthe same energy. Further comparison of alternative scenarios indicates that LH2 carriers necessitate significant redesigns if LNG carrier standards are desired. The present approach can assist future feasibility studies featuring other vessels and propulsion technologies and can be seen as an extendable framework that can predict boil‐off in real‐time.
Techno-economic Evaluation of Medium Scale Power to Hydrogen to Combined Heat and Power Generation Systems
Jun 2022
Publication
The European Hydrogen Strategy and the new « Fit for 55 » package indicate the urgent need for the alignment of policy with the European Green Deal and European Union (EU) climate law for the decarbonization of the energy system and the use of hydrogen towards 2030 and 2050. The increasing carbon prices in EU Emission Trading System (ETS) as well as the lack of dispatchable thermal power generation as part of the Coal exit are expected to enhance the role of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) in the future energy system. In the present work the use of renewable hydrogen for the decarbonization of CHP plants is investigated for various fossil fuel substitution ratios and the impact of the overall efficiency the reduction of direct emissions and the carbon footprint of heat and power generation are reported. The analysis provides insights on efficient and decarbonized cogeneration linking the power with the heat sector via renewable hydrogen production and use. The levelized cost of hydrogen production as well as the levelized cost of electricity in the power to hydrogen to combined heat and power system are analyzed for various natural gas substitution scenarios as well as current and future projections of EU ETS carbon prices.
Towards 2050 Net Zero Carbon Infrastructure: A Critical Review of Key Decarbonisation Challenges in the Domestic Heating Sector in the UK
Nov 2023
Publication
One of the most challenging sectors to meet “Net Zero emissions” target by 2050 in the UK is the domestic heating sector. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the main challenges of heating systems transition to low carbon technologies in which three distinct categories of challenges are discussed. The first challenge is of decarbonizing heat at the supply side considering specifically the difficulties in integrating hydrogen as a low-carbon heating substitute to the dominant natural gas. The next challenge is of decarbonizing heat at the demand side and research into the difficulties of retrofitting the existing UK housing stock of digitalizing heating energy systems as well as ensuring both retrofits and digitalization do not disproportionately affect vulnerable groups in society. The need for demonstrating innovative solutions to these challenges leads to the final focus which is the challenge of modeling and demonstrating future energy systems heating scenarios. This work concludes with recommendations for the energy research community and policy makers to tackle urgent challenges facing the decarbonization of the UK heating sector.
Import Options for Chemical Energy Carriers from Renewable Sources to Germany
Feb 2024
Publication
Import and export of fossil energy carriers are cornerstones of energy systems world-wide. If energy systems are to become climate neutral and sustainable fossil carriers need to be substituted with carbon neutral alternatives or electrified if possible. We investigate synthetic chemical energy carriers hydrogen methane methanol ammonia and Fischer-Tropsch fuels produced using electricity from Renewable Energy Source (RES) as fossil substitutes. RES potentials are obtained from GIS-analysis and hourly resolved time-series are derived using reanalysis weather data. We model the sourcing of feedstock chemicals synthesis and transport along nine different Energy Supply Chains to Germany and compare import options for seven locations around the world against each other and with domestically sourced alternatives on the basis of their respective cost per unit of hydrogen and energy delivered. We find that for each type of chemical energy carrier there is an import option with lower costs compared to domestic production in Germany. No single exporting country or energy carrier has a unique cost advantage since for each energy carrier and country there are cost-competitive alternatives. This allows exporter and infrastructure decisions to be made based on other criteria than energy and cost. The lowest cost means for importing of energy and hydrogen are by hydrogen pipeline from Denmark Spain and Western Asia and Northern Africa starting at 36 EUR/MWhLHV to 42 EUR/MWhLHV or 1.0 EUR/kgH2 to 1.3 EUR/kgH2 (in 2050 assuming 5% p.a. capital cost). For complex energy carriers derived from hydrogen like methane ammonia methanol or Fischer-Tropsch fuels imports from Argentina by ship to Germany are lower cost than closer exporters in the European Union or Western Asia and Northern Africa. For meeting hydrogen demand direct hydrogen imports are more attractive than indirect routes using methane methanol or ammonia imports and subsequent decomposition to hydrogen because of high capital investment costs and energetic losses of the indirect routes. We make our model and data available under open licenses for adaptation and reuse.
Novel Use of Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Based Combined Heat and Power Systems to Reduce Primary Energy Intake and Greenhouse Emissions in the Building Sector
Feb 2021
Publication
Achieving European climate neutrality by 2050 requires further efforts not only from the industry and society but also from policymakers. The use of high-efficiency cogeneration facilities will help to reduce both primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions because of the increase in overall efficiency. Fuel cell-based cogeneration technologies are relevant solutions to these points for small- and microscale units. In this research an innovative and new fuel cell-based cogeneration plant is studied and its performance is compared with other cogeneration technologies to evaluate the potential reduction degree in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Four energy consumption profile datasets have been generated from real consumption data of different dwellings located in the Mediterranean coast of Spain to perform numerical simulations in different energy scenarios according to the fuel used in the cogeneration. Results show that the fuel cell-based cogeneration systems reduce primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings to a degree that depends on the heat-to-power ratio of the consumer. Primary energy consumption varies from 40% to 90% of the original primary energy consumption when hydrogen is produced from natural gas reforming process and from 5% to 40% of the original primary energy consumption if the cogeneration is fueled with hydrogen obtained from renewable energy sources. Similar reduction degrees are achieved in CO2 emissions.
Safety Planning for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Projects
Jul 2019
Publication
The document provides information on safety planning monitoring and reporting for the concerned hydrogen and fuel cell projects and programmes in Europe. It does not replace or contradict existing regulations which prevails under all circumstances. Neither is it meant to conflict with relevant international or national standards or to replace existing company safety policies codes and procedures. Instead this guidance document aims to assist in identifying minimum safety requirements hazards and associated risks and in generating a quality safety plan that will serve as an assisting guide for the inherently safer conduct of all work related to the development and operation of hydrogen and fuel cell systems and infrastructure. A safety plan should be revisited periodically as part of an overall effort to pay continuous and priority attention to the associated safety aspects and to account for all modifications of the considered system and its operations. Potential hazards failure mechanisms and related incidents associated with any work process or system should always be identified analysed reported (recorded in relevant knowledge databases e.g. HIAD 2.0 or HELLEN handbooks papers etc.) and eliminated or mitigated as part of sound safety planning and comprehensive hydrogen safety engineering which extends beyond the recommendations of this document. All relevant objects or aspects that may be adversely affected by a failure should be considered including low frequency high consequences events. So the general protection objective is to exclude or at least minimise potential hazards and associated risks to prevent impacts on the following:
- People. Hazards that pose a risk of injury or loss of life to people must be identified and eliminated or mitigated. A complete safety assessment considers not only those personnel who are directly involved in the work but also others who are at risk due to these hazards.
