Policy & Socio-Economics
Lock-In Effects on the Energy Sector: Evidence from Hydrogen Patenting Activities
Apr 2022
Publication
The aim of the paper is to analyze how regulatory design and its framework’s topics other than macroeconomic factors might impact green innovation by taking into consideration a brand-new renewable source of energy that is becoming more and more important in recent years: hydrogen and fuel cell patenting activities. Such activities have been used as a proxy for green technological change in a panel data of 52 countries over a 6-year period. A series of sectorial energy regulation and macroeconomic variables were tested to assess their impact on that technological frontier of green energy transition policy. As might have been expected the empirical analysis carried out with the model that was prefigured confirms significant evidence of lock-in effects on fossil fuel policies. The model confirms however another evidence: countries already investing in renewables might be willing to invest in hydrogen projects. A sort of reinforcement to the further development of green sustainable strategies seems to derive from having already concretely undertaken this direction. Future research should exploit different approaches to the research question and address the econometric criticalities mentioned in the paper along with exploiting results of the paper with further investigations.
Hydrogen: A Reviewable Energy Perspective
Sep 2019
Publication
Hydrogen has emerged as an important part of the clean energy mix needed to ensure a sustainable future. Falling costs for hydrogen produced with renewable energy combined with the urgency of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions has given clean hydrogen unprecedented political and business momentum.
This paper from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) examines the potential of hydrogen fuel for hard-to-decarbonise energy uses including energy-intensive industries trucks aviation shipping and heating applications. But the decarbonisation impact depends on how hydrogen is produced. Current and future sourcing options can be divided into grey (fossil fuel-based) blue (fossil fuel-based production with carbon capture utilisation and storage) and green (renewables-based) hydrogen. Green hydrogen produced through renewable-powered electrolysis is projected to grow rapidly in the coming years.
Among other findings:
Important synergies exist between hydrogen and renewable energy. Hydrogen can boost renewable electricity market growth and broaden the reach of renewable solutions.
Trade of energy-intensive commodities produced with hydrogen including “e-fuels” could spur faster uptake or renewables and bring wider economic benefits.
This paper from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) examines the potential of hydrogen fuel for hard-to-decarbonise energy uses including energy-intensive industries trucks aviation shipping and heating applications. But the decarbonisation impact depends on how hydrogen is produced. Current and future sourcing options can be divided into grey (fossil fuel-based) blue (fossil fuel-based production with carbon capture utilisation and storage) and green (renewables-based) hydrogen. Green hydrogen produced through renewable-powered electrolysis is projected to grow rapidly in the coming years.
Among other findings:
Important synergies exist between hydrogen and renewable energy. Hydrogen can boost renewable electricity market growth and broaden the reach of renewable solutions.
- Electrolysers can add demand-side flexibility. In advanced European energy markets electrolysers are growing from megawatt to gigawatt scale.
- Blue hydrogen is not inherently carbon free. This type of production requires carbon-dioxide (CO2) monitoring verification and certification.
- Synergies may exist between green and blue hydrogen deployment given the chance for economies of scale in hydrogen use or logistics.
- A hydrogen-based energy transition will not happen overnight. Hydrogen use is likely to catch on for specific target applications. The need for new supply infrastructure could limit hydrogen use to countries adopting this strategy.
- Dedicated hydrogen pipelines have existed for decades and could be refurbished along with existing gas pipelines. The implications of replacing gas abruptly or changing mixtures gradually should be further explored.
Trade of energy-intensive commodities produced with hydrogen including “e-fuels” could spur faster uptake or renewables and bring wider economic benefits.
Flexibility in Great Britain
May 2021
Publication
The Flexibility in Great Britain project analysed the system-level value of deploying flexibility across the heat transport industry and power sectors in Great Britain to provide a robust evidence-base on the role and value of flexibility in a net zero system.
Overview
Findings from this groundbreaking analysis of the future net zero energy system in Great Britain are expected to have profound implications for policymakers households and the wider energy sector across Great Britain.
Key findings include:
Read the Full Report here on the Carbon Trust Website
View the interactive analysis here at the Carbon Trust Website
Watch an accompanying video here at the Carbon Trust Youtube channel
Overview
Findings from this groundbreaking analysis of the future net zero energy system in Great Britain are expected to have profound implications for policymakers households and the wider energy sector across Great Britain.
Key findings include:
- Embedding greater flexibility across the entire energy system will reduce the cost of achieving net zero for all consumers while assuring energy security.
- Investing in flexibility is a no-regrets decision as it has the potential to deliver material net savings of up to £16.7bn per annum across all scenarios analysed in 2050.
- A more flexible system will accelerate the benefits of decarbonisation supported by decentralisation and digitalisation.
- To maximise the benefits of flexibility households and businesses should play an active role in the development and operation of the country’s future energy system as energy use for transport heat and appliances becomes more integrated.
- Policymakers should preserve existing flexibility options and act now to maximise future flexibility such as by building it into ‘smart’ appliances or building standards.
Read the Full Report here on the Carbon Trust Website
View the interactive analysis here at the Carbon Trust Website
Watch an accompanying video here at the Carbon Trust Youtube channel
The Road to Zero: Next Steps Towards Cleaner Road Transport and Delivering our Industrial Strategy
Jul 2018
Publication
Our mission is to put the UK at the forefront of the design and manufacturing of zero emission vehicles and for all new cars and vans to be effectively zero emission by 2040. As set out in the NO2 plan we will end the sale of new conventional petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2040. By then we expect the majority of new cars and vans sold to be 100% zero emission and all new cars and vans to have significant zero emission capability. By 2050 we want almost every car and van to be zero emission. We want to see at least 50% and as many as 70% of new car sales and up to 40% of new van sales being ultra low emission by 2030.<br/>We expect this transition to be industry and consumer led supported in the coming years by the measures set out in this strategy. We will review progress towards our ambitions by 2025. Against a rapidly evolving international context we will seek to maintain the UK’s leadership position and meet our ambitions and will consider what interventions are required if not enough progress is being made.
The World’s Energy Agenda & Its Evolution: Issues Monitor 2019
Feb 2019
Publication
In an era where the energy landscape is in constant transition energy leaders must pay attention to many different signals of change and distinguish key issues from the noise. The Issues Monitor identifies shifting patterns of connected issues which are shaping energy transitions.<br/>This report takes a focused look at the issues facing the energy transition in Europe using data collected by surveying over 40 leaders and shapers representing the European Transmission and Distributors Operators. This Issues Monitor outlines clear Action Priorities and Critical Uncertainties for different stakeholder groups mapping them out intuitively to promote a shared understanding of the issues. These maps also help identifiy regional variations understand differing areas of concern as well as follow the evolution of specific technology trends.<br/>Produced in partnership with ENTSO-E and E.DSO.
Analysing Long-term Opportunities for Offshore Energy System Integration in the Danish North Sea
Aug 2021
Publication
This study analyzes future synergies between the Oil and Gas (O&G) and renewables sectors in a Danish context and explores how exploiting these synergies could lead to economic and environmental benefits. We review and highlight relevant technologies and related projects and synthesize the state of the art in offshore energy system integration. All of these preliminary results serve as input data for a holistic energy system analysis in the Balmorel modeling framework. With a timeframe out to 2050 and model scope including all North Sea neighbouring countries this analysis explores a total of nine future scenarios for the North Sea energy system. The main results include an immediate electrification of all operational Danish platforms by linking them to the shore and/or a planned Danish energy island. These measures result in cost and CO2 emissions savings compared to a BAU scenario of 72% and 85% respectively. When these platforms cease production this is followed by the repurposing of the platforms into hydrogen generators with up to 3.6 GW of electrolysers and the development of up to 5.8 GW of floating wind. The generated hydrogen is assumed to power the future transport sector and is delivered to shore in existing and/or new purpose-built pipelines. The contribution of the O&G sector to this hydrogen production amounts to around 19 TWh which represents about 2% of total European hydrogen demand for transport in 2050. The levelized costs (LCOE) of producing this hydrogen in 2050 are around 4 €2020/kg H2 which is around twice those expected in similar studies. But this does not account for energy policies that may incentivize green hydrogen production in the future which would serve to reduce this LCOE to a level that is more competitive with other sources.
Developing Community Trust in Hydrogen
Oct 2019
Publication
The report documents current knowledge of the social issues surrounding hydrogen projects. It reviews leading practice stakeholder engagement and communication strategies and findings from focus groups and research activities across Australia.
The full report can be found at this link.
The full report can be found at this link.
Energy Transition in France
May 2022
Publication
To address the climate emergency France is committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. It plans to significantly increase the contribution of renewable energy in its energy mix. The share of renewable energy in its electricity production which amounts to 25.5% in 2020 should reach at least 40% in 2030. This growth poses several new challenges that require policy makers and regulators to act on the technological changes and expanding need for flexibility in power systems. This document presents the main strategies and projects developed in France as well as various recommendations to accompany and support its energy transition policy.
Opportunities for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Considering the National Energy & Climate Plans
Aug 2020
Publication
The study analyses the role of hydrogen in the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and identifies and highlights opportunities for hydrogen technologies to contribute to effective and efficient achievement of the 2030 climate and energy targets of the EU and its Member States.<br/>The study focuses on the potential and opportunities of renewable hydrogen produced by electrolysers using renewable electricity and of low-carbon hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming combined with CCS. The opportunities for and impacts of hydrogen deployment are assessed and summarised in individual fiches per Member State.<br/>The study analyses to what extent policy measures and industrial initiatives are already being taken to facilitate large-scale implementation of hydrogen in the current and the next decades. The study concludes by determining the CO2 reduction potential beyond what is foreseen in the NECPs through hydrogen energy technologies estimating the reduction of fossil fuel imports and reliance the prospective cost and the value added and jobs created. National teams working on decarbonisation roadmaps and updates of the NECPs are welcome to consider the opportunities and benefits of hydrogen deployment identified in this study.
Disrupting the UK energy system: Causes, Impacts and Policy Implications
Jun 2019
Publication
With government legislating for net-zero by 2050 what does this mean for UK energy markets and business models?<br/>Getting to net-zero will require economy-wide changes that extend well beyond the energy system leading to rapid and unprecedented change in all aspects of society.<br/>This report shines a light on the level of disruption that could be required by some sectors to meet net-zero targets. With many businesses making strong commitments to a net-zero carbon future the report highlights the stark future facing specific sectors. Some will need to make fundamental change to their business models and operating practices whilst others could be required to phase out core assets. Government may need to play a role in purposefully disrupting specific sectors to ensure the move away from high carbon business models facilitating the transition a zero-carbon economy. Sector specific impactsThe in-depth analysis presented in ‘Disrupting the UK energy systems: causes impacts and policy implications’ focuses on four key areas of the economy highlighting how they may need to change to remain competitive and meet future carbon targets.<br/>Heat: All approaches for heat decarbonisation are potentially disruptive with policymakers favouring those that are less disruptive to consumers. Since it is unlikely that rapid deployment of low carbon heating will be driven by consumers or the energy industry significant policy and governance interventions will be needed to drive the sustainable heat transformation.<br/>Transport: Following the ‘Road to Zero’ pathway for road transport is unlikely to be disruptive but it is not enough to meet our climate change targets. The stricter targets for phasing out conventional vehicles that will be required will lead to some disruption. Vehicle manufacturers the maintenance and repair sector and the Treasury may all feel the strain.<br/>Electricity: Strategies of the Big 6 energy companies have changed considerably in recent years with varying degrees of disruption to their traditional business model. It remains to be seen whether they will be able to continue to adapt to rapid change – or be overtaken by new entrants.<br/>Construction: To deliver low-carbon building performance will require disruptive changes to the way the construction sector operates. With new-build accounting for less than 1% of the total stock major reductions in energy demand will need to come through retrofit of existing buildings.<br/>The report identifies how policy makers plan for disruptions to existing systems. With the right tools and with a flexible and adaptive approach to policy implementation decision makers can better respond to unexpected consequences and ensure delivery of key policy objectives.
Environmental Audit Committee Inquiry into Hydrogen
Jun 2020
Publication
The Hydrogen Taskforce welcomes the opportunity to submit evidence to the Environmental Audit Committee’s inquiry into Hydrogen. It is the Taskforce’s view that:
You can download the whole document from the Hydrogen Taskforce website here
- Due to its various applications hydrogen is critical for the UK to reach net zero by 2050;
- The UK holds world-class advantages in hydrogen production distribution and application; and
- Other economies are moving ahead in the development of this sector and the UK must respond.
- Development of a cross departmental UK Hydrogen Strategy within UK Government;
- Commit £1bn of capex funding over the next spending review period to hydrogen production storage and distribution projects;
- Develop a financial support scheme for the production of hydrogen in blending industry power and transport;
- Amend Gas Safety Management Regulations (GSMR) to enable hydrogen blending and take the next steps towards 100% hydrogen heating through supporting public trials and mandating 100% hydrogen-ready boilers by 2025; and
- Commit to the support of 100 Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HRS) by 2025 to support the roll-out of hydrogen transport.
You can download the whole document from the Hydrogen Taskforce website here
Disruptive and Uncertain: Policy Makers’ Perceptions on UK Heat Decarbonisation
May 2020
Publication
<br/>The decarbonisation of heating represents a transformative challenge for many countries. The UK’s net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target requires the removal of fossil fuel combustion from heating in just three decades. A greater understanding of policy processes linked to system transformations is expected to be of value for understanding systemic change; how policy makers perceive policy issues can impact on policy change with knock-on effects for energy system change. This article builds on the literature considering policy maker perceptions and focuses on the issue of UK heat policy. Using qualitative analysis we show that policy makers perceive heat decarbonisation as disruptive technological pathways are seen as deeply uncertain and heat decarbonisation appears to offer policy makers little ‘up-side’. Perceptions are bounded by uncertainty affected by concerns over negative impacts influenced by external influences and relate to ideas of continuity. Further research and evidence on optimal heat decarbonisation and an adaptive approach to governance could support policy makers to deliver policy commensurate with heat decarbonisation. However even with reduced uncertainty and more flexible governance the perceptions of disruption to consumers mean that transformative heat policy may remain unpopular for policy makers potentially putting greenhouse mitigation targets at risk of being missed.
Assessment of Power-to-power Renewable Energy Storage Based on the Smart Integration of Hydrogen and Micro Gas Turbine Technologies
Mar 2022
Publication
Power-to-Power is a process whereby the surplus of renewable power is stored as chemical energy in the form of hydrogen. Hydrogen can be used in situ or transported to the consumption node. When power is needed again hydrogen can be consumed for power generation. Each of these processes incurs energy losses leading to a certain round-trip efficiency (Energy Out/Energy In). Round-trip efficiency is calculated considering the following processes; water electrolysis for hydrogen production compressed liquefied or metal-hydride for hydrogen storage fuel-cell-electric-truck for hydrogen distribution and micro-gas turbine for hydrogen power generation. The maximum achievable round-trip efficiency is of 29% when considering solid oxide electrolysis along with metal hydride storage. This number goes sharply down when using either alkaline or proton exchange membrane electrolyzers 22.2% and 21.8% respectively. Round-trip efficiency is further reduced if considering other storage media such as compressed- or liquefied-H2. However the aim of the paper is to highlight there is still a large margin to increase Power-to-Power round-trip efficiency mainly from the hydrogen production and power generation blocks which could lead to round-trip efficiencies of around 40%e42% in the next decade for Power-to-Power energy storage systems with micro-gas turbines.
National Hydrogen Roadmap: Pathways to an Economically Sustainable Hydrogen Industry in Australia
Apr 2021
Publication
The National Hydrogen Roadmap provides a blueprint for the development of a hydrogen industry in Australia.
Recently there has been a considerable amount of work undertaken (both globally and domestically) seeking to quantify the economic opportunities associated with hydrogen. The National Hydrogen Roadmap takes that analysis a step further by focusing on how those opportunities can be realised.
National Hydrogen Roadmap
The National Hydrogen Roadmap provides a blueprint for the development of a hydrogen industry in Australia.
The primary objective of the Roadmap is to provide a blueprint for the development of a hydrogen industry in Australia. With a number of activities already underway it is designed to help inform the next series of investment amongst various stakeholder groups (e.g. industry government and research) so that the industry can continue to scale in a coordinated manner.
Pathways to an economically sustainable industry
The low emissions hydrogen value chain now consists of a series of mature technologies. While there is considerable scope for further R&D this level of maturity has meant that the narrative has shifted from one of technology development to market activation.
Barriers to market activation stem from a lack of supporting infrastructure and/or the cost of hydrogen supply. However both barriers can be overcome via a series of strategic investments along the value chain from both the private and public sector.
The report shows that while government assistance is needed to kick-start the industry it can become economically sustainable thereafter. This is demonstrated by first assessing the target price of hydrogen needed for it be competitive with other energy carriers and feedstocks. Second the assessment considers the current state of the industry namely the cost and maturity of the underpinning technologies and infrastructure. It then identifies the material cost drivers and consequently the key priorities and areas for investment needed to make hydrogen competitive in each of the identified markets.
The opportunity for hydrogen to compete favourably on a cost basis in local applications such as transport and remote area power systems is within reach based on potential cost reductions to 2025. Further the development of a hydrogen export industry represents a significant opportunity for Australia and a potential 'game changer' for the local industry and the broader energy sector due to associated increases in scale."
You can read the full report on the CSIRO website at this link
Recently there has been a considerable amount of work undertaken (both globally and domestically) seeking to quantify the economic opportunities associated with hydrogen. The National Hydrogen Roadmap takes that analysis a step further by focusing on how those opportunities can be realised.
National Hydrogen Roadmap
The National Hydrogen Roadmap provides a blueprint for the development of a hydrogen industry in Australia.
The primary objective of the Roadmap is to provide a blueprint for the development of a hydrogen industry in Australia. With a number of activities already underway it is designed to help inform the next series of investment amongst various stakeholder groups (e.g. industry government and research) so that the industry can continue to scale in a coordinated manner.
Pathways to an economically sustainable industry
The low emissions hydrogen value chain now consists of a series of mature technologies. While there is considerable scope for further R&D this level of maturity has meant that the narrative has shifted from one of technology development to market activation.
Barriers to market activation stem from a lack of supporting infrastructure and/or the cost of hydrogen supply. However both barriers can be overcome via a series of strategic investments along the value chain from both the private and public sector.
The report shows that while government assistance is needed to kick-start the industry it can become economically sustainable thereafter. This is demonstrated by first assessing the target price of hydrogen needed for it be competitive with other energy carriers and feedstocks. Second the assessment considers the current state of the industry namely the cost and maturity of the underpinning technologies and infrastructure. It then identifies the material cost drivers and consequently the key priorities and areas for investment needed to make hydrogen competitive in each of the identified markets.
The opportunity for hydrogen to compete favourably on a cost basis in local applications such as transport and remote area power systems is within reach based on potential cost reductions to 2025. Further the development of a hydrogen export industry represents a significant opportunity for Australia and a potential 'game changer' for the local industry and the broader energy sector due to associated increases in scale."
You can read the full report on the CSIRO website at this link
Gas Goes Green: Britain's Hydrogen Network Plan Report
Jan 2021
Publication
Britain stands on the cusp of a world-leading hydrogen revolution and one which we are almost uniquely positioned to take advantage of. With an extensive world-leading gas grid huge amounts of offshore wind resource and liquid energy markets there are few other places as well positioned as the UK to lead the international race to build a hydrogen economy. Published as part of Energy Networks Association’s Gas Goes Green programme Britain’s Hydrogen Network Plan will play a vital role in delivering the UK’s ambitions for hydrogen as set out in the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan For A Green Industrial Revolution.<br/>This Plan sets out how Britain’s gas network companies will enable 100% hydrogen to be transported for use in different sectors of the UK economy. It also identifies the wider actions needed to provide hydrogen production and storage showing how transitioning the gas networks to hydrogen will allow hydrogen to play a full role in achieving net zero in the hard to decarbonise sectors such as industry heavy transport and domestic heating saving an estimated 40 million tonnes of CO2 emissions every year. All five of Britain’s gas network companies responsible for owning and operating £24bn of critical national energy infrastructure are committing through this Plan to delivering this work. It forms a key part of their ambition to building the world’s first zero carbon gas grid here in the UK.<br/>Britain’s Hydrogen Network Plan is founded on four tenets that will underpin the role of Britain’s gas network infrastructure in a hydrogen economy. These tenets reflect the breadth and scale of the impact that the transformation of our gas networks will have. They will guide how gas network companies ensure people’s safety in a fast moving and changing energy system. They reflect how the companies will maintain security of supply to our homes and businesses as we move away from the natural gas that has been the bedrock of our energy system for half a century. They will support the public’s ability to choose the right technology so households and businesses can choose the low carbon technologies that are best suited to their needs. And they will deliver jobs and investment so the transition of our gas networks has a lasting and enduring economic impact in communities across the country.<br/>As we look to the future the exciting role that hydrogen has to play in delivering a net zero economy is becoming increasingly clear. We look forward to working closely with the customers we serve the Government and the wider energy industry to turn that ambition into reality.
The New Oil? The Geopolitics and International Governance of Hydrogen
Jun 2020
Publication
While most hydrogen research focuses on the technical and cost hurdles to a full-scale hydrogen economy little consideration has been given to the geopolitical drivers and consequences of hydrogen developments. The technologies and infrastructures underpinning a hydrogen economy can take markedly different forms and the choice over which pathway to take is the object of competition between different stakeholders and countries. Over time cross-border maritime trade in hydrogen has the potential to fundamentally redraw the geography of global energy trade create a new class of energy exporters and reshape geopolitical relations and alliances between countries. International governance and investments to scale up hydrogen value chains could reduce the risk of market fragmentation carbon lock-in and intensified geo-economic rivalry.
Just Transition Commission
Mar 2021
Publication
The Just Transition Commission started work in early 2019 with a remit to provide practical and affordable recommendations to Scottish Ministers. This report sets out their view of the key opportunities and challenges for Scotland and recommends practical steps to achieving a just transition<br/><br/>Climate action fairness and opportunity must go together. Taking action to tackle climate change must make Scotland a healthier more prosperous and more equal society whilst restoring its natural environment. We want a Scotland where wellbeing is at the heart of how we measure ourselves and our prosperity. We know that the scars from previous industrial transitions have remained raw for generations. We know that some more recent aspirations for green jobs have not delivered on all the benefits promised for Scottish workers and communities. We need rapid interventions to fully realise the potential (and mitigate the potential injustice) associated with the net-zero transition.
Report on Socio-economic Impact of the FCH -JU Activities
Feb 2016
Publication
The FCH JU has with its industry and research partners worked since 2008 to develop and demonstrate FCH technologies along with development of the various business and environmental cases. It has involved a programme of increasingly ambitious demonstrations projects a consistent approach to research and development actions and a long term policy commitment. Developing the business and environmental cases for FCH technologies has created an increasingly compelling vision appealing to a range of stakeholders: to FCH technology businesses themselves assured by the long term commitment of the FCH JU to end users in terms of cost and operational performance potential and as critically to increasing numbers of policy and decision makers attracted by the substantial socio-economic benefits.
Energy integration – The Covid-19 Crisis and Clean Energy Progress – Analysis Report
Jun 2020
Publication
The Covid-19 pandemic has dealt a massive blow to countries around the world choking economies and transforming daily life for billions of people. This extraordinary disruption has significantly impacted the energy sector with worrying implications for clean energy transitions. Some key clean energy technologies have been encouragingly resilient to the effects of the crisis but so far there is little to suggest that the dramatic structural progress needed to achieve long-term climate and energy goals will happen in the current turmoil. Unprecedented action and leadership from governments companies and other real-world decision makers will be required to put the world more firmly on a sustainable long-term pathway. The energy sector must achieve dramatic sustained emissions reductions through policy investment and innovation measures across all energy sectors and technologies.
Building on Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2020 and other COVID-19 analysis this article takes stock of how the crisis has affected energy sectors and technologies thus far and explores the potential implications for clean energy transitions over the medium and longer term.
Link to Document on IEA Website
Building on Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2020 and other COVID-19 analysis this article takes stock of how the crisis has affected energy sectors and technologies thus far and explores the potential implications for clean energy transitions over the medium and longer term.
Link to Document on IEA Website
Potential Development of Renewable Hydrogen Imports to European Markets until 2030
Mar 2022
Publication
This paper considers potential import routes for low-carbon and renewable hydrogen (H2) to main European markets like Germany. In particular it analyses claims made by Hydrogen Europe and subsequently picked up by the European Commission in its Hydrogen Strategy that there will be 40GW of electrolyser capacity in nearby countries providing hydrogen imports to Europe by 2030. The analysis shows that by 2030 potential demand for H2 could be high enough to initiate some limited international hydrogen trade most likely between European countries initially rather than from outside Europe. Geographically a northern hydrogen cluster around Netherlands and NW Germany will be more significant for hydrogen demand while southern Europe is more likely to have surplus low cost renewable power generation. The paper considers potential H2 exporters to Europe including Ukraine and North African countries (in line with the proposal from Hydrogen Europe) as well as Norway and Russia. (The research pre-dates recent political and military tensions between Russia and Ukraine which are likely to influence future development pathways). The supply cost of hydrogen in 2030 is predicted to be in a reasonably (and perhaps surprisingly) narrow band around €3/kg from various sources and supply chains. The paper concludes that overall while imports of hydrogen to Europe are certainly possible in the longer term there are many challenges to be addressed. This conclusion supports the growing consensus that development of low carbon hydrogen certainly within Europe is likely to start within relatively local hydrogen clusters with some limited bilateral trade.
The research paper can be found on their website
The research paper can be found on their website
The Norwegian Government’s Hydrogen Strategy - Towards a Low Emission Society
Jun 2020
Publication
On Wednesday 3rd of June 2020 Norwegian Minister for Petroleum and Energy Tina Bru and Minister for Climate and Environment Sveinung Rotevatn presented the Norwegian government's hydrogen strategy.<br/>The strategy sets the course for the government's efforts to stimulate development of hydrogen-related technologies. Hydrogen as an energy carrier can contribute to reduction of greenhouse gases and create value for the Norwegian business sector. The government wishes to prioritise efforts in areas where Norway Norwegian enterprises and technology clusters may influence the development of hydrogen related technologies and where there are opportunites for increased value creation and green growth. For hydrogen to be a low-carbon or emission-free energy carrier it must be produced with no or low emissions such as through water electrolysis with renewable electricity or from natural gas with carbon capture and storage.<br/>Today technology maturity and high costs represent barriers for increased use of hydrogen especially in the transport sector and as feedstock in parts of industry. If hydrogen and hydrogen-based solutions such as ammonia are to be used in new areas both the technology and the solutions must become more mature. In this respect further technology development will be vital.
Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction
Dec 2020
Publication
Scaling up renewables to meet the 1.5ºC climate goal
As global economies aim to become carbon neutral competitive hydrogen produced with renewables has emerged as a key component of the energy mix. Falling renewable power costs and improving electrolyser technologies could make ""green"" hydrogen cost competitive by 2030 this report finds.
Green hydrogen can help to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in energy-intensive hard-to-decarbonise sectors like steel chemicals long-haul transport shipping and aviation. But production costs must be cut to make it economical for countries worldwide. Green hydrogen currently costs between two and three times more than ""blue"" hydrogen which is produced using fossil fuels in combination with carbon capture and storage (CCS).
This report from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) outlines strategies to reduce electrolyser costs through continuous innovation performance improvements and upscaling from megawatt (MW) to multi-gigawatt (GW) levels.
Among the findings:
As global economies aim to become carbon neutral competitive hydrogen produced with renewables has emerged as a key component of the energy mix. Falling renewable power costs and improving electrolyser technologies could make ""green"" hydrogen cost competitive by 2030 this report finds.
Green hydrogen can help to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in energy-intensive hard-to-decarbonise sectors like steel chemicals long-haul transport shipping and aviation. But production costs must be cut to make it economical for countries worldwide. Green hydrogen currently costs between two and three times more than ""blue"" hydrogen which is produced using fossil fuels in combination with carbon capture and storage (CCS).