- Property. Damage to or loss of equipment or facilities must be prevented or minimised. Damage to equipment can be both the cause of incidents and the result of incidents. An equipment failure can result in collateral damage to nearby equipment and property which can then trigger additional equipment failures or even lead to additional hazards and risks e.g. through the domino effect. Effective safety planning monitoring and reporting considers and minimises serious risk of equipment and property damage.
- Environment. Damage to the environment must be prevented. Any aspect of a natural or the built environment which can be harmed due to a hydrogen system or infrastructure failure should be identified and analysed. A qualification of the failure modes resulting in environmental damage must be considered.
Wind Power to Methanol: Renewable Methanol Production Using Electricity, Electrolysis of Water and CO2 Air Capture
Feb 2020
Publication
A 100 MW stand-alone wind power to methanol process has been evaluated to determine the capital requirement and power to methanol efficiency. Power available for electrolysis determines the amount of hydrogen produced. The stoichiometric amount of CO2– required for the methanol synthesis – is produced using direct air capture. Integration of utilities for CO2 air capture hydrogen production from co-harvested water and methanol synthesis is incorporated and capital costs for all process steps are estimated. Power to methanol efficiency is determined to be around 50%. The cost of methanol is around 300€ ton−1 excluding and 800€ ton−1 including wind turbine capital cost. Excluding 300 M€ investment cost for 100 MW of wind turbines total plant capital cost is around 200 M€. About 45% of the capital cost is reserved for the electrolysers 50% for the CO2 air capture installation and 5% for the methanol synthesis system. The conceptual design and evaluation shows that renewable methanol produced from air captured CO2 water and renewable electricity is becoming a realistic option at reasonable costs of 750–800 € ton−1.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Changing the Game in Hydrogen Compression
Oct 2021
Publication
In the second episode of EAH's Season 3 Patrick Andrew and Chris sit down with Maria Fennis CEO of HyET. HyET Hydrogen is a leading SME in the field of electrochemical hydrogen compression founded in 2008. HyET has introduced the first commercially viable Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor (EHPC) the HCS 100 in 2017. HyET enters partnerships with key stakeholders to develop products with a focus on application. Maria is a leading voice in the compression arena and it is a pleasure to have her on the show!
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Storable Energy Production from Wind over Water
Apr 2020
Publication
The current status of a project is described which aims to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of converting the vast wind energy available over the globe’s oceans and lakes into storable energy. To this end autonomous high-performance sailing ships are equipped with hydrokinetic turbines whose output is stored either in electric batteries or is fed into electrolysers to produce hydrogen which then is compressed and stored in tanks. In the present paper the previous analytical studies which showed the potential of this “energy ship concept” are summarized and progress on its hardware demonstration is reported involving the conversion of a model sailboat to autonomous operation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential of this concept to achieve the IPCC-mandated requirement of reducing the global CO2 emissions by about 45% by 2030 reaching net zero by 2050.
Techno-Economic Evaluation of Deploying CCS in SMR Based Merchant H2 Production with NG as Feedstock and Fuel
Aug 2017
Publication
Hydrogen is a crucial raw materials to other industries. Globally nearly 90% of the hydrogen or HyCO gas produced is consumed by the ammonia methanol and oil refining industries. In the future hydrogen could play an important role in the decarbonisation of transport fuel (i.e. use of fuel cell vehicles) and space heating (i.e. industrial commercial building and residential heating). This paper summarizes the results of the feasibility study carried out by Amec Foster Wheeler for the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) with the purpose of evaluating the performance and costs of a modern steam methane reforming without and with CCS producing 100000 Nm3 /h H2 and operating as a merchant plant. This study focuses on the economic evaluation of five different alternatives to capture CO2 from SMR. This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of the performance and cost of producing hydrogen without and with CCS based on technologies that could be erected today. This study demonstrates that CO2 could be captured from an SMR plant with an overall capture rate ranging between 53 to 90%. The integration of CO2 capture plant could increase the NG consumption by -0.03 to 1.41 GJ per Nm3 /h of H2. The amount of electricity exported to the grid by the SMR plant is reduced. The levelised cost of H2 production could increase by 2.1 to 5.1 € cent per Nm3 H2 (depending on capture rate and technology selected). This translates to a CO2 avoidance cost of 47 to 70 €/t.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Natural Gas Pyrolysis in Molten Salts
Jan 2022
Publication
Steam methane reforming with CO2 capture (blue hydrogen) and water electrolysis based on renewable electricity (green hydrogen) are commonly assumed to be the main supply options in a future hydrogen economy. However another promising method is emerging in the form of natural gas pyrolysis (turquoise hydrogen) with pure carbon as a valuable by-product. To better understand the potential of turquoise hydrogen this study presents a techno-economic assessment of a molten salt pyrolysis process. Results show that moderate reactor pressures around 12 bar are optimal and that reactor size must be limited by accepting reactor performance well below the thermodynamic equilibrium. Despite this challenge stemming from slow reaction rates the simplicity of the molten salt pyrolysis process delivers high efficiencies and promising economics. In the long-term carbon could be produced for 200–300 €/ton granting access to high-volume markets in the metallurgical and chemical process industries. Such a scenario makes turquoise hydrogen a promising alternative to blue hydrogen in regions with public resistance to CO2 transport and storage. In the medium-term expensive first-of-a-kind plants could produce carbon around 400 €/ton if hydrogen prices are set by conventional blue hydrogen production. Pure carbon at this cost level can access smaller high-value markets such as carbon anodes and graphite ensuring profitable operation even for first movers. In conclusion the economic potential of molten salt pyrolysis is high and further demonstration and scale-up efforts are strongly recommended.
Stationary Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Railway Electrification: A Review
Sep 2021
Publication
This article provides an overview of modern technologies and implemented projects in the field of renewable energy systems for the electrification of railway transport. In the first part the relevance of the use of renewable energy on the railways is discussed. Various types of power-generating systems in railway stations and platforms along the track as well as in separate areas are considered. The focus is on wind and solar energy conversion systems. The second part is devoted to the analysis of various types of energy storage devices used in projects for the electrification of railway transport since the energy storage system is one of the key elements in a hybrid renewable energy system. Systems with kinetic storage electrochemical storage batteries supercapacitors hydrogen energy storage are considered. Particular attention is paid to technologies for accumulating and converting hydrogen into electrical energy as well as hybrid systems that combine several types of storage devices with different ranges of charge/discharge rates. A comparative analysis of various hybrid electric power plant configurations depending on the functions they perform in the electrification systems of railway transport has been carried out.