This report from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) outlines strategies to reduce electrolyser costs through continuous innovation performance improvements and upscaling from megawatt (MW) to multi-gigawatt (GW) levels.
Among the findings:
- Electrolyser design and construction: Increased module size and innovation with increased stack manufacturing have significant impacts on cost. Increasing plant size from 1 MW (typical in 2020) to 20 MW could reduce costs by over a third. Optimal system designs maximise efficiency and flexibility.
- Economies of scale: Increasing stack production with automated processes in gigawatt-scale manufacturing facilities can achieve a step-change cost reduction. Procurement of materials: Scarcity of materials can impede electrolyser cost reduction and scale-up.
- Efficiency and flexibility in operations: Power supply incurs large efficiency losses at low load limiting system flexibility from an economic perspective.
- Industrial applications: Design and operation of electrolysis systems can be optimised for specific applications in different industries. Learning rates: Based on historic cost declines for solar photovoltaics (PV) the learning rates for fuel cells and electrolysers – whereby costs fall as capacity expands – could reach values between 16% and 21%.
- Ambitious climate mitigation: An ambitious energy transition aligned with key international climate goals would drive rapid cost reduction for green hydrogen. The trajectory needed to limit global warming at 1.5oC could make electrolysers an estimated 40% cheaper by 2030.
Thermodynamic, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Renewable Natural Gas Production Systems
May 2020
Publication
One of the options to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels is to produce gas with the quality of natural gas but based on renewable energy sources. It can encompass among other biogas generation from various types of biomass and its subsequent upgrading. The main aim of this study is to analyze under a combined technical economic and environmental perspective three of the most representative technologies for the production of biomethane (bio-based natural gas): (i) manure fermentation and its subsequent upgrading by CO2 removal (ii) manure fermentation and biogas methanation using renewable hydrogen from electrolysis and (iii) biomass gasification in the atmosphere of oxygen and methanation of the resulted gas. Thermodynamic economic and environmental analyses are conducted to thoroughly compare the three cases. For these purposes detailed models in Aspen Plus software were built while environmental analysis was performed using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results show that the highest efficiency (66.80%) and the lowest break-even price of biomethane (19.2 €/GJ) are reached for the technology involving fermentation and CO2 capture. Concerning environmental assessment the system with the best environmental performance varies depending on the impact category analyzed being the system with biomass gasification and methanation a suitable trade-off solution for biomethane production.
Hydrogen Valleys. Insights Into the Emerging Hydrogen Economies Around the World
Jun 2021
Publication
Clean hydrogen is universally considered an important energy vector in the global efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions to the "well below 2 °C scenario" as agreed by more than 190 states in the 2015 Paris Agreement. Hydrogen Valleys – regional ecosystems that link hydrogen production transportation and various end uses such as mobility or industrial feedstock – are important steps towards enabling the development of a new hydrogen economy.<br/><br/>This report has been issued during the setup of the "Mission Innovation Hydrogen Valley Platform" which was commissioned by the European Union and developed by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. The global information sharing platform to date already features 30+ global Hydrogen Valleys with a cumulative investment volume of more than EUR 30 billion. The projects provide a first-of-its kind look into the global Hydrogen Valley project landscape its success factors and remaining barriers. This report summarizes the findings and presents identified best practices for successful project development as well as recommendations for policymakers on how to provide a favourable policy environment that paves the way to reach the Hydrogen Valleys' full potential as enablers of the global hydrogen economy.
Hydrogen from Renewable Power
Sep 2018
Publication
As the world strives to cut carbon emissions electric power from renewables has emerged as a vital energy source. Yet transport and industry will still require combustible fuels for many purposes. Such needs could be met with hydrogen which itself can be produced using renewable power.
Hydrogen provides high-grade heat helping to meet a range of energy needs that would be difficult to address through direct electrification. This could make hydrogen the missing link in the transformation of the global energy system.
Key sectors for renewable-based hydrogen uptake include:
Electrolysers – which split hydrogen and oxygen – can make power systems more flexible helping to integrate high shares of variable renewables. Power consumption for electrolysis can be adjusted to follow actual solar and wind output while producing the hydrogen needed for transport industry or injection into the gas grid.
In the long run hydrogen could become a key element in 100% renewable energy systems. With technologies maturing actual scale-up should yield major cost reductions. The right policy and regulatory framework however remains crucial to stimulate private investment in in hydrogen production in the first place.
Hydrogen provides high-grade heat helping to meet a range of energy needs that would be difficult to address through direct electrification. This could make hydrogen the missing link in the transformation of the global energy system.
Key sectors for renewable-based hydrogen uptake include:
- Industry where it could replace fossil-based feedstocks including natural gas in high-emission applications.
- Buildings and power where it could be mixed with natural gas or combined with industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to produce syngas.
- Transport where it can provide low-carbon mobility through fuel-cell electric vehicles.
Electrolysers – which split hydrogen and oxygen – can make power systems more flexible helping to integrate high shares of variable renewables. Power consumption for electrolysis can be adjusted to follow actual solar and wind output while producing the hydrogen needed for transport industry or injection into the gas grid.
In the long run hydrogen could become a key element in 100% renewable energy systems. With technologies maturing actual scale-up should yield major cost reductions. The right policy and regulatory framework however remains crucial to stimulate private investment in in hydrogen production in the first place.
Rising To the Challenge of a Hydrogen Economy: The Outlook for Emerging Hydrogen Value Chains, From Production to Consumption
Jul 2021
Publication
For many a large-scale hydrogen economy is essential to a a clean energy future with three quarters of the more than 1100 senior energy professionals we surveyed saying Paris Agreement targets will not be possible without it.
DNV’s research Rising to the challenge of a hydrogen economy explores the outlook for emerging hydrogen value chains from production to consumption. It combines the wider view from the energy industry with commentary from business leaders and experts. Our research finds that the challenge is not in the ambition but in changing the timeline: from hydrogen on the horizon to hydrogen in our homes businesses and transport systems.
We see that the energy industry is rising to this challenge. By 2025 almost half (44%) of energy companies globally involved in hydrogen expect it to account for more than a tenth of their revenue rising to 73% of companies by 2030 – up significantly from just 8% of companies today. The research identifies infrastructure and cost as two of the biggest hurdles while the right regulations are deemed the most powerful enabler followed by carbon pricing. Proving the safety case will also be key to scaling the hydrogen economy.
Download your complimentary copy of DNV’s latest hydrogen research at their website link
DNV’s research Rising to the challenge of a hydrogen economy explores the outlook for emerging hydrogen value chains from production to consumption. It combines the wider view from the energy industry with commentary from business leaders and experts. Our research finds that the challenge is not in the ambition but in changing the timeline: from hydrogen on the horizon to hydrogen in our homes businesses and transport systems.
We see that the energy industry is rising to this challenge. By 2025 almost half (44%) of energy companies globally involved in hydrogen expect it to account for more than a tenth of their revenue rising to 73% of companies by 2030 – up significantly from just 8% of companies today. The research identifies infrastructure and cost as two of the biggest hurdles while the right regulations are deemed the most powerful enabler followed by carbon pricing. Proving the safety case will also be key to scaling the hydrogen economy.
Download your complimentary copy of DNV’s latest hydrogen research at their website link
Shipping the Sunshine: An Open-source Model for Costing Renewable Hydrogen Transport from Australia
Apr 2022
Publication
Green hydrogen (H2) is emerging as a future clean energy carrier. While there exists significant analysis on global renewable (and non-renewable) hydrogen generation costs analysis of its transportation costs irrespective of production method is still limited. Complexities include the different forms in which hydrogen can be transported the limited experience to date in shipping some of these carrier forms the trade routes potentially involved and the possible use of different shipping fuels. Herein we present an open-source model developed to assist stakeholders in assessing the costs of shipping various forms of hydrogen over different routes. It includes hydrogen transport in the forms of liquid hydrogen (LH2) ammonia liquified natural gas (LNG) methanol and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). It considers both fixed and variable costs including port fees possible canal usage charges fuel costs ship capital and operating costs boil-off losses and possible environmental taxes among many others. The model is applied to the Rotterdam-Australia route as a case study revealing ammonia ($0.56/kgH2) and methanol ($0.68/kgH2) as the least expensive hydrogen derivatives to transport followed by liquified natural gas ($1.07/kgH2) liquid organic hydrogen carriers ($1.37/kgH2) and liquid hydrogen ($2.09/kgH2). While reducing the transportation distance led to lower shipping costs we note that the merit order of assumed underlying shipping costs remain unchanged. We also explore the impact of using hydrogen (or the hydrogen carrier) as a low/zero carbon emission fuel for the ships which led to lowering of costs for liquified natural gas ($0.88/kgH2) a similar cost for liquid hydrogen ($2.19/kgH2) and significant increases for the remainder. Given our model is open-sourced it can be adapted globally and updated to match the changing cost dynamics of the emerging green hydrogen market.
Closing the Low-carbon Material Loop Using a Dynamic Whole System Approach
Feb 2017
Publication
The transition to low carbon energy and transport systems requires an unprecedented roll-out of new infrastructure technologies containing significant quantities of critical raw materials. Many of these technologies are based on general purpose technologies such as permanent magnets and electric motors that are common across different infrastructure systems. Circular economy initiatives that aim to institute better resource management practices could exploit these technological commonalities through the reuse and remanufacturing of technology components across infrastructure systems. In this paper we analyze the implementation of such processes in the transition to low carbon electricity generation and transport on the Isle of Wight UK. We model two scenarios relying on different renewable energy technologies with the reuse of Lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles for grid-attached storage. A whole-system analysis that considers both electricity and transport infrastructure demonstrates that the optimal choice of renewable technology can be dependent on opportunities for component reuse and material recycling between the different infrastructure systems. Hydrogen fuel cell based transport makes use of platinum from obsolete catalytic converters whereas lithium-ion batteries can be reused for grid-attached storage when they are no longer useful in vehicles. Trade-offs exist between the efficiency of technology reuse which eliminates the need for new technologies for grid attached storage completely by 2033 and the higher flexibility afforded by recycling at the material level; reducing primary material demand for Lithium by 51% in 2033 compared to 30% achieved by battery reuse. This analysis demonstrates the value of a methodology that combines detailed representations of technologies and components with a systemic approach that includes multiple interconnected infrastructure systems.
Heat Pump Manufacturing Supply Chain Research Project Report
Dec 2020
Publication
The Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) commissioned a study to research the capacity of the manufacturing supply chain to meet expected future demand for heat pumps. This report contains analysis of the existing supply chain including component parts and also assesses the risks to and opportunities for growth in domestic heat pump manufacture and export.<br/><br/>Alongside a literature review the findings in this report were supported by interviews with organisations involved in the manufacture of heat pumps and an online workshop held with a range of businesses throughout the supply chain.
Tees Valley Multi-modal Hydrogen Transport Hub Masterplan
Mar 2021
Publication
Study setting out a vision and plan for a multi-modal hydrogen transport hub within the UK. The study considers the:
- size of operational trials
- quantity of green hydrogen required
- research and development facilities which will support a living lab
- green hydrogen infrastructure required including:
- production
- storage
- distribution
- The study uses Tees Valley as an example region although the blueprint may be applied to other areas.
Study of the Microstructural and First Hydrogenation Properties of TiFe Alloy with Zr, Mn and V as Additives
Jul 2021
Publication
In this paper we report the effect of adding Zr + V or Zr + V + Mn to TiFe alloy on microstructure and hydrogen storage properties. The addition of only V was not enough to produce a minimum amount of secondary phase and therefore the first hydrogenation at room temperature under a hydrogen pressure of 20 bars was impossible. When 2 wt.% Zr + 2 wt.% V or 2 wt.% Zr + 2 wt.% V + 2 wt.% Mn is added to TiFe the alloy shows a finely distributed Ti2Fe-like secondary phase. These alloys presented a fast first hydrogenation and a high capacity. The rate-limiting step was found to be 3D growth diffusion controlled with decreasing interface velocity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the fast reaction is likely to be the presence of Ti2Fe-like secondary phases that act as a gateway for hydrogen.
Mathematical Description of Energy Transition Scenarios Based on the Latest Technologies and Trends
Dec 2021
Publication
This work dedicated to a mathematical description of energy transition scenarios consists of three main parts. The first part describes modern trends and problems of the energy sector. A large number of charts reflecting the latest updates in energy are provided. The COVID-2019 pandemic’s impacts on the energy sector are also included. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of energy consumption and the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. Furthermore a detailed description of energy-efficient technologies is given. Being important and low-carbon hydrogen is discussed including its advantages and disadvantages. The last part of the work describes the mathematical tool developed by the authors. The high availability of statistical data made it possible to identify parameters used in the algorithm with the least squares method and verify the tool. Performing several not complicated steps of the algorithm the tool allows calculating the deviation of the average global temperature of the surface atmosphere from preindustrial levels in the 21st century under different scenarios. Using the suggested mathematical description the optimal scenario that makes it possible to keep global warming at a level below 1.7 ◦C was found.
Committee for Climate Change Fifth Carbon Budget: Central Scenario Data
Jul 2016
Publication
This spreadsheet contains data for two future UK scenarios: a "baseline" (i.e. no climate action after 2008 the start of the carbon budget system) and the "central" scenario underpinning the CCC's advice on the fifth carbon budget (the limit to domestic emissions during the period 2028-32).<br/>The central scenario is an assessment of the technologies and behaviours that would prepare for the 2050 target cost-effectively while meeting the other criteria in the Climate Change Act (2008) based on central views of technology costs fuel prices carbon prices and feasibility. It is not prescriptive nor is it the only scenario considered for meeting the carbon budgets. For further details on our scenarios and how they were generated see the CCC report Sectoral scenarios for the Fifth Carbon Budget. The scenario was constructed for the CCC's November 2015 report and has not been further updated for example to reflect outturn data for 2015 or changes to Government policy.
Meeting Carbon Budgets – 2014 Progress Report to Parliament
Jul 2014
Publication
This is our sixth statutory report to Parliament on progress towards meeting carbon budgets. In it we consider the latest data on emissions and their drivers. This year the report also includes a full assessment of how the first carbon budget (2008-2012) was met drawing out policy lessons and setting out what is required for the future to stay on track for the legislated carbon budgets and the 2050 target. The report includes assessment at the level of the economy the non-traded and traded sectors the key emitting sectors and the devolved administrations. Whilst the first carbon budget has been met and progress made on development and implementation of some policies the main conclusion is that strengthening of policies will be needed to meet future budgets.
Public Acceptability of the Use of Hydrogen for Heating and Cooking in the Home: Results from Qualitative and Quantitative Research in UK<br/>Executive Summary
Nov 2018
Publication
This report for the CCC by Madano and Element Energy assesses the public acceptability of two alternative low-carbon technologies for heating the home: hydrogen heating and heat pumps.
These technologies could potentially replace natural gas in many UK households as part of the government’s efforts to decrease carbon emissions in the UK.
The report’s key findings are:
These technologies could potentially replace natural gas in many UK households as part of the government’s efforts to decrease carbon emissions in the UK.
The report’s key findings are:
- carbon emissions reduction is viewed as an important issue but there is limited awareness of the need to decarbonise household heating or the implications of switching over to low-carbon heating technologies
- acceptability of both heating technologies is limited by a lack of perceived tangible consumer benefit which has the potential to drive scepticism towards the switch over more generally
- heating technology preferences are not fixed at this stage although heat pumps appear to be the favoured option in this research studythree overarching factors were identified as influencing preferences for heating technologies.
- perceptions of the negative installation burden
- familiarity with the lived experience of using the technologies for heating
- perceptions of how well the technologies would meet modern heating needs both hydrogen heating and heat pumps face significant challenges to secure public acceptability
The Fourth Carbon Budget Review – Part 2 The Cost-effective Path to the 2050 Target
Nov 2013
Publication
This is the second document of a two-part review of the Fourth Carbon Budget which covers 2023 to 2027. The Fourth Carbon Budget agreed by the Government in June 2011 was scheduled to be reviewed in 2014. The first part of the review is available here: The Fourth Carbon Budget Review – part 1: assessment of climate risk and the international response (November 2013).<br/>According to the Climate Change Act 2008 carbon budgets can only be altered if there is a significant change in circumstances upon which the budget was set. Any such change in circumstances must be demonstrated through evidence and analysis.<br/>The Fourth Carbon Budget Review – part 2 considers the impacts of meeting the 2023-2027 budget. The review concludes that the impacts are small and manageable and identifies broader benefits associated with meeting the fourth carbon budget including: improved energy security improved air quality and reduced noise pollution.
Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Apr 2017
Publication
In this report Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions the Committee on Climate Change assesses how the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions are quantified where uncertainties lie and the implications for setting carbon budgets and measuring progress against climate change targets. The report finds that:
- The methodology for constructing the UK’s greenhouse gas inventory is rigorous but the process for identifying improvements could be strengthened.
- There is high confidence over large parts of the inventory. A small number of sectors contribute most to uncertainty and research efforts should be directed at improving these estimates.
- UK greenhouse gas emissions for 2014 were within ±3% of the estimated level with 95% confidence which is a low level of uncertainty by international standards.
- Methodology revisions in recent years have tended to increase estimated emissions but these changes have been within uncertainty margins.
- Statistical uncertainty in the current greenhouse gas inventory is low but could rise in future.
- Uncertainty also arises from sources of emissions not currently included in the inventory and from potential changes to IPCC guidelines.
- Independent external validation of greenhouse gas emissions is important and new monitoring techniques should be encouraged.
- Government should continue to monitor consumption-based greenhouse gas estimates and support continued research to improve methodology and reduce uncertainty in these estimates.
The Sixth Carbon Budget & Welsh Emissions Targets Summary of Responses to Call for Evidence Summary
Jul 2020
Publication
In late 2019 the Committee launched a Call for Evidence to inform its advice to the UK Government on the Sixth Carbon Budget due to be published in December 2020. In addition the Committee sought input on Wales’ third carbon budget and interim emissions targets. These summary documents – one for the Sixth Carbon Budget and a second covering Wales’ carbon budget and emissions targets – provide an overview of the 170+ responses received along with the original submissions which are also published below.<br/>As background in 2019 the UK Government and Parliament adopted the Committee on Climate Change’s (CCC) recommendation to reduce UK emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to Net Zero by 2050 (at least a 100% reduction in emissions compared to 1990 levels). The Climate Change Act 2008 requires the Committee to provide advice to the Government about the appropriate level for each carbon budget (sequential five-year caps on GHGs) on the path to the long-term target. To date in line with advice from the Committee five carbon budgets have been legislated covering the period to 2032. The Sixth Carbon Budget covers the period from 2033-37.
The Fourth Carbon Budget Review – Part 1 Assessment of Climate Risk and the International Response
Nov 2013
Publication
This is the first document of a two-part review of the Fourth Carbon Budget which covers 2023 to 2027. The Fourth Carbon Budget agreed by the Government in June 2011 was scheduled to be reviewed in 2014. The second part of the review is available here: The Fourth Carbon Budget Review – part 2: the cost effective path to the 2050 target (December 2013).<br/>According to the Climate Change Act 2008 carbon budgets can only be altered if there is a significant change in circumstances upon which the budget was set. Any such change in circumstances must be demonstrated through evidence and analysis.<br/>The Fourth Carbon Budget Review – part 1 focuses on developments in three categories of circumstance on which the budget was set: climate science international circumstances and European Union pathways. The report also looks at findings by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and assesses the implications for carbon budgets.
Reducing Emissions in Scotland – 2018 Progress Report
Sep 2019
Publication
This is the Committee’s seventh report on Scotland’s progress towards meetings emissions targets as requested by Scottish Ministers under the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009.
Overall Scotland continues to outperform the rest of the UK in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions but successful strategies for energy and waste mask a lack of progress in other parts of the Scottish economy.
The report shows that Scotland’s total emissions fell by 10% in 2016 compared to 2015. The lion’s share of this latest drop in emissions came from electricity generation.
The key findings are:
Overall Scotland continues to outperform the rest of the UK in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions but successful strategies for energy and waste mask a lack of progress in other parts of the Scottish economy.
The report shows that Scotland’s total emissions fell by 10% in 2016 compared to 2015. The lion’s share of this latest drop in emissions came from electricity generation.
The key findings are:
- Overall Scotland met its annual emissions targets in 2016.
- Scotland’s progress in reducing emissions from the power sector masks a lack of action in other areas particularly transport agriculture forestry and land use.
- Low-carbon heat transport agriculture and forestry sector policies need to improve in order to hit 2032 emissions targets.
- The Scottish Government’s Climate Change Plan – published in February 2018 – now has sensible expectations across each sector to reduce emissions.
Power Sector Scenarios for the Fifth Carbon Budget
Oct 2015
Publication
This report sets out scenarios for the UK power sector in 2030 as an input to the Committee’s advice on the fifth carbon budget.<br/>These scenarios are not intended to set out a prescriptive path. Instead they provide a tool for the Committee to verify that its advice can be achieved with manageable impacts in order to meet the criteria set out in the Climate Change Act including competitiveness affordability and energy security.
Future Regulation of the Gas Grid
Jun 2016
Publication
The CCC has established a variety of viable scenarios in which UK decarbonisation targets can be met. Each has consequences for the way in which the UK’s gas network infrastructure is utilised. This report considers the implications of decarbonisation for the future regulation of the gas grid.<br/>The CCC’s 5th Carbon Budget envisaged different scenarios that would enable the UK to meet its emissions targets for 2050. These scenarios represent holistic analyses based on internally consistent combinations of different technologies which could deliver carbon reductions across different sectors of the economy.<br/>The CCC’s scenarios incorporate projections of the demand for natural gas to 2050. The scenarios imply that the volume of throughput on the gas networks1 and the nature and location of network usage is likely to change significantly to meet emissions targets. They are also characterised by significant uncertainty.<br/>Under some decarbonisation scenarios gas networks could be re-purposed to supply hydrogen instead of natural gas meaning there would be ongoing need for network infrastructure.<br/>In other scenarios gas demand in buildings is largely replaced by electric alternatives meaning portions of the low pressure gas distribution networks could be decommissioned.<br/>Patchwork scenarios are also possible in which there is a mixture of these outcomes across the country.<br/>In this project the CCC wished to assess the potential implications for gas networks under these different demand scenarios; and evaluate the associated challenges for Government and regulatory policy. The challenge for BEIS and Ofgem is how to regulate in a way that keeps options open while uncertainty persists about the best solution for the UK; and at the same time how best to make policy and regulatory decisions which would serve to reduce this uncertainty. Both Government and Ofgem have policy and regulatory levers that they can use – and we identify and evaluate such levers in this report.
The Fifth Carbon Budget: The Next Step Towards a Low-carbon Economy
Nov 2015
Publication
This report sets out our advice on the fifth carbon budget covering the period 2028-2032 as required under Section 4 of the Climate Change Act; the Government will propose draft legislation for the fifth budget in summer 2016.
Zero Emission HGV Infrastructure Requirements
May 2019
Publication
The Committee on Climate Change commissioned Ricardo Energy and Environment to carry out research to assess the infrastructure requirements and costs for the deployment of different zero emission heavy goods vehicle (HGV) technology options. The infrastructure considered includes hydrogen refuelling stations ultra-rapid charge points at strategic locations electric overhead recharging infrastructure on the roads and hybrid solutions combining these options.
The research concluded:
It is feasible to build refuelling infrastructure to support the deployment of zero emission HGVs so that they constitute the vast majority of vehicles on the roads by 2050.
Looking at infrastructure alone deploying hydrogen refuelling stations is the cheapest of the options costing a total of £1.7bn in capital expenditure in the time period from now until 2060. The strategic deployment of ultra-rapid charge points is the most expensive at £10.7bn. In all scenarios a significant number of smaller electric HGVs are deployed as these options are available and operating on the streets today. The cost of installing chargers at depots for these vehicles is included.
When the costs of the fuel as well as the infrastructure are included the costs of deploying electricity or hydrogen HGVs are cheaper compared to the continued use of diesel.
Moving to zero-carbon infrastructure for HDVs is a significant challenge and requires planning co-ordination supply chains resource and materials and a skilled workforce as well as strong government policy to enable the market to deliver.
The Report can be found here
The research concluded:
It is feasible to build refuelling infrastructure to support the deployment of zero emission HGVs so that they constitute the vast majority of vehicles on the roads by 2050.
Looking at infrastructure alone deploying hydrogen refuelling stations is the cheapest of the options costing a total of £1.7bn in capital expenditure in the time period from now until 2060. The strategic deployment of ultra-rapid charge points is the most expensive at £10.7bn. In all scenarios a significant number of smaller electric HGVs are deployed as these options are available and operating on the streets today. The cost of installing chargers at depots for these vehicles is included.
When the costs of the fuel as well as the infrastructure are included the costs of deploying electricity or hydrogen HGVs are cheaper compared to the continued use of diesel.
Moving to zero-carbon infrastructure for HDVs is a significant challenge and requires planning co-ordination supply chains resource and materials and a skilled workforce as well as strong government policy to enable the market to deliver.
The Report can be found here
Government Strategy on Hydrogen - The Netherlands
Apr 2020
Publication
Low-carbon gases are indispensable to any energy system that is reliable clean affordable safe and is suited to spatial integration and zero-carbon hydrogen is a crucial link in that chain1. The most common element in the universe seems to have a highly bonding effect in the Netherlands – particularly as a result of the unique starting position of our country. This is made clear in the agreements of the National Climate Agreement which includes an ambitious target for hydrogen supported by a large and broad group of stakeholders. Industrial clusters and ports regard hydrogen as an indispensable part of their future and sustainability strategy. For the transport sector hydrogen (in combination with fuel cells) is crucial to achieving zero emissions transport. The agricultural sector has identified opportunities for the production of hydrogen and for its use. Cities regions and provinces are keen to get started on implementing hydrogen.<br/>The government embraces these targets and recognises the power of the framework for action demonstrated by so many parties. The focus on clean hydrogen in the Netherlands will lead to the creation of new jobs improvements to air quality and moreover is crucial to the energy transition.
A Critical Study of Stationary Energy Storage Policies in Australia in an International Context: The Role of Hydrogen and Battery Technologies
Aug 2016
Publication
This paper provides a critical study of current Australian and leading international policies aimed at supporting electrical energy storage for stationary power applications with a focus on battery and hydrogen storage technologies. It demonstrates that global leaders such as Germany and the U.S. are actively taking steps to support energy storage technologies through policy and regulatory change. This is principally to integrate increasing amounts of intermittent renewable energy (wind and solar) that will be required to meet high renewable energy targets. The relevance of this to the Australian energy market is that whilst it is unique it does have aspects in common with the energy markets of these global leaders. This includes regions of high concentrations of intermittent renewable energy (Texas and California) and high penetration rates of residential solar photovoltaics (PV) (Germany). Therefore Australian policy makers have a good opportunity to observe what is working in an international context to support energy storage. These learnings can then be used to help shape future policy directions and guide Australia along the path to a sustainable energy future.
The Journey to Smarter Heat
Mar 2019
Publication
As the UK’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases the supply of domestic industrial and commercial heat must be decarbonised if the UK is to meet its climate change targets.<br/><br/>This report publishes the outcomes from Phase 1 of the Energy Technologies Institute’s Smart Systems and Heat programme highlighting that for the UK to transition to a low carbon heating system it must understand consumer needs and behaviours while connecting this with the development and integration of technologies and new business models.<br/><br/>Written by the ETI with support from the Energy Systems Catapult this report tackles three interconnected areas: heating needs and controls within the home; heating infrastructure and building retrofit at a local level; and the operation and governance of the whole system.<br/><br/>The research also shows that as part of a low carbon heating system upgrade advanced controls are critical to performance sizing and operating costs enabling smaller appliances and lower peak electricity demands and maximising the efficiency of existing infrastructure. With significant fabric retrofits potentially required in around 10 million of the existing 28 million dwellings in the UK housing stock the report recommends that building new homes to be both very efficient and “low carbon ready” is a low regret decision which should be progressed with some urgency.