A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier
Jun 2021
Publication
Global energy sources are being transformed from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind solar and hydrogen. The biggest challenge with hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier is the storage and delivery system’s complexity. Therefore other media such as ammonia for indirect storage are now being considered. Research has shown that at reasonable pressures ammonia is easily contained as a liquid. In this form energy density is approximately half of that of gasoline and ten times more than batteries. Ammonia can provide effective storage of renewable energy through its existing storage and distribution network. In this article we aimed to analyse the previous studies and the current research on the preparation of ammonia as a next-generation renewable energy carrier. The study focuses on technical advances emerging in ammonia synthesis technologies such as photocatalysis electrocatalysis and plasmacatalysis. Ammonia is now also strongly regarded as fuel in the transport industrial and power sectors and is relatively more versatile in reducing CO2 emissions. Therefore the utilisation of ammonia as a renewable energy carrier plays a significant role in reducing GHG emissions. Finally the simplicity of ammonia processing transport and use makes it an appealing choice for the link between the development of renewable energy and demand.
Crack Management of Hydrogen Pipelines
Sep 2021
Publication
The climate emergency is one of the biggest challenges humanity must face in the 21st century. The global energy transition faces many challenges when it comes to ensuring a sustainable reliable and affordable energy supply. A likely outcome is decarbonizing the existing gas infrastructure. This will inevitably lead to greater penetration of hydrogen. While the introduction of hydrogen into natural gas transmission and distribution networks creates challenges there is nothing new or inherently impossible about the concept. Indeed more than 4000 kilometers of hydrogen pipelines are currently in operation. These pipelines however were (almost) all built and operated exclusively in accordance with specific hydrogen codes which tend to be much more restrictive than their natural gas equivalents. This means that the conversion of natural gas pipelines which have often been in service for decades and have accumulated damage and been subject to cracking threats (e.g. fatigue or stress corrosion cracking (SCC)) throughout their lifetime can be challenging. This paper will investigate the impact of transporting hydrogen on the crack management of existing natural gas pipelines from an overall integrity perspective. Different cracking threats will be described including recent industry experience of those which are generic to all steel pipelines but exacerbated by hydrogen and those which are hydrogen specific. The application of a Hydrogen Framework to identify characterise and manage credible cracking threats to pipelines in order to help enable the safe economic and successful introduction of hydrogen into the natural gas network will be discussed.
Recent Combustion Strategies in Gas Turbines for Propulsion and Power Generation toward a Zero-Emissions Future: Fuels, Burners, and Combustion Techniques
Oct 2021
Publication
The effects of climate change and global warming are arising a new awareness on the impact of our daily life. Power generation for transportation and mobility as well as in industry is the main responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed currently 80% of the energy is still produced by combustion of fossil fuels; thus great efforts need to be spent to make combustion greener and safer than in the past. For this reason a review of the most recent gas turbines combustion strategy with a focus on fuels combustion techniques and burners is presented here. A new generation of fuels for gas turbines are currently under investigation by the academic community with a specific concern about production and storage. Among them biofuels represent a trustworthy and valuable solution in the next decades during the transition to zero carbon fuels (e.g. hydrogen and ammonia). Promising combustion techniques explored in the past and then abandoned due to their technological complexity are now receiving renewed attention (e.g. MILD PVC) thanks to their effectiveness in improving the efficiency and reducing emissions of standard gas turbine cycles. Finally many advances are illustrated in terms of new burners developed for both aviation and power generation. This overview points out promising solutions for the next generation combustion and opens the way to a fast transition toward zero emissions power generation.
Alkaline Fuel cell Technology - A review
Apr 2021
Publication
The realm of alkaline-based fuel cells has with the arrival of anionic exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) taken a great step to replace traditional liquid electrolyte alkaline fuel cells (AFCs). The following review summarises progress bottleneck issues and highlights the most recent research trends within the field. The activity of alkaline catalyst materials has greatly advanced however achieving long-term stability remains a challenge. Great AEMFC performances are reported though these are generally obtained through the employment of platinum group metals (PGMs) thus emphasising the importance of R&D related to non-PGM materials. Thorough design strategies must be utilised for all components to avoid a mismatch of electrochemical properties between electrode components. Lastly AEMFC optimisation challenges on the system-level will also have to be assessed as few application-size AEMFCs have been built and tested.
Full-scale Tunnel Experiments for Fuel Cell Hydrogen Vehicles: Jat Fire and Explosions
Sep 2021
Publication
In the framework of the HYTUNNEL-CS European project sponsored by FCH-JU a set of preliminary tests were conducted in a real tunnel in France. These tests are devoted to safety of hydrogen-fueled vehicles having a compressed gas storage and Temperature Pressure Release Device (TPRD). The goal of the study is to develop recommendations for Regulations Codes and Standards (RCS) for inherently safer use of hydrogen vehicles in enclosed transportation systems. Two scenarios were investigated (a) jet fire evolution following the activation of TPRD due to conventional fuel car fire and (b) explosion of compressed hydrogen tank. The obtained experimental data are systematically compared to existing engineering correlations. The results will be used for benchmarking studies using CFD codes. The hydrogen pressure range in these preliminary tests has been lowered down to 20MPa in order to verify the capability of various large-scale measurement techniques before scaling up to 70 MPa the subject of the second experimental campaign.
Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Production through a Two-Step Chemical Regenerative Coal Gasification
Jul 2019
Publication
Hydrogen as a strategy clean fuel is receiving more and more attention recently in China in addition to the policy emphasis on H2. In this work we conceive of a hydrogen production process based on a chemical regenerative coal gasification. Instead of using a lumped coal gasification as is traditional in the H2 production process herein we used a two-step gasification process that included coking and char-steam gasification. The sensible heat of syngas accounted for 15–20% of the total energy of coal and was recovered and converted into chemical energy of syngas through thermochemical reactions. Moreover the air separation unit was eliminated due to the adoption of steam as oxidant. As a result the efficiency of coal to H2 was enhanced from 58.9% in traditional plant to 71.6% in the novel process. Further the energy consumption decreased from 183.8 MJ/kg in the traditional plant to 151.2 MJ/kg in the novel process. The components of syngas H2 and efficiency of gasification are herein investigated through experiments in fixed bed reactors. Thermodynamic performance is presented for both traditional and novel coal to hydrogen plants.