Reducing Emissions in Scotland – 2016 Progress Report
Sep 2016
Publication
This is the Committee’s fifth report on Scotland’s progress towards meeting emission reduction targets as requested by Scottish Ministers under the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009.<br/>The Scottish Act sets a long-term target to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by at least 80% in 2050 relative to 1990 with an interim target to reduce emissions by 42% in 2020. Secondary legislation passed in October 2010 and October 2011 also set a series of annual emission reduction targets for 2010 to 2022 and 2023 to 2027 respectively. We advised the Scottish Government on annual targets for the period 2028 to 2032 in March 2016 and July 2016.<br/>The report reveals that Scotland’s annual emissions reduction target for 2014 was met with gross Scottish greenhouse gas emissions including international aviation and shipping falling by 8.6% in 2014. This compares to a 7.3% fall for the UK as a whole. Since 1990 gross Scottish emissions have fallen nearly 40% compared to nearly 33% at a UK level.
Meeting Carbon Budgets – Ensuring a Low-carbon Recovery
Jun 2010
Publication
As part of its statutory role the Committee provides annual reports to Parliament on the progress that Government is making in meeting carbon budgets and in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.<br/>Meeting Carbon Budgets – ensuring a low-carbon recovery is the Committee’s 2nd progress report. Within this report we assess the latest emissions data and determine whether emissions reductions have occurred as a result of the recession or as a result of other external factors. We assess Government’s progress towards achieving emissions reductions in 4 key areas of: Power Buildings and Industry Transport and Agriculture.
2050 Energy Scenarios: The UK Gas Networks Role in a 2050 Whole Energy System
Jul 2016
Publication
Energy used for heat accounts (in terms of final consumption) for approximately 45% of our total energy needs and is critical for families to heat their homes on winter days. Decarbonising heat while still meeting peak winter heating demands is recognised as a big perhaps the biggest challenge for the industry. The way heat has been delivered in the UK has not fundamentally changed for decades and huge investments have been made in gas infrastructure assets ranging from import terminals to networks through to the appliances in our homes. Changing how heat is delivered whichever way is chosen will be a major economic and practical challenge affecting families and businesses everywhere. Any plan to decarbonise will need to address power and transport alongside heat. Our report has also looked at potential decarbonisation of power and transport as part of a whole energy system approach.
In this report we explore ways that the heat sector can be decarbonised by looking at four possible future scenarios set in 2050. These stylised scenarios present illustrative snapshots of alternative energy solutions. The scenarios do not present a detailed roadmap – indeed the future may include some elements from each. We have analysed the advantages disadvantages and costs of each scenario. All our scenarios meet the 2050 Carbon emissions targets. In this report we have concentrated on reductions to CO2 emissions and we have not considered other greenhouse gases.
In this report we explore ways that the heat sector can be decarbonised by looking at four possible future scenarios set in 2050. These stylised scenarios present illustrative snapshots of alternative energy solutions. The scenarios do not present a detailed roadmap – indeed the future may include some elements from each. We have analysed the advantages disadvantages and costs of each scenario. All our scenarios meet the 2050 Carbon emissions targets. In this report we have concentrated on reductions to CO2 emissions and we have not considered other greenhouse gases.
UK Climate Action Following the Paris Agreement
Oct 2016
Publication
The Paris Agreement marks a significant positive step in global action to tackle climate change. This report considers the domestic actions the UK Government should take as part of a fair contribution to the aims of the Agreement.<br/>The report concludes that the Paris Agreement is a significant step forward in global efforts to tackle climate change. It is more ambitious in its aims to limit climate change than the basis of the UK’s existing climate targets. However it is not yet appropriate to set new UK targets. Existing targets are already stretching and the priority is to take action to meet them.
Pathways to Net-Zero: Decarbonising the Gas Networks in Great Britain
Oct 2019
Publication
Natural gas plays a central role in the UK energy system today but it is also a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The UK committed in 2008 to reduce GHG emissions by at least 80% compared to 1990 levels by 2050. In June 2019 a more ambitious target was adopted into law and the UK became the first major economy to commit to “net-zero” emissions by 2050. In this context the Energy Networks Association (ENA) commissioned Navigant to explore the role that the gas sector can play in the decarbonisation of the Great Britain (GB) energy system. In this report we demonstrate that low carbon and renewable gases can make a fundamental contribution to the decarbonisation pathway between now and 2050.
Gas Future Scenarios Project- Final Report: A Report on a Study for the Energy Networks Association Gas Futures Group
Nov 2010
Publication
When looking out to 2050 there is huge uncertainty surrounding how gas will be consumed transported and sourced in Great Britain (GB). The extent of the climate change challenge is now widely accepted and the UK Government has introduced a legislative requirement for aggressive reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions out to 2050. In addition at European Union (EU) level a package of measures has been implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions improve energy efficiency and significantly increase the share of energy produced from renewable sources by 2020. These policy developments naturally raise the question of what role gas has to play in the future energy mix.
To help inform this debate the Energy Networks Association Gas Futures Group (ENA GFG) commissioned Redpoint and Trilemma to undertake a long-range scenario-based modelling study of the future utilisation of gas out to 2050 and the consequential impacts of this for gas networks. Our modelling assumptions draw heavily on the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) 2050 Pathways analysis and we consider that our conclusions are fully compatible with both DECC‟s work and current EU policy objectives.
Link to document
To help inform this debate the Energy Networks Association Gas Futures Group (ENA GFG) commissioned Redpoint and Trilemma to undertake a long-range scenario-based modelling study of the future utilisation of gas out to 2050 and the consequential impacts of this for gas networks. Our modelling assumptions draw heavily on the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) 2050 Pathways analysis and we consider that our conclusions are fully compatible with both DECC‟s work and current EU policy objectives.
Link to document
Net Zero – Technical Report
May 2019
Publication
This technical report accompanies the ‘Net Zero’ advice report which is the Committee’s recommendation to the UK Government and Devolved Administrations on the date for a net-zero emissions target in the UK and revised long-term targets in Scotland and Wales.<br/>The conclusions in our advice report are supported by detailed analysis that has been carried out for each sector of the economy plus consideration of F-gas emissions and greenhouse gas removals. The purpose of this technical report is to lay out that analysis.
Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy
Mar 2021
Publication
The UK is a world leader in the fight against climate change. In 2019 we became the first major economy in the world to pass laws to end its contribution to global warming by 2050. Reaching this target will require extensive systematic change across all sectors including industry. We must get this change right as the products made by industry are vital to life in the UK and the sector supports local economies across the country.<br/><br/>This strategy covers the full range of UK industry sectors: metals and minerals chemicals food and drink paper and pulp ceramics glass oil refineries and less energy-intensive manufacturing. These businesses account for around one sixth of UK emissions and transformation of their manufacturing processes is key if we are to meet our emissions targets over the coming decades (BEIS Final UK greenhouse gas emissions from national statistics: 1990 to 2018: Supplementary tables 2020).<br/><br/>The aim of this strategy is to show how the UK can have a thriving industrial sector aligned with the net zero target without pushing emissions and business abroad and how government will act to support this. An indicative roadmap to net zero for UK industry based on the content in this strategy is set out at the end of this summary. This strategy is part of a series of publications from government which combined show how the net zero transition will take place across the whole UK economy.
Australia's National Hydrogen Strategy
Nov 2019
Publication
Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy sets a vision for a clean innovative safe and competitive hydrogen industry that benefits all Australians. It aims to position our industry as a major player by 2030.<br/>The strategy outlines an adaptive approach that equips Australia to scale up quickly as the hydrogen market grows. It includes a set of nationally coordinated actions involving governments industry and the community.
The Sixth Carbon Budget: The UK's Path to Net Zero
Dec 2020
Publication
The Sixth Carbon Budget report is based on an extensive programme of analysis consultation and consideration by the Committee and its staff building on the evidence published last year for our Net Zero advice. In support of the advice in this report we have also produced:
- A Methodology Report setting out the evidence and methodology behind the scenarios.
- A Policy Report setting out the changes to policy that could drive the changes necessary particularly over the 2020s.
- All the charts and data behind the report as well as a separate dataset for the Sixth Carbon Budget scenarios which sets out more details and data on the pathways than can be included in this report.
- A public Call for Evidence several new research projects three expert advisory groups and deep dives into the roles of local authorities and businesses.
What Role for Hydrogen in Turkey’s Energy Future?
Nov 2021
Publication
Since early 2020 Turkey has been considering the role of hydrogen in its energy future with a view to producing a hydrogen strategy in the next few months. Unlike many other countries considering the role of hydrogen Turkey has only recently (October 2021) ratified the Paris Agreement addressing climate change and its interest is driven more by geopolitical strategic and energy security concerns. Specifically with concerns about the high share of imported energy particularly gas from Russia it sees hydrogen as part of a policy to increase indigenous energy production. Turkey already has a relatively high share of renewable power generation particularly hydro and recent solar auctions have resulted in low prices leading to a focus on potential green hydrogen production. However it still generates over half of its electricity from fossil fuel including over 25% from coal and lignite. Against that background it provides an interesting case study on some of the key aspects that a country needs to consider when looking to incorporate low-carbon hydrogen into the development of their energy economy.
The research paper can be found on their website
The research paper can be found on their website
Scottish Hydrogen Assessment
Dec 2020
Publication
During 2020 the Scottish Government in partnership with Highlands and Islands Enterprise and Scottish Enterprise commissioned Arup and E4Tech to carry out a hydrogen assessment to deepen our evidence base in order to inform our policies on hydrogen going forward. The assessment aims to investigate how and where hydrogen may fit within the evolving energy system technically geographically and economically. To assist in this consideration a key part of the Hydrogen Assessment is the development of distinct viable scenarios for hydrogen deployment in Scotland and the economic assessment of those scenarios.<br/>From our assessment it is clear that hydrogen is not just an energy and emissions reduction opportunity; it could also have an important role in generating new economic opportunities in Scotland. The assessment forms an important part of the evidence base that informed the development of the Hydrogen Policy Statement.
Annual Science Review 2020
Mar 2020
Publication
HSE maintains a national network of doctors appointed doctors and approved medical examiners of divers who are appointed to deliver certain vital functions under our regulatory framework.1 Over the last year or so we have been reaching out to them and offering training and networking opportunities so that we can learn from each other. Their intelligence from real workplaces helps ensure that our medical approach is grounded by what actually happens and this helped us ensure that our health and work strategy took account of their views. I think that it is increasingly important to share our approaches and our research outcomes on the global stage in an attempt to learn from other researchers around the world. A good example is the work described in this report on the artificial stone issue. I have been lucky enough to work with the Australian research group who identified an epidemic of silicosis from this exposure in their country and helped to facilitate some cross-comparison of materials with our hygienists and measurement scientists. The dialogue continues and I hope that by doing so we can help to prevent such an epidemic from occurring in the UK.<br/>All HSE research findings are published as soon as we are able to do this and this demonstrates both my and Andrew Curran’s commitment to ensure that we publish the evidence we generate to make workplaces healthier for all.
Hourly Modelling of Thermal Hydrogen Electricity Markets
Jul 2020
Publication
The hourly operation of Thermal Hydrogen electricity markets is modelled. The economic values for all applicable chemical commodities are quantified (syngas ammonia methanol and oxygen) and an hourly electricity model is constructed to mimic the dispatch of key technologies: bi-directional power plants dual-fuel heating systems and plug-in fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles. The operation of key technologies determines hourly electricity prices and an optimization model adjusts the capacity to minimize electricity prices yet allow all generators to recover costs. We examine 12 cost scenarios for renewables nuclear and natural gas; the results demonstrate emissionsfree ‘energy-only’ electricity markets whose supply is largely dominated by renewables. The economic outcome is made possible in part by seizing the full supply-chain value from electrolysis (both hydrogen and oxygen) which allows an increased willingness to pay for (renewable) electricity. The wholesale electricity prices average $25–$45/ MWh or just slightly higher than the assumed levelized cost of renewable energy. This implies very competitive electricity prices particularly given the lack of need for ‘scarcity’ pricing capacity markets dedicated electricity storage or underutilized electric transmission and distribution capacity.
Evaluation of Heat Decarbonization Strategies and Their Impact on the Irish Gas Network
Dec 2021
Publication
Decarbonization of the heating sector is essential to meet the ambitious goals of the Paris Climate Agreement for 2050. However poorly insulated buildings and industrial processes with high and intermittent heating demand will still require traditional boilers that burn fuel to avoid excessive burden on electrical networks. Therefore it is important to assess the impact of residential commercial and industrial heat decarbonization strategies on the distribution and transmission gas networks. Using building energy models in EnergyPlus the progressive decarbonization of gas-fueled heating was investigated by increasing insulation in buildings and increasing the efficiency of gas boilers. Industrial heat decarbonization was evaluated through a progressive move to lowercarbon fuel sources using MATLAB. The results indicated a maximum decrease of 19.9% in natural gas utilization due to the buildings’ thermal retrofits. This coupled with a move toward the electrification of heat will reduce volumes of gas being transported through the distribution gas network. However the decarbonization of the industrial heat demand with hydrogen could result in up to a 380% increase in volumetric flow rate through the transmission network. A comparison between the decarbonization of domestic heating through gas and electrical heating is also carried out. The results indicated that gas networks can continue to play an essential role in the decarbonized energy systems of the future.
Where Does Hydrogen Fit in a Sustainable Energy Economy?
Jul 2012
Publication
Where does hydrogen fit into a global sustainable energy strategy for the 21st century as we face the enormous challenges of irreversible climate change and uncertain oil supply? This fundamental question is addressed by sketching a sustainable energy strategy that is based predominantly on renewable energy inputs and energy efficiency with hydrogen playing a crucial and substantial role. But this role is not an ex -distributed hydrogen production storage and distribution centres relying on local renewable energy sources and feedstocks would be created to avoid the need for an expensive long-distance hydrogen pipeline system. There would thus be complementary use of electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors. Importantly bulk hydrogen storage would provide the strategic energy reserve to guarantee national and global energy security in a world relying increasingly on renewable energy; and longer-term seasonal storage on electricity grids relying mainly on renewables. In the transport sector a 'horses for courses' approach is proposed in which hydrogen fuel cell vehicles would be used in road and rail vehicles requiring a range comparable to today's petrol and diesel vehicles and in coastal and international shipping while liquid hydrogen would probably have to be used in air transport. Plug-in battery electric vehicles would be reserved for shorter-trips. Energy-economic-environmental modelling is recommended as the next step to quantify the net benefits of the overall strategy outlined.
World Energy Issues Monitor 2019 Managing the Grand Energy Transition
Oct 2019
Publication
This is the tenth consecutive year of the World Energy Council’s (the Council) annual survey of key challenges and opportunities facing energy leaders in managing and shaping Energy Transitions. This year’s Issues Monitor report provides seven global maps six regional maps and fifty national maps.
These maps have been developed by analysing the responses of nearly 2300 energy leaders drawn from across the Council’s diverse and truly global energy community.
The Council’s Issues Monitor identifies the strategic energy landscape of specific countries and regions in the world through an analysis of 42 energy issues and 4 digitalisation-specific issues affecting the energy system. It provides a unique reality check and horizon scanning of persistent and emerging concerns involved in whole energy systems transition. This year’s report welcomes a significant increase in both the participation of global leaders (up over 75% from 1300 to nearly 2300) as well as the participation of 86 countries.
Each Issue Map provides a visual snapshot of the uncertainties and action priorities that energy policymakers CEOs and leading experts strive to address to shape and manage successful Energy
Transitions. Maps can be used in the following ways:
These maps have been developed by analysing the responses of nearly 2300 energy leaders drawn from across the Council’s diverse and truly global energy community.
The Council’s Issues Monitor identifies the strategic energy landscape of specific countries and regions in the world through an analysis of 42 energy issues and 4 digitalisation-specific issues affecting the energy system. It provides a unique reality check and horizon scanning of persistent and emerging concerns involved in whole energy systems transition. This year’s report welcomes a significant increase in both the participation of global leaders (up over 75% from 1300 to nearly 2300) as well as the participation of 86 countries.
Each Issue Map provides a visual snapshot of the uncertainties and action priorities that energy policymakers CEOs and leading experts strive to address to shape and manage successful Energy
Transitions. Maps can be used in the following ways:
- To promote a shared understanding of successful Energy Transitions
- To appreciate and contrast regional variations to better understand differing priorities and areas of concern
- To follow the evolution of specific technology trends related to the energy sector
H2FC Supergen- The Role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Future Energy Systems
Mar 2017
Publication
This White Paper has been commissioned by the UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell (H2FC) SUPERGEN Hub to examine the roles and potential benefits of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in delivering energy security for the UK. The H2FC SUPERGEN Hub is an inclusive network encompassing the entire UK hydrogen and fuel cells research community with around 100 UK-based academics supported by key stakeholders from industry and government. It is funded by the UK EPSRC research council as part of the RCUK Energy Programme. This paper is the second of four that were published over the lifetime of the Hub with the others examining: (i) low-carbon heat; (iii) future energy systems; and (iv) economic impact.
- Fuel cells can contribute to UK energy system security both now and in the future.
- Hydrogen can be produced using a broad range of feedstocks and production processes including renewable electricity.
- Adopting hydrogen as an end-use fuel in the long term increases UK energy diversity.
Legal Regulation of Hydrogen in Germany and Ukraine as a Precondition for Energy Partnership and Energy Transition
Dec 2021
Publication
In August 2020 Germany and Ukraine launched an energy partnership that includes the development of a hydrogen economy. Ukraine has vast renewable energy resources for “green” hydrogen production and a gas transmission system for transportation instead of Russian natural gas. Based on estimates by Hydrogen Europe Ukraine can install 8000 MW of total electrolyser capacity by 2030. For these reasons Ukraine is among the EU’s priority partners concerning clean hydrogen according to the EU Hydrogen strategy. Germany plans to reach climate neutrality by 2045 and “green” hydrogen plays an important role in achieving this target. However according to the National Hydrogen Strategy of Germany local production of “green” hydrogen will not cover all internal demand in Germany. For this reason Germany considers importing hydrogen from Ukraine. To govern the production and import of “green” hydrogen Germany and Ukraine shall introduce legal regulations the initial analysis of which is covered in this study. Based on observation and comparison this paper presents and compares approaches while exploring the current stage and further perspectives for legal regulation of hydrogen in Germany and Ukraine. This research identifies opportunities in hydrogen production to improve the flexibility of the Ukrainian power system. This is an important issue for Ukrainian energy security. In the meantime hydrogen can be a driver for decarbonisation according to the initial plans of Germany and it may also have positive impact on the operation of Germany’s energy system with a high share of renewables.
Exploring Future Promising Technologies in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Transportation
Jan 2022
Publication
The purpose of this research was to derive promising technologies for the transport of hydrogen fuel cells thereby supporting the development of research and development policy and presenting directions for investment. We also provide researchers with information about technology that will lead the technology field in the future. Hydrogen energy as the core of carbon neutral and green energy is a major issue in changing the future industrial structure and national competitive advantage. In this study we derived promising technology at the core of future hydrogen fuel cell transportation using the published US patent and paper databases (DB). We first performed text mining and data preprocessing and then discovered promising technologies through generative topographic mapping analysis. We analyzed both the patent DB and treatise DB in parallel and compared the results. As a result two promising technologies were derived from the patent DB analysis and five were derived from the paper DB analysis.
How Hydrogen Empowers the Energy Transition
Jan 2017
Publication
This report commissioned by the Hydrogen Council and announced in conjunction with the launch of the initiative at the World Economic Forum in January 2017 details the future potential that hydrogen is ready to provide and sets out the vision of the Council and the key actions it considers fundamental for policy makers to implement to fully unlock and empower the contribution of hydrogen to the energy transition.
In this paper we explore the role of hydrogen in the energy transition including its potential recent achievements and challenges to its deployment. We also offer recommendations to ensure that the proper conditions are developed to accelerate the deployment of hydrogen technologies with the support of policymakers the private sector and society.
You can download the full report from the Hydrogen Council website here
In this paper we explore the role of hydrogen in the energy transition including its potential recent achievements and challenges to its deployment. We also offer recommendations to ensure that the proper conditions are developed to accelerate the deployment of hydrogen technologies with the support of policymakers the private sector and society.
You can download the full report from the Hydrogen Council website here
A Vision for Hydrogen in New Zealand - Green Paper
Sep 2019
Publication
Green hydrogen has the potential to play a significant role in our energy system and could play an important role in decarbonising parts of our economy.
To assist with the development of the Hydrogen Green Paper MBIE assisted by consultants Arup – held four workshops with key stakeholders in Wellington Auckland Christchurch and New Plymouth. The workshops were well attended with a range of views expressed on the potential for hydrogen in New Zealand. Following the workshops we incorporated these views into a Hydrogen Green Paper which was released for public consultation. We sought feedback from the public and wider stakeholders about the challenges and opportunities of building a hydrogen economy in New Zealand as part of our renewable energy strategy. On 2 September 2019 we released the green paper – “A vision for hydrogen in New Zealand”. Consultation ended on 25 October 2019. The green paper looked at the scope of New Zealand’s hydrogen potential to frame discussions for a national strategy.
The green paper asked 27 questions about the challenges and opportunities and the Government’s role in nine key areas:
This green paper along with the submissions will feed into a wider renewable energy strategy for New Zealand. This will outline the renewable energy pathway to a clean green carbon neutral for New Zealand by 2050.
To assist with the development of the Hydrogen Green Paper MBIE assisted by consultants Arup – held four workshops with key stakeholders in Wellington Auckland Christchurch and New Plymouth. The workshops were well attended with a range of views expressed on the potential for hydrogen in New Zealand. Following the workshops we incorporated these views into a Hydrogen Green Paper which was released for public consultation. We sought feedback from the public and wider stakeholders about the challenges and opportunities of building a hydrogen economy in New Zealand as part of our renewable energy strategy. On 2 September 2019 we released the green paper – “A vision for hydrogen in New Zealand”. Consultation ended on 25 October 2019. The green paper looked at the scope of New Zealand’s hydrogen potential to frame discussions for a national strategy.
The green paper asked 27 questions about the challenges and opportunities and the Government’s role in nine key areas:
- Hydrogen production
- Hydrogen electricity nexus
- Hydrogen for mobility
- Hydrogen for industrial processes
- Hydrogen for seasonal power generation
- Decarbonisation of our gas
- Hydrogen for export
- Innovation expands job opportunities
- Transitioning the job market
This green paper along with the submissions will feed into a wider renewable energy strategy for New Zealand. This will outline the renewable energy pathway to a clean green carbon neutral for New Zealand by 2050.
Hydrogen Economy Roadmap of Korea
Jan 2019
Publication
Hydrogen economy" refers to an economy where hydrogen is an important environmentally-friendly energy source brings out radical changes to the national economy and society as a whole and is a driving force behind economic growth.<br/>As hydrogen is not only a driver of innovative growth but also a means of using energy in a more eco-friendly way a hydrogen economy refers to the pursuit of a society that realizes the unlimited potential of hydrogen.<br/>This document summarises Korea's roadmap towards a hydrogen economy the expected benefits for both economic and environmental factors and the potential limitations. It also emphasises Korea's vision going forward on fuel cells hydrogen production hydrogen storage and transport and the hydrogen ecosystem as a whole.
H2FC SUPERGEN- The Role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Providing Affordable, Secure Low-carbon Heat
May 2014
Publication
This White Paper has been commissioned by the UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell (H2FC) SUPERGEN Hub to examine the roles and potential benefits of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for heat provision in future low-carbon energy systems. The H2FC SUPERGEN Hub is an inclusive network encompassing the entire UK hydrogen and fuel cells research community with around 100 UK-based academics supported by key stakeholders from industry and government. It is funded by the UK EPSRC research council as part of the RCUK Energy Programme. This paper is the first of four that will be published over the lifetime of the Hub with the others examining: (i) low-carbon energy systems (including balancing renewable intermittency); (ii) low-carbon transport systems; and (iii) the provision of secure and affordable energy supplies for the future
- Hydrogen and fuel cells are part of the cost-optimal heating technology portfolio in long-term UK energy system scenarios.
- Fuel cell CHP is already being deployed commercially around the world.
- Hydrogen can be a zero-carbon alternative to natural gas. Most technologies that use natural gas can be adapted to use hydrogen and still provide the same level of service.
- Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies avoid some of the disadvantages of other low-carbon heating technologies.
Hydrogen Strategy - Enabling a Low-Carbon Economy
Jul 2020
Publication
This document summarizes current hydrogen technologies and communicates the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy's (FE's) strategic plan to accelerate research development and deploymnet of hydrogen technologies in the United States. It also describes ongoing FE hydrogen-related research and development (R&D). Hydrogen from fossil fuels is a versatile energy carrier and can play an important role in the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Hydrogen Roadmap: A Commitment to Renewable Hydrogen - Executive Summary
Oct 2020
Publication
This Hydrogen Roadmap aims to identify the challenges and opportunities for the full development of renewable hydrogen in Spain providing a series of measures aimed at boosting investment action taking advantage of the European consensus on the role that this energy vector should play in the context of green recovery. This Roadmap is therefore aligned with the 2021 Annual Sustainable Growth Strategy published by the European Commission which identifies the future Recovery and Resilience Mechanism as an opportunity to create emblematic areas of action at European level making two of these areas of action (Power up and Recharge and Refuel) an explicit mention of the development of renewable hydrogen in the European Union.
Annual Science Review 2019
Mar 2019
Publication
Having a robust evidence base enables us to tackle real issues causing pain and suffering in the workplace. Critically it enables us to better understand developing issues and ways of working to ensure that we support innovation rather than stifle it through lack of knowledge. For example the work on the use of 3D printers in schools demonstrates HSE’s bility to engage and understand the risks to encourage safe innovation in a developing area (see p47).<br/>Other examples in this report show just a selection of the excellent work carried out by our staff often collaborating with others which contributes to improving how we regulate health and safety risks proportionately and effectively.<br/>One of HSEs key priorities is to prevent future cases of occupational lung disease by improving the management and control of hazardous substances. The case study on measuring Respirable Crystalline Silica exposure contributes to this and to recognise developing and future issues such as the work on diacetyl in the coffee industry (see p24 and p39). This type of scientific investigation gives our regulators good trusted information enabling critical decisions on the actions needed to protect workers.<br/>The case study on publishing new guidance on the use of Metalworking Fluids (MWF) demonstrates the important contribution of collaborative science to improving regulation. If used inappropriately exposure to MWF mist can cause serious long-term lung disease and it was recognised that users needed help to control this risk. HSE scientists and regulators worked with industry stakeholders to produce new free guidance which reflects changes in scientific understanding in a practical easy to use guide. As well as enabling users to better manage the risks and as a bonus likely save money it has assisted regulation by providing clear benchmarks for all to judge control against. An excellent example of science contributing to controlling serious health risks (see p22).<br/>These case studies are excellent examples of how science contributes to reducing risk. Hopefully they will inspire you to think about how risk in your workplace could be improved and where further work might be needed.
Analysing Future Demand, Supply, and Transport of Hydrogen
Jun 2021
Publication
Hydrogen is crucial to Europe’s transformation into a climate-neutral continent by mid-century. This study concludes that the European Union (EU) and UK could see a hydrogen demand of 2300 TWh (2150-2750 TWh) by 2050. This corresponds to 20-25% of EU and UK final energy consumption by 2050. Achieving this future role of hydrogen depends on many factors including market frameworks legislation technology readiness and consumer choice.
The document can be download on their website
The document can be download on their website
Hydrogen Production, Distribution, Storage and Power Conversion in a Hydrogen Economy - A Technology Review
Aug 2021
Publication
To meet ambitious targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the 2035-2050 timeframe hydrogen has been identified as a clean “green” fuel of interest. In comparison to fossil fuel use the burning of hydrogen results in zero CO2 emissions and it can be obtained from renewable energy sources. In addition to zero CO2 emissions hydrogen has several other attractive properties such as higher gravimetric energy content and wider flammability limits than most fossil fuels. However there are practical limitations to its widespread use at present which include low volumetric energy density in the gaseous state and high well-to-wheel costs when compared to fossil fuel production and distribution. In this paper a review is undertaken to identify the current state of development of key areas of the hydrogen network such as production distribution storage and power conversion technology. At present high technology costs still are a barrier to widespread hydrogen adoption but it is envisioned that as scale of production increases then costs are likely to fall. Technical barriers to a hydrogen economy adoption are not as significant as one might think as key technologies in the hydrogen network are already mature with working prototypes already developed for technologies such as liquid hydrogen composite cryotanks and proton exchange membrane fuel cells. It is envisioned that with continuous investment to achieve requisite scale that a hydrogen economy could be realised sooner rather than later with novel concepts such as turboelectric distributed propulsion enabled by a shift to hydrogen-powered network.