Design and Analysis of Photovoltaic/wind Operations at MPPT for Hydrogen Production using a PEM Electrolyzer: Towards Innovations in Green Technology
Jul 2023
Publication
In recent times renewable energy systems (RESs) such as Photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) are being employed to produce hydrogen. This paper aims to compare the efficiency and performance of PV and WT as sources of RESs to power polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) under different conditions. The study assessed the input/ output power of PV and WT the efficiency of the MPPT controller the calculation of the green hydrogen production rate and the efficiency of each system separately. The study analyzed variable irradiance from 600 to 1000 W/m2 for a PV system and a fixed temperature of 25˚C while for the WT system it considered variable wind speed from 10 to 14 m/s and zero fixed pitch angle. The study demonstrated that the applied controllers were effective fast low computational and highly accurate. The obtained results showed that WT produces twice the PEMEL capacity while the PV system is designed to be equal to the PEMEL capacity. The study serves as a reference for designing PV or WT to feed an electrolyzer. The MATLAB program validated the proposed configurations with their control schemes.
Homes of the Future: Unpacking Public Perceptions to Power the Domestic Hydrogen Transition
Apr 2022
Publication
Decarbonization in several countries is now linked to the prospect of implementing a national hydrogen economy. In countries with extensive natural gas infrastructure hydrogen may provide a real opportunity to decarbonize space heating. While this approach may prove technically and economically feasible in the longterm it is unclear whether consumers will be willing to adopt hydrogen-fueled appliances for heating and cooking should techno-economic feasibility be achieved. In response this paper develops an analytical framework for examining hydrogen acceptance which links together socio-technical barriers and social acceptance factors. Applying this framework the study synthesizes the existing knowledge on public perceptions of hydrogen and identifies critical knowledge gaps which should be addressed to support domestic hydrogen acceptance. The paper demonstrates that a future research agenda should account for the interactions between acceptance factors at the attitudinal socio-political market community and behavioral level. The analysis concludes that hydrogen is yet to permeate the public consciousness due to a lack of knowledge and awareness owing to an absence of information dissemination. In response consumer engagement in energy markets and stronger public trust in key stakeholders will help support social acceptance as the hydrogen transition unfolds. Affordability may prove the most critical barrier to the large-scale adoption of hydrogen homes while the disruptive impacts of the switchover and distributional injustice represent key concerns. As a starting point the promise of economic environmental and community benefits must be communicated and fulfilled to endorse the value of hydrogen homes.
Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments
Mar 2013
Publication
Hydrogen (H2) is currently used mainly in the chemical industry for the production of ammonia and methanol. Nevertheless in the near future hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air. Hydrogen as a chemical element (H) is the most widespread one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen (H2) can be obtained from a number of sources both renewable and nonrenewable by various processes. Hydrogen global production has so far been dominated by fossil fuels with the most significant contemporary technologies being the steam reforming of hydrocarbons (e.g. natural gas). Pure hydrogen is also produced by electrolysis of water an energy demanding process. This work reviews the current technologies used for hydrogen (H2) production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources including reforming (steam partial oxidation autothermal plasma and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis. In addition other methods for generating hydrogen (e.g. electrolysis of water) and purification methods such as desulfurization and water-gas shift reactions are discussed.
Preliminary Analysis of Compression System Integrated Heat Management Concepts Using LH2-Based Parametric Gas Turbine Model
Apr 2021
Publication
The investigation of the various heat management concepts using LH2 requires the development of a modeling environment coupling the cryogenic hydrogen fuel system with turbofan performance. This paper presents a numerical framework to model hydrogen-fueled gas turbine engines with a dedicated heat-management system complemented by an introductory analysis of the impact of using LH2 to precool and intercool in the compression system. The propulsion installations comprise Brayton cycle-based turbofans and first assessments are made on how to use the hydrogen as a heat sink integrated into the compression system. Conceptual tubular compact heat exchanger designs are explored to either precool or intercool the compression system and preheat the fuel to improve the installed performance of the propulsion cycles. The precooler and the intercooler show up to 0.3% improved specific fuel consumption for heat exchanger effectiveness in the range 0.5–0.6 but higher effectiveness designs incur disproportionately higher pressure losses that cancel-out the benefits.
Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming: A Critical Analysis of MR and RMM Technologies
Jan 2020
Publication
Hydrogen as the energy carrier of the future’ has been a topic discussed for decades and is today the subject of a new revival especially driven by the investments in renewable electricity and the technological efforts done by high-developed industrial powers such as Northern Europe and Japan. Although hydrogen production from renewable resources is still limited to small scale local solutions and R&D projects; steam reforming (SR) of natural gas at industrial scale is the cheapest and most used technology and generates around 8 kg CO2 per kg H2. This paper is focused on the process optimization and decarbonization of H2 production from fossil fuels to promote more efficient approaches based on membrane separation. In this work two emerging configurations have been compared from the numerical point of view: the membrane reactor (MR) and the reformer and membrane module (RMM) proposed and tested by this research group. The rate of hydrogen production by SR has been calculated according to other literature works a one-dimensional model has been developed for mass heat and momentum balances. For the membrane modules the rate of hydrogen permeation has been estimated according to mass transfer correlation previously reported by this research group and based on previous experimental tests carried on in the first RMM Pilot Plant. The methane conversion carbon dioxide yield temperature and pressure profile are compared for each configuration: SR MR and RMM. By decoupling the reaction and separation section such as in the RMM the overall methane conversion can be increased of about 30% improving the efficiency of the system.
Current Status and Development Trend of Wind Power Generation-based Hydrogen Production Technology
Jan 2019
Publication
The hydrogen production technology by wind power is an effective mean to improve the utilization of wind energy and alleviate the problem of wind power curtailment. First the basic principles and technical characteristics of the hydrogen production technology by wind power are briefly introduced. Then the history of the hydrogen production technology is reviewed and on this basis the hydrogen production system by wind power is elaborated in detail. In addition the prospect of the application of the hydrogen production technology by wind power is analyzed and discussed. In the end the key technology of the hydrogen production by wind power and the problems to be solved are comprehensively reviewed. The development of hydrogen production technology by wind power is analyzed from many aspects which provides reference for future development of hydrogen production technology by wind power
THyGA - Review on Other Projects Related to Mitigation and Identification of Useable Sensors in Existing Appliances
Jun 2022
Publication
The main goal of THyGA’s WP5 is to investigate ways to adapt residential or commercial appliances that have safety or performance issues to different levels of H2 concentrations in natural gas. This first deliverable presents some possible mitigation measures based on a literature study and some calculations.<br/>Acting on gas quality to avoid that hydrogen addition enhance current gas properties variations was explored several times in the past. Designing new appliances that could operate with variable gas composition including hydrogen. Dealing with existing appliances in order to guaranty safety for users and appliances.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Envisioning the Hydrogen Revolution
May 2021
Publication
For our 40th episode of the Everything About Hydrogen podcast the gang are joined by hydrogen luminary Marco Alverà the CEO of Snam. Founded in 1941 and listed on the Italian stock exchange since 2001 Snam is a leader in the European gas market and operator of over 41000km of transport networks. Hailed as a visionary who has led the pivot of the world’s 2nd largest gas distribution company towards a clean gas trajectory Marco is widely recognized as a thought leader and a key figure driving the transition towards hydrogen. On the show the team discuss why Marco decided to lead Snam's pivot towards hydrogen what he sees as the role of hydrogen in the energy transition and how blue hydrogen can sit alongside green hydrogen as part of the solution to a decarbonized gas network.
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Study on Applicability of Energy-Saving Devices to Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Ships
Mar 2022
Publication
The decarbonisation of waterborne transport is arguably the biggest challenge faced by the maritime industry presently. By 2050 the International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the shipping industry by 50% compared to 2008 with a vision to phase out fossil fuels by the end of the century as a matter of urgency. To meet such targets action must be taken immediately to address the barriers to adopt the various clean shipping options currently at different technological maturity levels. Green hydrogen as an alternative fuel presents an attractive solution to meet future targets from international bodies and is seen as a viable contributor within a future clean shipping vision. The cost of hydrogen fuel—in the shortterm at least—is higher compared to conventional fuel; therefore energy-saving devices (ESDs) for ships are more important than ever as implementation of rules and regulations restrict the use of fossil fuels while promoting zero-emission technology. However existing and emerging ESDs in standalone/combination for traditional fossil fuel driven vessels have not been researched to assess their compatibility for hydrogen-powered ships which present new challenges and considerations within their design and operation. Therefore this review aims to bridge that gap by firstly identifying the new challenges that a hydrogen-powered propulsion system brings forth and then reviewing the quantitative energy saving capability and qualitive additional benefits of individual existing and emerging ESDs in standalone and combination with recommendations for the most applicable ESD combinations with hydrogen-powered waterborne transport presented to maximise energy saving and minimise the negative impact on the propulsion system components. In summary the most compatible combination ESDs for hydrogen will depend largely on factors such as vessel types routes propulsion operation etc. However the mitigation of load fluctuations commonly encountered during a vessels operation was viewed to be a primary area of interest as it can have a negative impact on hydrogen propulsion system components such as the fuel cell; therefore the ESD combination that can maximise energy savings as well as minimise the fluctuating loads experienced would be viewed as the most compatible with hydrogen-powered waterborne transport.
Preliminary Risk Assessment (PRA) for Tests Planned in a Pilot Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage in the Frame of the French Project STOPIL-H2
Sep 2021
Publication
The STOPIL-H2 project supported by the French Geodenergies research consortium aims to design a demonstrator for underground hydrogen storage in cavern EZ53 of the Etrez gas storage (France) operated by Storengy. Two types of tests are planned in this cavern: a tightness test with nitrogen and hydrogen then a cycling test during which the upper part of the cavern (approximately 200 m3) will be filled with hydrogen during 6 to 9 months. In this paper the PRA for the cycling test is presented comprising the identification of the major hazards and the proposed prevention and protection measures. The implemented methodology involves the following steps: data mining from the description of the project; analysis of lessons learned from accidents that occurred in underground gas storage and subface facilities; identification of the potential hazards pertaining to the storage process; analysis of external potential aggressors. Resulting as one of the outcomes of the PRA major accidental scenarios are presented and classified according to concerned storage operation phases as well as determined preventive or protective barriers able to prevent their occurrence of mitigate their consequences.
Aspects of Hydrogen and Biomethane Introduction in Natural Gas Infrastructure and Equipment
Aug 2021
Publication
The injection of green hydrogen and biomethane is currently seen as the next step towards the decarbonization of the gas sector in several countries. However the introduction of these gases in existent infrastructure has energetic material and operational implications that should be carefully looked at. With regard to a fully blown green gas grid transport and distribution will require adaptations. Furthermore the adequate performance of end-use equipment connected to the grid must be accounted for. In this paper a technical analysis of the energetic material and operational aspects of hydrogen and biomethane introduction in natural gas infrastructure is performed. Impacts on gas transmission and distribution are evaluated and an interchangeability analysis supported by one-dimensional Cantera simulations is conducted. Existing gas infrastructure seems to be generally fit for the introduction of hydrogen and biomethane. Hydrogen content up to 20% by volume appears to be possible to accommodate in current infrastructure with only minor technical modifications. However at the Distribution System Operator (DSO) level the introduction of gas quality tracking systems will be required due to the distributed injection nature of hydrogen and biomethane. The different tolerances for hydrogen blending of consumers depending on end-use equipment may be critical during the transition period to a 100% green gas grid as there is a risk of pushing consumers off the grid.
Mapping Geological Hydrogen Storage Capacity and Regional Heating Demands: An Applied UK Case Study
Feb 2021
Publication
Hydrogen is considered as a low-carbon substitute for natural gas in the otherwise difficult to decarbonise domestic heating sector. This study presents for the first time a globally applicable source to sink methodology and analysis that matches geological storage capacity with energy demand. As a case study it is applied to the domestic heating system in the UK with a focus on maintaining the existing gas distribution network. To balance the significant annual cyclicity in energy demand for heating hydrogen could be stored in gas fields offshore and transported via offshore pipelines to the existing gas terminals into the gas network. The hydrogen energy storage demand in the UK is estimated to be ~77.9 terawatt-hour (TWh) which is approximately 25 % of the total energy from natural gas used for domestic heating. The total estimated storage capacity of the gas fields included in this study is 2661.9 TWh. The study reveals that only a few offshore gas fields are required to store enough energy as hydrogen to balance the entire seasonal demand for UK domestic heating. It also demonstrates that as so few fields are required hydrogen storage will not compete for the subsurface space required for other low-carbon subsurface applications such as carbon storage or compressed air energy storage.
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis as an Efficient Route in Cleavage of Lignin and Model Compounds
Aug 2018
Publication
Cleavage of aromatic ether bonds through hydrogenolysis is one of the most promising routes for depolymerisation and transformation of lignin into value-added chemicals. Instead of using pressurized hydrogen gas as hydrogen source some reductive organic molecules such as methanol ethanol isopropanol as well as formates and formic acid can serve as hydrogen donor is the process called catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis. This is an emerging and promising research field but there are very few reports. In this paper a comprehensive review of the works is presented on catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of lignin and lignin model compounds aiming to breakdown the aromatic ethers including α-O-4 β-O-4 and 4-O-5 linkages with focus on reaction mechanisms. The works are organised regarding to different hydrogen donors used to gain an in-depth understanding of the special role of various hydrogen donors in this process. Perspectives on current challenges and opportunities of future research to develop catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis as a competitive and unique strategy for lignin valorisation are also provided.