The Role of Green and Blue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition—A Technological and Geopolitical Perspective
Dec 2020
Publication
Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in many national and international climate strategies. This review paper is focused on analysing the challenges and opportunities that are related to green and blue hydrogen which are at the basis of different perspectives of a potential hydrogen society. While many governments and private companies are putting significant resources on the development of hydrogen technologies there still remains a high number of unsolved issues including technical challenges economic and geopolitical implications. The hydrogen supply chain includes a large number of steps resulting in additional energy losses and while much focus is put on hydrogen generation costs its transport and storage should not be neglected. A low-carbon hydrogen economy offers promising opportunities not only to fight climate change but also to enhance energy security and develop local industries in many countries. However to face the huge challenges of a transition towards a zero-carbon energy system all available technologies should be allowed to contribute based on measurable indicators which require a strong international consensus based on transparent standards and targets.
Prospects and Obstacles for Green Hydrogen Production in Russia
Jan 2021
Publication
Renewable energy is considered the one of the most promising solutions to meet sustainable development goals in terms of climate change mitigation. Today we face the problem of further scaling up renewable energy infrastructure which requires the creation of reliable energy storages environmentally friendly carriers like hydrogen and competitive international markets. These issues provoke the involvement of resource-based countries in the energy transition which is questionable in terms of economic efficiency compared to conventional hydrocarbon resources. To shed a light on the possible efficiency of green hydrogen production in such countries this study is aimed at: (1) comparing key Russian trends of green hydrogen development with global trends (2) presenting strategic scenarios for the Russian energy sector development (3) presenting a case study of Russian hydrogen energy project «Dyakov Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP» in Magadan region. We argue that without significant changes in strategic planning and without focus on sustainable solutions support the further development of Russian power industry will be halted in a conservative scenario with the limited presence of innovative solutions in renewable energy industries. Our case study showed that despite the closeness to Japan hydrogen market economic efficiency is on the edge of zero with payback period around 17 years. The decrease in project capacity below 543.6 MW will immediately lead to a negative NPV. The key reason for that is the low average market price of hydrogen ($14/kg) which is only a bit higher than its production cost ($12.5/kg) while transportation requires about $0.96/kg more. Despite the discouraging results it should be taken into account that such strategic projects are at the edge of energy development. We see them as an opportunity to lead transnational energy trade of green hydrogen which could be competitive in the medium term especially with state support.
Towards a Large-Scale Hydrogen Industry for Australia
Oct 2020
Publication
As nations around the world seek to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in order to mitigate climate change risks there has been a resurgence of interest in the use of hydrogen as a zero-emissions energy carrier. Hydrogen can be produced from diverse feedstocks via a range of low-emissions pathways and has broad potential in the process of decarbonization across the energy transport and industrial sectors.<br/>With an abundance of both renewable and fossil fuel energy resources a comparatively low national energy demand and excellent existing regional resource trading links Australia is well positioned to pursue industrial-scale hydrogen production for both domestic and export purposes. In this paper we present an overview of the progress at the government industry and research levels currently undertaken to enable a large-scale hydrogen industry for Australia.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: So, What's the Big Deal with Hydrogen?
Aug 2019
Publication
This episode is a whistle-stop tour of the hydrogen world. The team explore why hydrogen is making a resurgence as an energy carrier how decarbonising the existing hydrogen market is a huge opportunity and how fuel cells fit into the story.
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Narratives for Natural Gas in a Decarbonising European Energy Market
Feb 2019
Publication
The advocacy narrative of the European Union gas community which focused on coal to gas switching and backing up renewables has failed to convince governments NGOs and media commentators that it can achieve post-2030 decarbonisation targets. The gas community therefore needs to develop decarbonisation narratives showing how it will develop commercial scale projects for biogas biomethane and hydrogen from power to gas (electrolysis) and reformed methane. COP21 carbon targets require an accelerating decline in EU methane demand starting around 2030. In 2050 the maximum projected availability of renewable gas is equivalent to 25 per cent of current EU gas demand. Maintaining current demand levels will therefore require very substantial volumes of hydrogen from reformed methane with carbon capture and storage (CCS). Pipeline gas and LNG suppliers will need to progressively decarbonise their product if it is to remain saleable in Europe. However networks face an existential threat unless they can maintain existing throughput while simultaneously adapting to a decarbonised product. Significant threats and challenges to these narratives include: short term geopolitical concerns stemming from dependence on Russian gas ‘hydrocarbon rejectionism’ and an inability of companies to invest for a post-2030 decarbonised future. Governments will need to shift current policy and regulatory frameworks from competition to decarbonisation which will require a ‘regulatory revolution’. In addition to government funding and regulatory support there will need to be very substantial corporate investment in projects for which there is currently no business case. Failure of the gas community to create and deliver credible decarbonisation narratives is likely to result in the adoption of electrification rather than gas decarbonisation options.
The Benefit of Collaboration in the North European Electricity System Transition—System and Sector Perspectives
Dec 2019
Publication
This work investigates the connection between electrification of the industry transport and heat sector and the integration of wind and solar power in the electricity system. The impact of combining electrification of the steel industry passenger vehicles and residential heat supply with flexibility provision is evaluated from a systems and sector perspective. Deploying a parallel computing approach to the capacity expansion problem the impact of flexibility provision throughout the north European electricity system transition is investigated. It is found that a strategic collaboration between the electricity system an electrified steel industry an electrified transport sector in the form of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) and residential heat supply can reduce total system cost by 8% in the north European electricity system compared to if no collaboration is achieved. The flexibility provision by new electricity consumers enables a faster transition from fossil fuels in the European electricity system and reduces thermal generation. From a sector perspective strategic consumption of electricity for hydrogen production and EV charging and discharging to the grid reduces the number of hours with very high electricity prices resulting in a reduction in annual electricity prices by up to 20%.
Consumer Attitudes to Fuel Cell Vehicles Post Trial in the United Kingdom
Mar 2016
Publication
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have clear societal and environmental benefits and can help mitigate the issues of climate change urban air pollution and oil dependence. In order for FCVs to have the biggest impact on these issues they need to be employed in large numbers. First though they need to be adopted by consumers. Their acceptance depends on positive consumer attitudes towards the vehicles. Currently there is a limited understanding within the literature on how consumers perceive FCVs and what the likelihood of adoption by consumers would be despite significant governmental and organisational investments into the technology. Therefore this study assesses consumer attitudes towards FCVs in the United Kingdom. 81 persons drove a Hyundai FCV at the Low Carbon Vehicle Event in September 2015 of which 30 took part in this study. The results show that at present FCVs are perceived mostly as being similar to incumbent internal combustion engine vehicles. This is an admirable technical achievement however in order for consumers to adopt FCVs they will need to be perceived as having distinctive benefits. Two significant barriers to the adoption of FCVs are observed in this sample: high costs and lack of refuelling infrastructure. This paper goes on to make suggestions on how and which beneficial attributes of the vehicles can be promoted to consumers and also makes suggestions on how the barriers can be overcame so that FCVs will be adopted by consumers.
Exploring the Complexity of Hydrogen Perception and Acceptance Among Key Stakeholders in Norway
Nov 2022
Publication
This article explores the complexity of factors or mechanisms that can influence hydrogen stakeholder perception and acceptance in Norway. We systematically analyze 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews with industry stakeholders at local municipal regional and national levels of interest and authority in Norway. Four empirical dimensions are identified that highlight the need for whole system approaches in hydrogen technology research: (1) several challenges incentives and synergy effects influence the hydrogen transition; (2) transport preferences are influenced by combined needs and limitations; (3) levels of knowledge and societal trust determinant to perceptions of risk and acceptance; and (4) national and international hydrogen stakeholders are crucial to building incentives and securing commitment among key actors. Our findings imply that project management planners engineers and policymakers need to apply a whole system perspective and work across local regional and national levels before proceeding with large-scale development and implementation of the hydrogen supply chain.
Operation of a Circular Economy, Energy, Environmental System at a Wastewater Treatment Plant
Oct 2022
Publication
Decarbonising economies and improving environment can be enhanced through circular economy energy and environmental systems integrating electricity water and gas utilities. Hydrogen production can facilitate intermittent renewable electricity through reduced curtailment of electricity in periods of over production. Positioning an electrolyser at a wastewater treatment plant with existing sludge digesters offers significant advantages over stand-alone facilities. This paper proposes co-locating electrolysis and biological methanation technologies at a wastewater treatment plant. Electrolysis can produce oxygen for use in pure or enhanced oxygen aeration offering a 40% reduction in emissions and power demand at the treatment facility. The hydrogen may be used in a novel biological methanation system upgrading carbon dioxide (CO2)in biogas from sludge digestion yielding a 54% increase in biomethane production. A 10MW electrolyser operating at 80% capacity would be capable of supplying the oxygen demand for a 426400 population equivalent wastewater treatment plant producing 8500 tDS/a of sludge. Digesting the sludge could generate 1409000 m 3 CH4/a and 776000 m 3 CO2/a. Upgrading the CO2 to methane would consume 22.2% of the electrolyser generated hydrogen and capture 1.534 ktCO2e/a. Hydrogen and methane are viable advanced transport fuels that can be utilised in decarbonising heavy transport. In the proposed circular economy energy and environment system sufficient fuel would be generated annually for 94 compressed biomethane gas (CBG) heavy goods vehicles (HGV) and 296 compressed hydrogen gas fuel cell (CHG) HGVs. Replacement of the equivalent number of diesel HGVs would offset approximately 16.1 ktCO2e/a.
Prospective Roles for Green Hydrogen as Part of Ireland's Decarbonisation Strategy
Mar 2023
Publication
In recent decades governments and society have been making increasing efforts to address and mitigate climate change by reducing emissions and decarbonising energy generation. Ireland has invested greatly in renewable electricity installing 4 GW of wind capacity since 2002 and has set assertive energy targets such as the aim to reduce overall emissions by 51% by 2030. Nonetheless considerable acceleration is needed in the decarbonisation of the country’s energy sector. This paper investigates the potential role hydrogen can play in Ireland’s energy transition proposing hydrogen as an energy vector and storage medium that may help the country achieve its targets and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Through literature review research and from industry insights the current state of the Irish energy sector is analysed and recommendations are made as to how where and when hydrogen can be integrated into the decarbonisation of Ireland’s electricity heating and transport. It is concluded that; with significant effort from the government policymakers industry and organisations; the effective deployment of hydrogen technologies in Ireland could avoid up to 6.1 MtCO2eq of emissions annually reflecting a trend observed in many other developed countries in which hydrogen plays an important part in the path to a low-carbon future. Prospective roles for hydrogen in Ireland include renewable energy storage and grid balancing through the deployment of Power-to-Gas systems a replacement for fossil natural gas in the gas grid for backup electricity production as well as industry and heating requirements and the use of hydrogen as a fuel for heavy transport.
Clean Energy Futures: An Australian Based Foresight Study
Aug 2022
Publication
Political decarbonisation commitments and outcompeting renewable electricity costs are disrupting energy systems. This foresight study prepares stakeholders for this dynamic reactive change by examining visions that constitute a probable plausible and possible component of future energy systems. Visions were extrapolated through an expert review of energy technologies and Australian case studies. ‘Probable–Abundant’ envisages a high penetration of solar and wind with increased value of balancing services: batteries pumped hydro and transmission. This vision is exemplified by the South Australian grid where variable and distributed sources lead generation. ‘Plausible–Traded’ envisages power and power fuel exports given hydrogen and high-voltage direct-current transmission advances reflected by public and private sector plans to leverage rich natural resources for national and intercontinental exchanges. ‘Possible–Zero’ envisages the application of carbon removal and nuclear technologies in response to the escalating challenge of deep decarbonisation. The Australian critical minerals strategy signals adaptations of high-emission industries to shifting energy resource values. These visions contribute a flexible accessible framework for diverse stakeholders to discuss uncertain energy systems changes and consider issues from new perspectives. Appraisal of preferred futures allows stakeholders to recognise observed changes as positive or negative and may lead to new planning aspirations.
Gauging Public Perceptions of Blue and Green Hydrogen Futures: Is the Twin-track Approach Compatible with Hydrogen Acceptance?
Jun 2023
Publication
National hydrogen strategies are emerging as a critical pillar of climate change policy. For homes connected to the gas grid hydrogen may offer an alternative decarbonisation pathway to electrification. Hydrogen production pathways in countries such as the UK will involve both the gas network and the electricity grid with related policy choices and investment decisions impacting the potential configuration of consumer acceptance for hydrogen homes. Despite the risk of public resistance be it on environmental economic or social grounds few studies have explored the emerging contours of domestic hydrogen acceptance. To date there is scarce evidence on public perceptions of national hydrogen policy and the extent to which attitudes may be rooted in prior knowledge and awareness or open to change following information provision and engagement. In response this study evaluates consumer preferences for a low-carbon energy future wherein parts of the UK housing stock may adopt low-carbon hydrogen boilers and hobs. Drawing on data from online focus groups we examine consumer perceptions of the government's twin-track approach which envisions important roles for both ‘blue’ and ‘green’ hydrogen to meet net zero ambitions. Through a mixed-methods multigroup analysis the underlying motivation is to explore whether the twin-track approach appears compatible with hydrogen acceptance. Moving forward hydrogen policy should ensure greater transparency concerning the benefits costs and risks of the transition with clearer communication about the justification for supporting respective hydrogen production pathways.