AMHYCO Project - Towards Advanced Accident Guidelines for Hydrogen Safety in Nuclear Power Plants
Sep 2021
Publication
Severe accidents in nuclear power plants are potentially dangerous to both humans and the environment. To prevent and/or mitigate the consequences of these accidents it is paramount to have adequate accident management measures in place. During a severe accident combustible gases — especially hydrogen and carbon monoxide — can be released in significant amounts leading to a potential explosion risk in the nuclear containment building. These gases need to be managed to avoid threatening the containment integrity which can result in the releases of radioactive material into the environment. The main objective of the AMHYCO project is to propose innovative enhancements in the way combustible gases are managed in case of a severe accident in currently operating reactors. For this purpose the AMHYCO project pursues three specific activities including experimental investigations of relevant phenomena related to hydrogen / carbon monoxide combustion and mitigation with PARs (Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners) improvement of the predictive capabilities of analysis tools used for explosion hazard evaluation inside the reactor containment as well as enhancement of the Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMGs) with respect to combustible gases risk management based on theoretical and experimental results. Officially launched on 1 October 2020 AMHYCO is an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project that will last 4 years from 2020 to 2024. This international project consists of 12 organizations (six from European countries and one from Canada) and is led by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). AMHYCO will benefit from the worldwide experts in combustion science accident management and nuclear safety in its Advisory Board. The paper will give an overview of the work program and planned outcome of the project.
Exploring Possible Transition Pathways for Hydrogen Energy: A Hybrid Approach Using Socio-technical Scenarios and Energy System Modelling
Jul 2014
Publication
Hydrogen remains an important option for long-term decarbonisation of energy and transport systems. However studying the possible transition paths and development prospects for a hydrogen energy system is challenging. The long-term nature of technological transitions inevitably means profound uncertainties diverging perspectives and contested priorities. Both modelling approaches and narrative storyline scenarios are widely used to explore the possible future of hydrogen energy but each approach has shortcomings.<br/>This paper presents a hybrid approach to assessing hydrogen transitions in the UK by confronting qualitative socio-technical scenarios with quantitative energy systems modelling through a process of ‘dialogue’ between scenario and model. Three possible transition pathways are explored each exploring different uncertainties and possible decision points. Conclusions are drawn for both the future of hydrogen and on the value of an approach that brings quantitative formal models and narrative scenario techniques into dialogue.
Hydrogen Storage: Recent Improvements and Industrial Perspectives
Sep 2021
Publication
Efficient storage of hydrogen is crucial for the success of hydrogen energy markets. Hydrogen can be stored either as a compressed gas a refrigerated liquefied gas a cryo-compressed gas or in hydrides. This paper gives an overview of compressed hydrogen storage technologies focusing on high pressure storage tanks in metal and in composite materials. It details specific issues and constraints related to the materials and structure behavior in hydrogen and conditions representative of hydrogen energy uses. This paper is an update of the 2019 version that was presented in Australia. It especially covers recent progress made regarding regulations codes and standards for the design manufacturing periodic inspection and plastic materials’ evaluation of compressed hydrogen storage.
The Pressure Peaking Phenomenon for Ignited Under-Expanded Hydrogen Jets in the Storage Enclosure: Experiments and Simulations for Release Rates of up to 11.5 g/s
Dec 2021
Publication
This work focuses on the experimental and numerical investigation of maximum overpressure and pressure dynamics during ignited hydrogen releases in a storage enclosure e.g. in marine vessel or rail carriage with limited vent size area i.e. the pressure peaking phenomenon (PPP) revealed theoretically at Ulster University in 2010. The CFD model previously validated against small scale experiments in a 1 m3 enclosure is employed here to simulate real-scale tests performed by the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN) in a chamber with a volume of 15 m3 . The numerical study compares two approaches on how to model the ignited hydrogen release conditions for under-expanded jets: (1) notional nozzle concept model with inflow boundary condition and (2) volumetric source model in the governing conservation equations. For the test with storage pressure of 11.78 MPa both approaches reproduce the experimental pressure dynamics and the pressure peak with a maximum 3% deviation. However the volumetric source approach reduces significantly the computational time by approximately 3 times (CFL = 0.75). The sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of CFL number the size of the volumetric source and number of iterations per time step. An approach based on the use of a larger size volumetric source and uniform coarser grid with a mesh size of a vent of square size is demonstrated to reduce the duration of simulations by a factor of 7.5 compared to the approach with inflow boundary at the notional nozzle exit. The volumetric source model demonstrates good engineering accuracy in predicting experimental pressure peaks with deviation from −14% to +11% for various release and ventilation scenarios as well as different volumetric source sizes. After validation against experiments the CFD model is employed to investigate the effect of cryogenic temperature in the storage on the overpressure dynamics in the enclosure. For a storage pressure equal to 11.78 MPa it is found that a decrease of storage temperature from 277 K to 100 K causes a twice larger pressure peak in the enclosure due to the pressure peaking phenomenon.
Numerical Study on Tri-fuel Combustion: Ignition Properties of Hydrogen-enriched Methane-diesel and Methanol-diesel Mixtures
Jan 2020
Publication
Simultaneous and interactive combustion of three fuels with differing reactivities is investigated by numerical simulations. In the present study conventional dual-fuel (DF) ignition phenomena relevant to DF compression ignition (CI) engines are extended and explored in tri-fuel (TF) context. In the present TF setup a low reactivity fuel (LRF) methane or methanol is perfectly mixed with hydrogen and air to form the primary fuel blend at the lean equivalence ratio of 0.5. Further such primary fuel blends are ignited by a high-reactivity fuel (HRF) here n-dodecane under conditions similar to HRF spray assisted ignition. Here ignition is relevant to the HRF containing parts of the tri-fuel mixtures while flame propagation is assumed to occur in the premixed LRF/ containing end gas regions. The role of hydrogen as TF mixture reactivity modulator is explored. Mixing is characterized by n-dodecane mixture fraction ξ and molar ratio . When x < 0.6 minor changes are observed for the first- and second-stage ignition delay time (IDT) of tri-fuel compared to dual-fuel blends (x = 0). For methane when x > 0.6 first- and second-stage IDT increase by factor 1.4–2. For methanol a respective decrease by factor 1.2–2 is reported. Such contrasting trends for the two LRFs are explained by reaction sensitivity analysis indicating the importance of OH radical production/consumption in the ignition process. Observations on LRF/ end gas laminar flame speed () indicate that increases with x due to the highly diffusive features of . For methane increase with x is more significant than for methanol.
Life Cycle Assessment and Water Footprint of Hydrogen Production Methods: From Conventional to Emerging Technologies
Oct 2020
Publication
A common sustainability issue arising in production systems is the efficient use of resources for providing goods or services. With the increased interest in a hydrogen (H2) economy the life-cycle environmental performance of H2 production has special significance for assisting in identifying opportunities to improve environmental performance and to guide challenging decisions and select between technology paths. Life cycle impact assessment methods are rapidly evolving to analyze multiple environmental impacts of the production of products or processes. This study marks the first step in developing process-based streamlined life cycle analysis (LCA) of several H2 production pathways combining life cycle impacts at the midpoint (17 problem-oriented) and endpoint (3 damage-oriented) levels using the state-of-the-art impact assessment method ReCiPe 2016. Steam reforming of natural gas coal gasification water electrolysis via proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM) solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) biomass gasification and reforming and dark fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass were analyzed. An innovative aspect is developed in this study is an analysis of water consumption associated with H2 production pathways by life-cycle stage to provide a better understanding of the life cycle water-related impacts on human health and natural environment. For water-related scope Water scarcity footprint (WSF) quantified using Available Water Remaining (AWARE) method was applied as a stand-alone indicator. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each production pathway identify the drivers of environmental impact quantify midpoint environmental impact and its influence on the endpoint environmental performance. The findings of this study could serve as a useful theoretical reference and practical basis to decision-makers of potential environmental impacts of H2 production systems.
Optimization of Operating Hydrogen Storage System for Coal–Wind–Solar Power Generation
Jul 2022
Publication
To address the severity of the wind and light abandonment problem and the economics of hydrogen energy production and operation this paper explores the problem of multi-cycle resource allocation optimization of hydrogen storage systems for coal–wind–solar power generation. In view of the seriousness of the problem of abandoning wind and photovoltaic power and the economy of hydrogen production and operation the node selection and scale setting issues for hydrogen production and storage as well as decision-making problems such as the capacity of new transmission lines and new pipelines and route planning are studied. This research takes the satisfaction of energy supply as the basic constraint and constructs a multi-cycle resource allocation optimization model for an integrated energy system aiming to achieve the maximum benefit of the whole system. Using data from Inner Mongolia where wind abandonment and power limitation are severe and Beijing and Shanxi provinces where hydrogen demand is high this paper analyzes the benefits of the hydrogen storage system for coal–wind–solar power generation and explores the impact of national subsidy policies and technological advances on system economics.
HydroGenerally - Episode 2: Where Should Hydrogen Be Used?
Apr 2022
Publication
The Innovate UK KTN Hydrogen Innovation Network is bringing you this second episode with Steffan Eldred and Simon Buckley from Innovate UK KTN who continue their ‘back to basics' approach and delve deeper to understand where hydrogen should be used with their special guest Joanna Richart Head of Hydrogen Business at Ricardo. As with any technology or fuel discussions can get carried away implying they are the solution to all things but at Innovate UK KTN we strongly believe that we should ensure hydrogen is used where it can be most effective for decarbonising energy industrial and chemical industries.
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Past, Present and Near Future: An Overview of Closed, Running and Planned Biomethanation Facilities in Europe
Sep 2021
Publication
The power-to-methane technology is promising for long-term high-capacity energy storage. Currently there are two different industrial-scale methanation methods: the chemical one (based on the Sabatier reaction) and the biological one (using microorganisms for the conversion). The second method can be used not only to methanize the mixture of pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide but also to methanize the hydrogen and carbon dioxide content of low-quality gases such as biogas or deponia gas enriching them to natural gas quality; therefore the applicability of biomethanation is very wide. In this paper we present an overview of the existing and planned industrial-scale biomethanation facilities in Europe as well as review the facilities closed in recent years after successful operation in the light of the scientific and socioeconomic context. To outline key directions for further developments this paper interconnects biomethanation projects with the competitiveness of the energy sector in Europe for the first time in the literature. The results show that future projects should have an integrative view of electrolysis and biomethanation as well as hydrogen storage and utilization with carbon capture and utilization (HSU&CCU) to increase sectoral competitiveness by enhanced decarbonization.
Delivering an Energy Export Transition: Impact of Conflicting and Competing Informational Contexts on Public Acceptance of Australia's Hydrogen Export Industry
Mar 2024
Publication
This study uses an online quasi-experiment with a national sample from Australia to evaluate public acceptance of hydrogen exports. It explores the complex communications environment that messaging about hydrogen exports is typically encountered in. We find that acceptance of green hydrogen exports is significantly higher than blue or brown hydrogen exports and acceptance of blue hydrogen exports higher than brown hydrogen exports. Additionally results show economic-framed benefit messages are associated with lesser public acceptance when encountered in communication contexts that outline differently-focused environmental downsides (competing contexts) but not same-focused economic downsides (conflicting contexts). In contrast environment-framed benefit messages are associated with lesser public acceptance when presented in communication contexts that outline same-focused environmental downsides (conflicting contexts) but not differentlyfocused economic downsides (competing contexts). Overall the study indicates message framing can impact acceptance of hydrogen exports and that organisations should consider the informational context within which their communications will be received.
EUA- Bringing Hydrogen Alive
Apr 2021
Publication
The UK is on course to become a global leader in hydrogen technology. Over £3bn is ready to be invested into hydrogen today. The pace of activity is rapid and the opportunities are vast.
Join us at our free to attend event where you will gain unique insights into how the Hydrogen industry is progressing together with exclusive access to future plans.
The dynamic and lively session will demonstrate the viability of hydrogen as a key component to achieve Net Zero.
Confirmed contributors include:
Join us at our free to attend event where you will gain unique insights into how the Hydrogen industry is progressing together with exclusive access to future plans.
The dynamic and lively session will demonstrate the viability of hydrogen as a key component to achieve Net Zero.