Powering Europe with North Sea Offshore Wind: The Impact of Hydrogen Investments on Grid Infrastructure and Power Prices
Oct 2022
Publication
Hydrogen will be a central cross-sectoral energy carrier in the decarbonization of the European energy system. This paper investigates how a large-scale deployment of green hydrogen production affects the investments in transmission and generation towards 2060 analyzes the North Sea area with the main offshore wind projects and assesses the development of an offshore energy hub. Results indicate that the hydrogen deployment has a tremendous impact on the grid development in Europe and in the North Sea. Findings indicate that total power generation capacity increases around 50%. The offshore energy hub acts mainly as a power transmission asset leads to a reduction in total generation capacity and is central to unlock the offshore wind potential in the North Sea. The effect of hydrogen deployment on power prices is multifaceted. In regions where power prices have typically been lower than elsewhere in Europe it is observed that hydrogen increases the power price considerably. However as hydrogen flexibility relieves stress in high-demand periods for the grid power prices decrease in average for some countries. This suggests that while the deployment of green hydrogen will lead to a significant increase in power demand power prices will not necessarily experience a large increase.
Hydrogen Economy Model for Nearly Net-Zero Cities with Exergy Rationale and Energy-Water Nexus
May 2018
Publication
The energy base of urban settlements requires greater integration of renewable energy sources. This study presents a “hydrogen city” model with two cycles at the district and building levels. The main cycle comprises of hydrogen gas production hydrogen storage and a hydrogen distribution network. The electrolysis of water is based on surplus power from wind turbines and third-generation solar photovoltaic thermal panels. Hydrogen is then used in central fuel cells to meet the power demand of urban infrastructure. Hydrogen-enriched biogas that is generated from city wastes supplements this approach. The second cycle is the hydrogen flow in each low-exergy building that is connected to the hydrogen distribution network to supply domestic fuel cells. Make-up water for fuel cells includes treated wastewater to complete an energy-water nexus. The analyses are supported by exergy-based evaluation metrics. The Rational Exergy Management Efficiency of the hydrogen city model can reach 0.80 which is above the value of conventional district energy systems and represents related advantages for CO2 emission reductions. The option of incorporating low-enthalpy geothermal energy resources at about 80 ◦C to support the model is evaluated. The hydrogen city model is applied to a new settlement area with an expected 200000 inhabitants to find that the proposed model can enable a nearly net-zero exergy district status. The results have implications for settlements using hydrogen energy towards meeting net-zero targets.
Hydrogen Strategy Update to the Market: December 2022
Dec 2022
Publication
The Government is committed to developing the UK’s low carbon hydrogen economy: hydrogen is considered critical to delivering energy security and our decarbonisation targets and presents a significant growth opportunity. It can play a pivotal role in our transition to a future based on renewable and nuclear energy while ensuring that natural gas used during this transition is from reliable sources including our own North Sea production and can provide clean energy for use in industry power transport and potentially home heating. In the UK Hydrogen Strategy we included the commitment to regularly summarise our policy development to keep industry apprised. Since publication of the Hydrogen Strategy we have doubled our low carbon hydrogen production capacity ambition to up to 10GW by 2030 (with at least half from electrolytic hydrogen) in the British Energy Security Strategy provided greater clarity to investors through the Hydrogen Investment Package and made substantial policy and funding strides across the hydrogen value chain. We summarised these ambitions commitments and actions in the first Hydrogen Strategy update to the market in July 2022. This was published alongside other key elements of our policy support which also included the launch of the first Electrolytic Hydrogen Allocation Round – offering joint Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF) and Hydrogen Production Business Model (HPBM) support – and our Hydrogen Sector Development Action Plan and the appointment of a UK Hydrogen Champion. Hydrogen is closely integrated into Government’s wider policy development on energy security and the energy transition both domestically and internationally with hydrogen policy previously announced through the Net Zero Strategy and the Breakthrough Agenda at COP26. This December 2022 Hydrogen Strategy update to the market summarises the extensive activity across Government since July to develop new hydrogen policy at pace and to design and deliver funding support. This includes announcements on shortlisted hydrogen projects in the Cluster Sequencing Process the launch of a consultation on hydrogen transport and storage (T&S) infrastructure the publication of the HPBM Heads of Terms and an update on the ongoing first Electrolytic Hydrogen Allocation Round. The hydrogen policy development presented here underlines the Government’s approach to promote every aspect of the UK hydrogen economy in collaboration with industry investors and international partners to create a strong globally competitive UK hydrogen sector.
A Review of the Status of Fossil and Renewable Energies in Southeast Asia and Its Implications on the Decarbonization of ASEAN
Mar 2022
Publication
The ten nations of Southeast Asia collectively known as ASEAN emitted 1.65 Gtpa CO2 in 2020 and are among the most vulnerable nations to climate change which is partially caused by anthropogenic CO2 emission. This paper analyzes the history of ASEAN energy consumption and CO2 emission from both fossil and renewable energies in the last two decades. The results show that ASEAN’s renewable energies resources range from low to moderate are unevenly distributed geographically and contributed to only 20% of total primary energy consumption (TPEC) in 2015. The dominant forms of renewable energies are hydropower solar photovoltaic and bioenergy. However both hydropower and bioenergy have substantial sustainability issues. Fossil energies depend heavily on coal and oil and contribute to 80% of TPEC. More importantly renewable energies’ contribution to TPEC has been decreasing in the last two decades despite the increasing installation capacity. This suggests that the current rate of the addition of renewable energy capacity is inadequate to allow ASEAN to reach net-zero by 2050. Therefore fossil energies will continue to be an important part of ASEAN’s energy mix. More tools such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen will be needed for decarbonization. CCS will be needed to decarbonize ASEAN’s fossil power and industrial plants while blue hydrogen will be needed to decarbonize hard-to-decarbonize industrial plants. Based on recent research into regional CO2 source-sink mapping this paper proposes six large-scale CCS projects in four countries which can mitigate up to 300 Mtpa CO2 . Furthermore this paper identifies common pathways for ASEAN decarbonization and their policy implications.
Green-hydrogen Research: What Have We Achieved, and Where Are We Going? Bibliometrics Analysis
Jul 2022
Publication
In response to the global challenge of climate change 136 countries accounting for 90% of global GDP and 85% of the population have now set net-zero targets. A transition to net-zero will require the decarbonization of all sectors of the economy. Green-hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources poses little to no threat to the environment and increasing its production will support net-zero targets Our study examined the evolution of green-hydrogen research themes since the UN Sustainable Development Goals were adopted in 2015 by utilizing bibliographic couplings keyword co-occurrence and keyphrase analysis of 642 articles from 2016 to 2021 in the Scopus database. We studied bibliometrics indicators and temporal evolution of publications and citations patterns of open access the effect of author collaboration influential publications and top contributing countries. We also consider new indicators like publication views keyphrases topics with prominence and field weighted citation impact and Altmetrics to understand the research direction further. We find four major thematic distributions of green-hydrogen research based on keyword co-occurrence networks: hydrogen storage hydrogen production electrolysis and the hydrogen economy. We also find networks of four research clusters that provide new information on the journal’s contributions to green-hydrogen research. These are materials chemistry hydrogen energy and cleaner production applied energy and fuel cells. Most green-hydrogen research aligns with Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) and Climate Action (SDG 13). The outcomes of policy decisions in the United States Europe India and China will profoundly impact green-hydrogen production and storage over the next five years. If these policies are implemented these countries will account for two-thirds of this growth. Asia will account for the most significant part and become the second-largest producer globally.
What Is the Policy Effect of Coupling the Green Hydrogen Market, National Carbon Trading Market and Electricity Market?
Oct 2022
Publication
Green hydrogen has become the key to social low-carbon transformation and is fully linked to zero carbon emissions. The carbon emissions trading market is a policy tool used to control carbon emissions using a market-oriented mechanism. Building a modular carbon trading center for the hydrogen energy industry would greatly promote the meeting of climate targets. Based on this a “green hydrogen market—national carbon trading market–electricity market” coupling mechanism is designed. Then the “green hydrogen market—national carbon trading market–electricity market” mechanism is modeled and simulated using system dynamics. The results are as follows: First coupling between the green hydrogen market carbon trading market and electricity market can be realized through green hydrogen certification and carbon quota trading. It is found that the coupling model is feasible through simulation. Second simulation of the basic scenario finds that multiple-market coupling can stimulate an increase in carbon price the control of thermal power generation and an increase in green hydrogen production. Finally the proportion of the green hydrogen certification the elimination mechanism of outdated units and the quota auction mechanism will help to form a carbon pricing mechanism. This study enriches the green hydrogen trading model and establishes a multiple-market linkage mechanism.
Everything About Hydrogen Podcast: Moving at the Speed of Hydrogen
Nov 2020
Publication
We spend a lot of time on the show talking about the interesting use cases and potential applications of hydrogen technologies as a means to decarbonize high-emissions sectors and that is the point! However moving hydrogen around the world (e.g. to remote areas without the capacity to produce it locally) presents a number of complexities and challenges that are unique to hydrogen itself or for which there are no traditionally established technologies to do so. On this episode the EAH team has a fascinating chat with Dr. Daniel Teichmann CEO and founder of Hydrogenious to learn more about liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) and how they can help companies overcome some of the major hurdles that moving hydrogen around the globe presents.
The podcast can be found on their website
The podcast can be found on their website
Transition to Renewable Energy for Communities: Energy Storage Requirements and Dissipation
Aug 2022
Publication
The transition of residential communities to renewable energy sources is one of the first steps for the decarbonization of the energy sector the reduction of CO2 emissions and the mitigation of global climate change. This study provides information for the development of a microgrid supplied by wind and solar energy which meets the hourly energy demand of a community of 10000 houses in the North Texas region; hydrogen is used as the energy storage medium. The results are presented for two cases: (a) when the renewable energy sources supply only the electricity demand of the community and (b) when these sources provide the electricity as well as the heating needs (for space heating and hot water) of the community. The results show that such a community can be decarbonized with combinations of wind and solar installations. The energy storage requirements are between 2.7 m3 per household and 2.2 m3 per household. There is significant dissipation in the storage–regeneration processes—close to 30% of the current annual electricity demand. The entire decarbonization (electricity and heat) of this community will result in approximately 87500 tons of CO2 emissions avoidance.
A Review of Projected Power-to-Gas Deployment Scenarios
Jul 2018
Publication
Technical economic and environmental assessments of projected power-to-gas (PtG) deployment scenarios at distributed- to national-scale are reviewed as well as their extensions to nuclear-assisted renewable hydrogen. Their collective research trends outcomes challenges and limitations are highlighted leading to suggested future work areas. These studies have focused on the conversion of excess wind and solar photovoltaic electricity in European-based energy systems using low-temperature electrolysis technologies. Synthetic natural gas either solely or with hydrogen has been the most frequent PtG product. However the spectrum of possible deployment scenarios has been incompletely explored to date in terms of geographical/sectorial application environment electricity generation technology and PtG processes products and their end-uses to meet a given energy system demand portfolio. Suggested areas of focus include PtG deployment scenarios: (i) incorporating concentrated solar- and/or hybrid renewable generation technologies; (ii) for energy systems facing high cooling and/or water desalination/treatment demands; (iii) employing high-temperature and/or hybrid hydrogen production processes; and (iv) involving PtG material/energy integrations with other installations/sectors. In terms of PtG deployment simulation suggested areas include the use of dynamic and load/utilization factor-dependent performance characteristics dynamic commodity prices more systematic comparisons between power-to-what potential deployment options and between product end-uses more holistic performance criteria and formal optimizations.
Review and Perspectives of Key Decarbonization Drivers to 2030
Jan 2023
Publication
Global climate policy commitments are encouraging the development of EU energy policies aimed at paving the way for cleaner energy systems. This article reviews key decarbonization drivers for Italy considering higher environmental targets from recent European Union climate policies. Energy efficiency the electrification of final consumption the development of green fuels increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the electric system and carbon capture and storage are reviewed. A 2030 scenario is designed to forecast the role of decarbonization drivers in future energy systems and to compare their implementation with that in the current situation. Energy efficiency measures will reduce final energy consumption by 15.6% as primary energy consumption will decrease by 19.8%. The electrification of final consumption is expected to increase by 6.08%. The use of green fuels is estimated to triple as innovative fuels may go to market at scale to uphold the ambitious decarbonization targets set in the transportation sector. The growing trajectory of renewable sources in the energy mix is confirmed as while power generation is projected to increase by 10% the share of renewables in that generation is expected to increase from 39.08% to 78.16%. Capture and storage technologies are also expected to play an increasingly important role. This article has policy implications and serves as a regulatory reference in the promotion of decarbonization investments.
National Policies, Recent Research Hotspots, and Application of Sustainable Energy: Case of China, USA and European Countries
Aug 2022
Publication
This study tracks the variety of nations dealing with the issue of energy transition. Through process tracing and a cross-national case study a comparison of energy policies research hotspots and technical aspects of three sustainable energy systems (solar cells recharge batteries and hydrogen production) was conducted. We provide an overview of the climate-change political process and identify three broad patterns in energy-related politics in the United States China and Europe (energy neo-liberalism authoritarian environmentalism and integrated-multinational negotiation). The core processes and optimization strategies to improve the efficiency of sustainable energy usage are analyzed. This study provides both empirical and theoretical contributions to research on energy transitions.
Policy and Pricing Barriers to Steel Industry Decarbonisation: A UK Case Study
Aug 2022
Publication
Global climate targets have highlighted the need for a whole-systems approach to decarbonisation one that includes targeted national policy and industry specific change. Situated within this context this research examines policy and pricing barriers to decarbonisation of the UK steel industry. Here the techno-economic modelling of UK green steelmaking provides a technical contribution to analysis of pricing barriers and policy solutions to these barriers in the UK specifically but also to the broader industrial decarbonisation literature. Estimated costs and associated emissions projections reveal relevant opportunities for UK steel in contributing to national climate and emissions targets. Modelling demonstrates that green steelmaking options have been put at price disadvantages compared to emissions-intensive incumbents and that fossil-free hydrogen-based steel-making has lower emissions and lower levelised costs than carbon capture and storage options including top gas recycling blast furnace (TGR-BF) with CCS and HIsarna smelter with CCS. Two primary policy recommendations are made: the removal of carbon pricing discrepancies and reductions in industrial electricity prices that would level the playing field for green steel producers in the UK. The research also provides relevant policy considerations for the international community in other industrial decarbonisation efforts and the policies that must accompany these decarbonisation choices.
No more items...