Confirmed contributors include:
- National Grid Gas Transmission
- Cadent
- Chris Train Previous CEO Cadent
- DNV
- Worcester Bosch
- ITM Power
- Northern Gas Networks
- Decarbonising Heat in Buildings - New Research Findings from the Gas Distribution Networks
Energy Saving Technologies and Mass-thermal Network Optimization for Decarbonized Iron and Steel Industry: A Review
Jul 2020
Publication
The iron and steel industry relies significantly on primary energy and is one of the largest energy consumers in the manufacturing sector. Simultaneously numerous waste heat is lost and discharged directly into the environment in the process of steel production. Thus considering conservation of energy energy-efficient improvement should be a holistic target for iron and steel industry. The research gap is that almost all the review studies focus on the primary energy saving measures in iron and steel industry whereas few work summarize the secondary energy saving technologies together with former methods. The objective of this paper is to develop the concept of mass-thermal network optimization in iron and steel industry which unrolls a comprehensive map to consider current energy conservation technologies and low grade heat recovery technologies from an overall situation. By presenting an overarching energy consumption in the iron and steel industry energy saving potentials are presented to identify suitable technologies by using mass-thermal network optimization. Case studies and demonstration projects around the world are also summarized. The general guideline is figured out for the energy optimization in iron and steel industry while the improved mathematical models are regarded as the future challenge.
Hydrogen Safety Strategies and Risk Management in Equinor
Sep 2021
Publication
Equinor has in recent years focused on low carbon technologies in addition to conventional oil & gas technologies. Clear strategic directions have been set to demonstrate Equinor’s commitment to longterm value creation that supports the Paris Agreement. This includes acceleration of decarbonization by establishing a well-functioning market for carbon capture transport and storage (CCS) as well as development of competitive hydrogen-based value chains and solutions. The specific properties of hydrogen must be taken into account in order to ensure safe design and operation of hydrogen systems as these properties differ substantially from those of natural gas and other conventional oil & gas products. Development projects need to consider and mitigate the increased possibility of high explosion pressures or detonation if hydrogen releases accumulate in enclosed or congested areas. On the other hand hydrogen’s buoyant properties can be exploited by locating potential leak points in the open to avoid gas accumulation thereby reducing the explosion risk. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Equinor’s hydrogen-based value chain projects and present our approach to ensure safe and effective designs. Safety strategies constitute the basis for Equinor’s safety and risk management. The safety strategies describe the connection between the hazards and risk profiles on one hand and the safety barrier elements and their needed performance on the other as input to safe design. The safety strategies also form the basis for safe operation. Measures to control the risk through practical designs follow from these strategies.
Incorporating Homeowners' Preferences of Heating Technologies in the UK TIMES Model
Feb 2018
Publication
Hot water and space heating account for about 80% of total energy consumption in the residential sector in the UK. It is thus crucial to decarbonise residential heating to achieve UK's 2050 greenhouse gas reduction targets. However the decarbonisation transitions determined by most techno-economic energy system models might be too optimistic or misleading for relying on cost minimisation alone and not considering households' preferences for different heating technologies. This study thus proposes a novel framework to incorporate heterogeneous households' (HHs) preferences into the modelling process of the UK TIMES model. The incorporated preferences for HHs are based on a nationwide survey on homeowners' choices of heating technologies. Preference constraints are then applied to regulate the HHs' choices of heating technologies to reflect the survey results. Consequently compared to the least cost transition pathway the preference-driven pathway adopts heating technologies gradually without abrupt increases of market shares. Heat pumps and electric heaters are deployed much less than in the cost optimal result. Extensive district heating using low-carbon fuels and conservation measures should thus be deployed to provide flexibility for decarbonisation. The proposed framework can also incorporate preferences for other energy consumption technologies and be applied to other linear programming based energy system models.
An Alkaline-Acid Glycerol Electrochemical Reformer for Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Electricity
Apr 2022
Publication
This study shows the results for the first time of an glycerol alkaline-acid electrolyzer. Such a configuration allows spontaneous operation producing energy and hydrogen simultaneously as a result of the utilization of the neutralization and fuel chemical energy. The electroreformer—built with a 20 wt% Pd/C anode and cathode and a Na+ -pretreated Nafion® 117—can simultaneously produce hydrogen and electricity in the low current density region whereas it operates in electrolysis mode at high current densities. In the spontaneous region the maximum power densities range from 1.23 mW cm−2 at 30 ◦C to 11.9 mW cm−2 at 90 ◦C with a concomitant H2 flux ranging from 0.0545 STP m−3 m−2 h −1 at 30 ◦C to 0.201 STP m−3 m−2 h −1 at 90 ◦C due to the beneficial effect of the temperature on the performance. Furthermore over a chronoamperometric test the electroreformer shows a stable performance over 12 h. As a challenge proton crossover from the cathode to the anode through the cation exchange Nafion® partially reduces the pH gradient responsible for the extra electromotive force thus requiring a less permeable membrane.
Overview on Hydrogen Risk Research and Development Activities: Methodology and Open Issues
Jan 2015
Publication
During the course of a severe accident in a light water nuclear reactor large amounts of hydrogen can be generated and released into the containment during reactor core degradation. Additional burnable gases [hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO)] may be released into the containment in the corium/concrete interaction. This could subsequently raise a combustion hazard. As the Fukushima accidents revealed hydrogen combustion can cause high pressure spikes that could challenge the reactor buildings and lead to failure of the surrounding buildings. To prevent the gas explosion hazard most mitigation strategies adopted by European countries are based on the implementation of passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs). Studies of representative accident sequences indicate that despite the installation of PARs it is difficult to prevent at all times and locations the formation of a combustible mixture that potentially leads to local flame acceleration. Complementary research and development (R&D) projects were recently launched to understand better the phenomena associated with the combustion hazard and to address the issues highlighted after the Fukushima Daiichi events such as explosion hazard in the venting system and the potential flammable mixture migration into spaces beyond the primary containment. The expected results will be used to improve the modeling tools and methodology for hydrogen risk assessment and severe accident management guidelines. The present paper aims to present the methodology adopted by Institut de Radioprotection et de Suˆ rete Nucleaire to assess hydrogen risk in nuclear power plants in particular French nuclear power plants the open issues and the ongoing R&D programs related to hydrogen distribution mitigation and combustion.
Hydrogen-powered Aviation and its Reliance on Green Hydrogen Infrastructure - Review and Research Gaps
Oct 2021
Publication
Aircraft powered by green hydrogen (H2) are a lever for the aviation sector to reduce the climate impact. Previous research already focused on evaluations of H2 aircraft technology but analyses on infrastructure related cost factors are rarely undertaken. Therefore this paper aims to provide a holistic overview of previous efforts and introduces an approach to assess the importance of a H2 infrastructure for aviation. A short and a medium-range aircraft are modelled and modified for H2 propulsion. Based on these a detailed cost analysis is used to compare both aircraft and infrastructure related direct operating costs (DOC). Overall it is shown that the economy of H2 aviation highly depends on the availability of low-cost green liquid hydrogen (LH2) supply infrastructure. While total DOC might even slightly decrease in a best LH2 cost case total DOC could also increase between 10 and 70% (short-range) and 15e102% (medium-range) due to LH2 costs alone.
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